Mobile ad-hoc network consist of wireless nodes that communicate each other by exchanging the information. Routing refers to establishing route for transferring the information from one node to another node and the protocols used is called routing protocols. The requirement of routing protocol is to send and receive information among the nodes with best suited path with the minimum delay. Correct and efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes is the primary goal of routing protocol. Many routing protocols for MANET have been proposed earlier. Performance analysis of routing protocol is a significant challenge in the research area. This paper, gives a review work done on existing protocols characteristics of MANET and comparison between them.

Keyword : Hybrid, MANET, MH, Proactive, Reactive, Routing protocols

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[4]. Alex Hinds , Michael Ngulube , Shaoying Zhu , and Hussain Al -Aqrabi, "A Review of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET)", International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol. 3, No. 1, February 2013.
[5]. Jatinder Kaur , Gurpreet Singh , " A Survey on Manet Routing Protocols", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper , Volume 8, No. 4, May 2017 ISSN 0976 5697.

In recent years, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have become a popular research subject due to their self-configuration and self-maintenance capabilities. Wireless nodes can establish a dynamic network without the need of a fixed infrastructure. This type of network is very useful in tactical operations where there is no communication infrastructure.A significant part of the research work has focused on providing security services for MANETs, because security is the main obstacle for the widespread adoption of MANET applications. Unfortunately, the open medium, distributed nature and dynamic topology of MANET make it vulnerable to various types of attacks like black hole attack, grey hole attack, sybil attack, packet dropping attack and sleep deprivation attack etc...............

Keywords: Cryptography, Mobile ad hoc Network, Payment, Reputation, Security, Trust

[1]. Q. Guan, F. R. Yu, S. Jiang, and V. Leung, "Joint topology control and authentication design in mobile ad hoc networks with cooperative communications," IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 2674–2685, Jul. 2012.
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[3]. Y. Wang, F. R. Yu, H. Tang, and M. Huang, "A mean field game theoretic approach for security enhancements in mobile ad hoc networks," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1616–1627, Mar. 2014.
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[5]. IEEE Std 802.11-2007, IEEE standard for information technology- Telecommunication and information exchange between systems- Local and metropolitan area network-Specific requirement, Part 11 Wireless LAN medium access control and physical layer specifications, June 2007

Internet of Things (IOT) is an amalgamation of both homogenous and heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Heterogeneous WSNs are a variant of homogenous WSN, where more energy-enabled nodes are deployed along with normal nodes to take the responsibility of energy draining tasks. In IOT, heterogeneity is a combination of various devices carrying out various tasks with the expectation of cooperation to solve these tasks to achieve superior performance. Grouping these devices to perform multi-task could simplify their task accomplishment. Grouping of devices in traditional WSN is clustering. However, the clustering parameters used for homogeneous WSN are not applicable for heterogeneous WSN...........

Keywords: Homoegnous Networks; Heterogenous Networks;Sensing Range; Internet of Things; Clustering.

[1] Da Xu, Li, Wu He, and Shancang Li. "Internet of things in industries: A survey." IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics 10.4 (2014): 2233-2243.
[2] Plata-Chaves, Jorge, et al. "Heterogeneous and Multitask Wireless Sensor Networks—Algorithms, Applications, and Challenges." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing 11.3 (2017): 450-465.
[3] Tandon, Ravi. "Determination of Optimal Number of Clusters in Wireless Sensor Networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.1982 (2012).
[4] Yu, Jiguo, et al. "A local energy consumption prediction-based clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks." Sensors 14.12 (2014): 23017-23040.
[5] Chen, Guihai, et al. "An unequal cluster-based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks." Wireless Networks 15.2 (2009): 193- 207..

Development in networking technology and growth in the requirement for computing resources has moved many organizations to outsource their computing and storage needs. Therefore the requirement of the reliable deduplication technique needed in a multi-user cloud storage system, in which user can acquire the ownership of files instantly by skipping the uploading process if the cloud server already exists the same file which is uploaded by other owners. Therefore, to enable the user to successfully update the files on a cloud server and to verify that a server faithfully, stores a file, i.e. observe the integrity of outsourced files researchers suggested Dynamic Proof of Storage (PoS) in the single user domain. This proposes work suggest the concept of deduplicatable dynamic proof of storage for multi-user environments. It simultaneously achieves secure multiuser deduplication and dynamic Proof of Storage.

Keywords: Cloud storage, Dynamic proof of storage, Deduplication.

[1]. "DeyPoS: Deduplicatable Dynamic Proof of Storage for Multi-User Environments", Kun He, Jing Chen, Ruiying Du, Qianhong Wu, Guoliang Xue, and Xiang Zhang
[2]. Z. Xia, X. Wang, X. Sun, and Q. Wang, "A Secure and Dynamic Multi-Keyword Ranked Search Scheme over Encrypted Cloud Data", IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 340352, 2016.
[3]. Z. Xiao and Y. Xiao, "Security and privacy in cloud computing", IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 843859, 2013.
[4]. G. Ateniese, S. Kamara, and J. Katz," Proofs of storage from homomorphic identification protocols", in Proc. of ASIACRYPT, pp. 319333, 2009.
[5]. C. Erway, A. Kupc u, C. Papamanthou, and R. Tamassia, "Dynamic provable data possession", in Proc. of CCS, pp. 213222, 2009.

GPS receivers provide information which is difficult to understand by users, we propose an application which converts raw location data to KML format file that is applicable to navigational maps. We extract the coordinates and time from GPS receivers and analyze this geological data. Then a new KML file will be created. We load the file to a specific geographic application to evaluate conversion results. Now a day's GPS receivers has been integrated into devices such as navigation, smart phone, black-box etc to support location based services. These services provide useful information around the users such as navigational information and other facilities. For easy understanding this information should be represented onto commercial maps. We propose to develop an application to convert navigational data received from GPS receiver to KML file which is used for commercial maps.

Keywords : GPS, KML

[1]. Casey Brennan, 2007, Introduction to the Global Positioning System (GPS) Geodesy & GPS for Dummies, Session III, National Science Teachers Association 2007 Annual Conference St. Louis, MO March 31, 2007.
[2]. Mohd Shoab, Kamal Jain, M Anulhaq, M Shashi, Development and Implementation of NMEA Interpreter for Real Time GPS Data Logging, 3rd IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC), 2013
[3]. Dariusz Frejilichowski, Andrzej Lisaj, ANALYSIS OF LOSSLESS RADARIMAGES COMPRESSION FOR NAVIGATION IN MARINETRAFFIC AND REMOTE TRANSMISSION, IEEE 2008
[4]. G.S.Prasanth Ganesh, B.Balaji , T.A.Srinivasa Varadhan, Anti-Theft Tracking System for Automobiles (AutoGSM), IEEE 2011
[5]. Chuanmin Hu, Brock Murch, Alina A. Corcoran, Lianyuan Zheng, Brian B. Barnes, Robert H. Weisberg, Karen Atwood, and Jason M. Lenes, Developing a Smart Semantic Web With Linked Data and Models for Near-Real-Time Monitoring of Red Tides in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, IEEE 2015

Design of multi-band and wideband Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) system has gained the attention of antenna engineers. The modern communication devices are expected to be small in sizes which compel the researchers to design compact antenna system. To design compact MIMO systems, the antenna elements are placed in close proximity that leads to the coupling phenomenon ultimately degrading the antenna performance. Therefore, designing a compact system with low mutual coupling is one of the challenges. This paper reviews isolation techniques in multiband and wideband MIMO antenna systems which have been reported in the literature. Various metrics determining the MIMO suitability of an antenna are also presented.

Keywords: - A Review, Isolation, MIMO antenna, Multi-band, Wideband,

[1] M. S. Sharawi, A. B. Numan and D.N. Aloi, "Isolation Improvement in a Dual-Element MIMO Antenna System using Capacitively Loaded Loops," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 134, pp. 247–266, 2013.
[2] Y. Cheng, Z. Sun, W. Lu and H. Zhu, "A novel compact dualband MIMO antenna," 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation., pp. 157-160, 2014.
[3] M. Sharawi, "Printed multi-band mimo antenna systems: Techniques and isolation mechanisms,"8th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 779–783, April 2014.
[4] M.K. Khandelwal, B.K. Kanaujia, and S. Kumar, "Defected Ground Structure, Fundamentals, Analysis, and Applications in Modern Wireless Trends," International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2017 (2017), Article ID 2018527, 22 pages, 2017.
[5] A. M. Kordalivand, T. A. Rahman and M. Khalily, "Common Elements Wideband MIMO antenna system for WiFi/LTE Access Point Applications," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation letters, Vol. 13, pp. 1601–1604, 2014.

To transfer the super high definition images, the high speed optical networks are used in digital cinema projection.. The TV market is moving rapidly towards high-definition television, HDTV. HDTV provides up to five times higher resolution and twice the linear resolution compared with traditional, analog TV. In digital cinema projection, the terms 2K and 4K indicate the image resolution that is projected onto the screen. 4K indicates that there are close to 4000 pixel columns that can be projected onto the screen. The total pixel count is actually 4 times higher than that in 2K...........

Keywords - FHD, HD, HDTV, 8K, Super Hi-vision.

[1]. http://smartgadgetshub.com/what-is-4k-uhd-qfhd-fhd-and-hd/
[2]. 4k-8k-16k –Stewart –is- there white paper june 2016.pdf
[3]. https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_2008-Q2_nhk-ultra-hd.pdf
[4]. https://www.cepro.com/article/4k_8k_16k_are_you_ready_for_the_resolution_evolution
[5]. https://www.google.com
[6]. https://netcam.cz/produkty/ip-kamery/pdf/bosch-HDSDmpx-wp.pdf

A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes (hosts) which communicate with each other via wireless links either directly or indirectly depending on nodes in the network. As the nodes in the MANETs having mobility the position of nodes can changes as per the movements of the nodes, hence the network topology of a MANETs may change dynamically. Due to the dynamic change in topology, computing the route is a challenging task. During the network process the nodes consumes energy and utilizes the other resources of the network, but in the process of networking some nodes may attack...............

Keywords- Neighbor discover, Pathrater, Watchdog

[1] M. Omar, Y. Challal, and A. Bouabdallah, "Reliable and fully distributed trust model for mobile ad hoc networks," Computers& Security, vol. 28, pp. 199 – 214, 2009.
[2] A. Adnane, C. Bidan, and R. T. de Sousa Júnior, "Trust-based security for the olsr routing protocol," Computer Communications, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1159–1171, 2013

Data aggregation is a very crucial technique in WSNs. Data aggregation helps in reducing the energy consumption by eliminating redundancy. Currently, most of the existing works focus on constructing DATs according to different user requirements under the Deterministic Network Model (DNM).due to the
existence of many probabilistic lossy links in WSNs so the current work which spend lots of efforts on aggregation, so we mainly focus on DAT construction problem. The proposed, we focus on constructing a Load- Balanced Data Aggregation Tree (LBDAT) under the PNM, we define two new metrics potential load, and actual load. First we identify MIS(Independent nodes with respect to the root node) and connected MIS (Connecting Nodes). Finally, we calculate Load-Balanced Parent Node Assignment (LBPNA) structure by identifying links to be used across neighbouring nodes. The tree structure identified here will be utilized for communication across the leaf and root node of the network.

Keywords- Data Aggregation Tree, Probabilistic Network ,Potential load, Independent nodes)

[1] A. Faquih, P. Kadam and Z. Saquib, "Cryptographic techniques for wireless sensor networks: A survey," 2015 IEEE Bombay Section Symposium (IBSS), Mumbai, 2015, pp. 1-6. doi: 10.1109/IBSS.2015.7456652
[2] He, Jing and Ji, Shouling and Pan, Yi and Li, Yingshu, `Constructing load-balanced data aggregation trees in probabilistic wireless sensor networks,' Parallel and Distributed Systems, IEEE Transactions on vol. 25, no. 7, pp.1681{1690 ,2014.
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To design the computationally intensive functions available in Digital signal processor programmable logic devices offers an alternative solution. Programmable logic can provide increased DSP system performance at reduced system cost .Programmable logic combines the flexibility of a general purpose DSP plus the speed ,density and low cost of an ASIC implementation. This paper presents the challenges to design DSP processor and proposes architecture of Digital signal processors to compute FFT for communication system applications with special instruction set . The proposed design computes 8 point FFT in 46.95μs.

Keywords- FFT,DFT,DSP,ALU.

[1]. Guichang Zhong, Fan Xu and Alan N. Willson,― A Power-scalable reconfigurable FFT/IFFT IC based on a multi-processor ring‖, IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits, vol. 41, no. 2, February 2006,p.p. 483-495 .
[2]. Kwen-Siong Chong, Bah-Hwee Gwee, and Joseph S. Chang, ―Energy-Efficient Synchronous-Logic and Asynchronous-Logic FFT/IFFT Processors‖, IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, vol. 42, no. 9,September 2007,p.p.2034-2045.
[3]. A.Anbarasan and K. Shankar, ―Design and Implement of Low power FFT/IFFT Processor for wireless Communication‖, Proceedings of the international Conference on pattern recognition, Informatics and Medical Engineering , March 2012.
[4]. Yu-Wei, Hsunan-Yu Liu and Chen-Yi Lee,― A 1-GS/sFFT/IFFT Processor for UWB Applications‖, IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits, vol. 40, no. 8, August 2005,p.p. 1726-1734.
[5]. Manohar Ayinala,Yingjie Lao and Keshab K. Parhi, ―An In Real Place FFT Architecture For real valued Signal‖, IEEE transactions on Circuits and systems-II, July 2013,p.p.1-5,.

This paper present a triple band, low profile microstrip antenna for radio altimeters, IEEE INSAT/super extended C band and X band applications. Here triple band operation is achieved by mushroomlike electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure. The proposed antenna operates over radio altimeter band (4.1- 4.4 GHz), extended C band from (6.7-7.1 GHz) and X band from (9.1- 10.5 GHz).An antenna is simulated on FR-4 substrate and overall dimension is 42x34x1.6 mm3. High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software tool was used for the simulation.

Keywords - Multiband antenna, Electromagnetic band gap (EBG), Rectangular microstrip antenna, C band, X band, Radio altimeter.

[1]. I.J.Bahl and P.Bhartia, Microstrip Antennas. 1980, Boston: Artech House.
[2]. Constantino A. Balanis, "Antenna Theory Analysis & Design", Third Edition, JohnWiley P Sons (2005).
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[4]. F.iMirzamohammad, J. Nourinia, and C. Ghobadi, "Ainovelduali wideband monopole-like microstrip antenna with controllable frequency response," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 11,2012, pp. 289–292.
[5]. W.C. Liu, C. M. Wu, and Y. Dai, "Design of triple-frequency microstrip-fed monopole antenna using defected ground structure," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 7, 2011, pp. 2457–2463.

In this paper, a compact two element printed diversity antenna is proposed. Two closely spaced semielliptical shape monopoles are used. The inter-element separation between the monopoles is less than 0.25λ. A broad impedance bandwidth of 1.8 GHz including frequencies from 4.5 GHz to 6.3 GHz is achieved. Inter-element isolation is achieved using the ground stub which is the extension of the ground plane. The isolation between the elements is always greater than or equal to 17 dB throughout the frequency range of interest. The proposed antenna structure is fabricated and tested. Hence forth the above study showed that antenna structure provides good diversity performance

[1]. T. Ohishi, N. Oodachi, S. Sekine, and H. Shoki, "A method to improve the correlation coefficient and the mutual coupling for diversity antenna", IEEE Antennas Propagation Society International Symposium Digest, Washington, DC, USA, 2005, pp. 507- 510
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