In this paper we review the work to amend the quality or reducing the efficacious Bit Error Rate (BER) in a multipath fading channel. Higher Signal to noise ratio implies a reduced BER and vice versa as BER is inversely proportional to SNR. The study focuses on improving the performance of digital
communication system. For reliable communication, the BER should be as low as possible i.e. amelioration in BER. Rake receiver a special type of receiver consisting of multiple correlators, which multiplies the received signal by time-shifted versions of a local code sequence which increases the Signal to Noise Ratio SNR and decreases the BER. Here BER performance of AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel are differentiated for 16-QAM and Simulated using Gold Code as carrier for Multipath using Rake receiver also BER Performance comparison for ( QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM ) AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel is done. The simulation is carried out with MATLAB. BER improvement of DS- CDMA system with QAM using baseband modulations for AWGN channel is discussed..

Keyword :BER, DS-CDMA, Fading, Multipath Fading Channels, SNR, QAM Rake Receiver

[1]. J.G.Proakis, "Digital Communications", New York: McGraw Hills.
[2]. Theodore S. Rappaport, "Wireless communications principles and practice", Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
[3]. J.Ravindrababu, E.V.Krishnarao, "Performance comparison of spreading codes in linear multi user detectors forDSCDMA system",
WSEAS transactions on communication, ISSN 2224-2864, Issue 2, Volume 12, Feb. 2013.
[4]. G.A.Bhalerao, R.G.Zope, "BER improvement of DS- CDMA with Rake receiver using multipath fading channel",
International Conference on Recent Trends in engineering & Technology –2013(ICRTET'2013) Special Issue of
International Journal of Electronics, Communication & Soft Computing Science & Engineering,ISSN: 2277-9477.
[5]. SafinaShokeen, "Bit Error Rate (BER) analysis of Rayleigh Fading channels in mobile communication","International
Journal of Advance Research in Science and Engineering IJARSE', Jan.2013,Vol. No.2, IssueNo.I,ISSN-2319-8354.

System is very beneficial as it reduces the use and consumption of petrol and diesel to a huge extent. This system will automatically generates power by the rotations of the wheels. There will be a lithium-ion battery which acts as a main source of energy to our equipment. That battery will be charged once in a fortnite and it will continuously provideenergy to the automobile. When the battery is charged for the first time. It provideimmence power to the wheels to run. There will be a magnet and the Electric flux produced by that magnet will be cut by the rotating wheels and according to faradays law of electromagnetic induction there will be a induced current which will again charges the batteries. This how the process goes on.

Keywords: component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words).

[1]. C. Farmer , P. Hines , J. Dowds and S. Blumsack, 2010. Modeling theImpact of Increasing PHEV Loads on the Distribution Infrastructure. 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2010.
[2]. Zhou, Z.; Chan, W.; and Chow, J. 2007. Agent-based simulation ofelectricity markets: a survey of tools. Artificial Intelligence Review28(4):305–342.
[3]. A. Ugedo and E. Lobato, 2007.Generator Load Profiles EstimationUsing Artificial Intelligence.Intelligent Systems Applications toPower Systems, 2007.ISAP 2007. International Conference on, vol.,no., pp.1-6, 5-8 Nov. 2007.
[4]. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Form 714, CaliforniaIndependent System Operator, Washington, DC: Federal EnergyRegulatory Commission, 2004. See also:http://www.ferc.gov/docsfiling/eforms/form-14/data/2004/WECC.zip
[5]. C. Crowley and F. Joutz, 2003. Hourly electricity loads: Temperatureelasticities and climate change. In 23rd U.S. Association of Energy Economics North American Conference

Grape constitutes one of the most widely grown fruit crop in the India. Manual observation of experts is used in practice for detection of leaf diseases, which takes more time for further control action. Without accurate disease diagnosis, proper control actions cannot be taken at appropriate time. This is where modern agriculture technique is required to detect and prevent the leaf from different diseases. This paper aims to introduce a new approach for detection of grape leaf diseases using image processing, which will minimize the loss and increase its profit. In this system, classification is done using Support Vector Machine (SVM) and for segmentation process we use k-clustering method.Practical implementation of neural networks has been done using MATLAB.

[1]. HarshalWaghmare, Detection and Classi_cation of Diseases of Grape Plant UsingOpposite Colour Local Binary Pattern Feature and Machine Learning for AutomatedDecision Support System.
[2]. Jitesh P. Shah, Vipul K. Dabhi [2016] A Survey on Detection and Classi_cation ofRice Plant Diseases.
[3]. Shivani K. Tichkule [2016] Plant Diseases Detection Using Image Processing Tech-niques.
[4]. E. Borges,[2016] Early Detection and Monitoring of Plant Diseases by BioelectricImpedance Spectroscopy.
[5]. Arti N. Rathod [2015] Image Processing Techniques for Detection of Leaf Disease.

Industrial display and control vital to acquire all the relevant information, data and data associated with the numerous industrial methods, cars, machines and gadgets hired in industry premises. This pursuits at managed get right of entry to, higher productiveness and high fine effects of business products being manufactured. the world huge net (WWW) is the clean and convenient manner to get entry to the facts at the internet in a click. The person can access the actual-time records inside the photograph/textual content and graphical format by way of using the HTTP (Hypertext transfer Protocol) on laptop/computer screen. similarly, a consumer can screen and manipulate the faraway region device at the server website.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless sensor module,ThingSpeak, Sensors, Relay drive circuit.

[1]. https://www.sakshieducation.com/Engineering/Story.aspx?cid=12&nid=93694
[2]. https://www.microcontroller-project.com/8255-pinout-and-working.html
[3]. https://www.electronicwings.com/sensors-modules/esp8266-wifi-module
[4]. https://www.adafruit.com/product/386
[5]. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Biometric/MQ-6.
[6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoresistor

Now-a-days there's a shocking boom within the activities of terrorist & forces of neighboring nations on the borders between the worldwide places. because of the increase in those activities patrolling the soldiers will increase & from time to time squaddies misplaced their lives in those encounters. Our device is a simple solution for this trouble in which or device will do the patrolling paintings & detects the intrusion & remove that intrusion.

Keywords: Microcontroller, Ultrasonic Detection Sensor,Smoke Sensor, PIR Motion Sensor, Laser gun,Audio Simulator.

[1]. Goodin, D., Hackers pierce network with jerry-rigged mouse: venture not possible meets Logitech.posted in agency security, 27 June 2011. available at: http://www.theregister.co.united kingdom/2011/06/27/mission_ impossible_mouse_attack/. Ultimate considered 5July 2011.
[2]. Border safety system Nitin Srivastava1 Corresponding writer: Neeraj Gupta2 Co- author: Bittu Verma1, Prashant Tiwari1, Lakshay Verma1,Manjeet Kaur2 1: UG college students..
[3]. Cuppens F and A Miege (2002). Alert correlation in a cooperative intrusion detection framework. In lawsuits of the 2002 IEEE Symposium on security and privacy.
[4]. Fink GA, CS Oehmen, JN Haack, advert McKinnon, EW Fulp, and MB Crouse, "Bio- stimulated company protection," Self- Adaptive and Self-Organizing systems (SASO), 2011

Automation is the creation of technology and its application in order to control and monitor the production and delivery of various goods and services. It performs tasks that were previously performed by humans. Automation is being used in a number of areas such as manufacturing, transport, utilities, defense, facilities, operations and lately, information technology. In today's world it is commonly noticed that two wheelers are the most commonly used locomotives. As day by day population is increasing there is a heavy demand for new two wheelers. In Pune (Maharashtra) the RTO Office registered about 1.1 lakh new two wheeler from December 2016 to December 2017 and it goes on increasing in mega cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Delhi in India and till..........

[1]. J. Gupta and A. K. Ksienski "Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. , vol. 31, Sept. 1983.
[2]. R. S. Parbat, M. B. Kadu, R. P. Labade, "Quantitative solutions and approaches for mutual coupling reduction in MIMO antenna", ICACCE, IEEE, DOI:10.1109, 2015.
[3]. Rahul S. Parbat, Sagar D. Mahamine, Shekhar H. Bodake, Mahesh P. Aher, "Dual Polarized Triple Band Microstrip Antenna for GSM/WiMAX/WLAN Applications", 2016 International Conference on Automatic Control and Dynamic Optimization Techniques (ICACDOT), IEEE, 2016.
[4]. RS Parbat, AR Tambe, MB Kadu, RP Labade, "Dual polarized triple band 4× 4 MIMO antenna with novel mutual coupling reduction approach", 2015 IEEE Bombay Section Symposium (IBSS), 2015.
[5]. RS Parbat, MB Kadu, RP Labade, "Design of immensely isolated 2× 2 MIMO antenna for dual-polarized triple-frequency applications", 2015 IEEE Bombay Section Symposium (IBSS), 2015

Audio Compression is one of the basic technologies of the modern telecommunication age. Compression is the technique to convert high input data stream into smaller size. Audio coding gives us the digital form of audio with as few bits as possible and also maintains the quality. the reduction in bit rates conserve bandwidth . Audio coding is used in various applications such as digital broadcasting ,high quality audio for satellite transmission , internet audio or music database where the high quality audio signals bit rate is reduced without compromising the quality of the signal. The technology proposed to achieve the design and implementation of audio compression using discrete wavelet transform technique. The efficiency performance of the audio encoding methods has been measured using compression ratio as well as peak signal to noise (PSNR) ratio, SNR.

[1]. Sheetal D. Gunjal, Rajeshee D. Raut, 2015. Traditional Psychoacoustic model and daubechies wavelets for enhanced speech coder performance: International Journal of Technology (2015) 2: 190-197 ISSN 2086-9614
[2]. Sheetal D. Gunjal, Rajeshee D. Raut, 2012. Advance Source Coding Techniques for Audio/Speech Signal: A Survey, International Journal for Computer Technology and Applications, Volume 3(4), pp. 1335-1342
[3]. M.V. Patil, Apporva Gupta, Ankita Verma and Shikhar Salil, "Audio and Speech Compression Using DCT and DWT Techniques", IJIRSET International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.2 , Issue 5, May 2013.
[4]. HarmanpreetKaur and RamanpreetKaur, "Speech compression and decompression using DCT and DWT", International Journal Computer Technology &Applications,Vol 3 (4), 1501-1503 IJCTA | July-August 2012

Mobility together with energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks have imposed challenges on Medium Access control (MAC) protocol. Various MAC protocols are designed to provide reliable communication with better data rates. More energy consumed by sensor nodes at the time data transfer.an adaptive mobility aware & energy efficient medium access protocol (MEMAC) for mobile wireless sensors network. MEMAC protocol is hybrid based MAC protocol which has the advantages of energy efficiency in mobile environment. MEMAC differentiates between message as data & control. MEMAC uses dynamic frame size to allow protocol to adapt itself to changes in mobility conditions. Also it includes only those nodes in schedule which have data to send. It handles the channel access through the following phases synchronization, request /leave/join, schedule calculation and distribution and data transfer. By simulation experiments of MEMAC protocol performance analysis done in terms of energy consumption, throughput and average packet delay.

[1]. Bashir Yahya, Jalel Ben-Othman,"An Adaptive Mobility Aware and Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks" IEEE,2009
[2]. Ilker Demirkol, Cem Ersoy, and Fatih Alagöz, "MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks:a Survey"
[3]. Huan Pham, Sanjay JhaAn, "Adaptive Mobility-Aware MAC Protocol for Sensor Networks (MS-MAC)", IEEE 2004
[4]. Yi Zhi Zhao , Thuy Ngoc Nguyen , Maode Ma , Chunyan Miao ,"An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol with Adaptive Scheduling for Wireless Sensor Networks" , IEEE, 2009
[5]. Wendi B. Heinzelman, Anantha P. Chandrakasan, Hari Balakrishnan,"An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks" , IEEE, 2002Brunzell JD, Davidson M, Furberg CD, et al. Lipoprotein management inpatients with cardiometabolic risk:consensus statement from the American diabetes association and the american college of cardiology

Solar energy an efficient source of energy for all the forms on the planet. Being a renewable source it has multiple advantages like pollution free, abundant availability hazardless etc. The solar panel works by absorbing the light into solar cells. The power of the solar panel depends on the intensity of sun radiating on the surface. Due to inclined solar panels, they are more liable to build up the dust on it. Our project aims at increasing the efficiency of solar power panel by solving the problem of gathering of dust on the surface of solar panel. Thus, by cleaning the dust on surface of panel it leads to improvement in panel output and overall panel efficiency. The Cleaning Mechanism is used to clean the surface of panel. Also, specific panel detects the obstacle with a Differential Measurement Unit (DMU). It makes the decision from the microcontroller unit to either clean the panel with the cleaning mechanism and roller mechanism or continue to charge the battery with the battery charge.

Keywords- Photovoltaic, Solar panel, Cleaning, Efficiency

[1]. DabhiChirag and Gandhi Mayank―Design And Development of Solar Panel Cleaning Machine‖ International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development , Special Issue SIEICON-2017,April -2017.
[2]. Hiroyuki Kawamoto and Takuya Shibata, ―Electrostatic Cleaning System for Removal of Sand From Solar Panels‖, Journal of Electrostatics, Volume 73, February 2015, pp. 65-70.
[3]. Manju B Abdul Bari and Pavan C M, ―Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System‖ , International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 7 July – 2018,, pp.26-31.
[4]. K.A. Moharram , M.S. Abd-Elhady, H.A. Kandil , H. El-Sherif,―Influence of cleaning usingwater and surfactants on the performance of photovoltaic panels‖Energy Conversion and Management , 2013, Volume.68, pp. 266-272
[5]. Saravanan V. S., Darvekar S. K. ―Solar Photovoltaic Panels Cleaning Methods A Review‖, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,volume 18, May 2018, pp. 24-41..

Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a concept of wireless communication. SDR technology is used to establish a flexible wireless communication system. It supports multiple frequency bands and multiple modes. It can be programmed to support new communication standards. Through the wireless load to achieve a dynamic upgrade, and even redefine the air interface in the air. With the rapid development of FPGA (Field Programming Gate Array) technology, ultra-large-scale, high-speed FPGA chip is emerging, to achieve highspeed digital signal processing possible .Based on FPGA and DSP, the embedded design supports a more flexible program for the realization of software-designed radio. Then how to make fast and efficient plan to achieve high-speed data communication between DSP and FPGA has become an urgent problem. For solving this problem, this paper introduces a program which realizes the high-speed communication between DSP and FPGA..

[1]. JiaQingzhong, Wang Xingdou, "Research on high-speed communication technologybetween DSP and FPGA", in7th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium(ICSGRC), 2016,pp. 45-38.
[2]. D. Huang, C. Li, J. Wang, "A design of multi-rate matched uPP based on FPGA[C]//,"in The Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 891–898.
[3]. J. Zhang, X. Zhang, P. Kulkarni, et al. "OpenMili: a 60 GHz software radio platform with a reconfigurable phased -array antenna[C]//," in Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. ACM, 2016, pp. 162–175.
[4]. J. F. Wang, D. H. Huang, and C. H. Li, "Realization of real-time transmission of spectrum data based on the upp interface of OMAPL138[C]//," Applied mechanics and materials. Trans. Tech. Publications, 2014, vol. 577, pp. 640–643.
[5]. T. Hill, "Advancing the use of FPGA co-processors through platforms and high-level design flows[J]," Xilinx white paper, 2011, pp. 1–14.

Image segmentation has been used to locate the boundaries and objects in images. Medical image segmentation is important part of clinical diagnostic tool. The process of accurate segmentation of medical images is very important and crucial task by clinical tools.Here Distance regularization Level Set Evolution algorithm is used for segmentation of Blood cell images. Proposed method eliminates the need for reinitialization and thereby avoids its induced numerical error. In this paper first use canny operator for edge detection, then use Distance Regularization Level Set Evolution algorithm for segmentation. The distance regularization term is defined with a potential function such that the derived level set evolution has a unique forward-and-backward (FAB) diffusion effect, which is able to maintain a desired shape of the level set function, particularly a signed distance profile near the zero level set.

[1]. Chunming Li, Chenyang Xu, "Distance Regularized Level Set Evolution and Its Application to Image Segmentation" IEEE Trans. on Image Processing,vol.19,No.12,december2010
[2]. J. Sethian, A Theory, algorithms and applications of Level Set methods for propagating interface. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK , 1995.
[3]. Xujja Qin,Jionghui jiang ,Weihong wang "Canny Operator based level set segmentation algorithm for medical images," 1- 4244,IEEE,pp.892-895,2007.
[4]. Punam Thakare (2011) "A Study of ImageSegmentation and Edge Detection Techniques",International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, Vol 3, No.2, 899-904.
[5]. E. Argyle. "Techniques for edge detection," Proc. IEEE, vol. 59, pp. 285-286, 1971 [5] T. Schiemann, U. Tiede, K.H. Hohne, "Segmentation of the Visible Human for high Quality Volume-based Visualization". Medical Image Analysis, 1(4) ,1997, pp.263- 270.

The silkworm seed production is an important activity of sericulture. This involves the rearing of parent seed crop for the production of seed of silkworm known as Disease Free Lyings (DFLs). In order to find out the laying capability of moth and hatching percentage, counting of silkworm eggs is essential during silkworm rearing. Similarly it is important to count silkworm eggs accurately so that farmers can pay accordingly and they will not suffer any loss while buying. The manual counting of silkworm eggs invoves ink or skectch pen which is used to count the eggs by remembering the number. As this is manual method which can be errornous and time consuming.therefore there is a need to develop some fast and automatic methods to count the number of silkworm eggs. This paper presents image processing based two methods of counting and also compares the results of the same.

[1]. Dr. M. N. Narasimhanna, "Manual on Silkworm Egg Production," Central Silk Board, 1st ed. Jan 1988.
[2]. [Online]. Available: http://www.tnsericulture.gov.in [Aug 8, 2016]
[3]. Radhakrishna PG, Sekharappa BM, Muniraju E, 1997. [Online]. Available : http://kssrdi.org/technology/technology_view.asp?id=303 [Sept 18, 2013]]
[4]. Carlos A. B. Mello, Wellington P. dos Santos, Marco A. B. Rodrigues, Ana Lúcia B.Candeias, Cristine M.G. Gusmao, "Image Segmentation of Ovitraps for Automatic Counting of Aedes Aegypti Eggs", 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 2008 pp. 3103-3106.
[5]. G. Gusmao, Saulo C. S. Machado, and Marco A. B. Rodrigues,"A New Algorithm for segmenting and Counting Aedes aegypti Eggs in Ovitraps", 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, September 2009 ppp.6714-6717

Human retina is one of the wellspring of biometric system which gives the most dependable and effective method for confirmation. SVM classifier and has been combined with the feature extraction method to enhance the efficiency of medical image retrieval system.The two cost effective algorithms are planned for exudates recognition and optic disc removal aimed for retinal images arrangement and diagnosis support.Cost effective algorithm is used for optic disc identification.Fundus images are classified into those that are strong and those affected by diabetes, based on the detection of optic disc and exudates.Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) givesreliable diagnosis and takes less time than the reading center model.To convert objectively measurable parameters to "category memberships fuzzy logic is used.Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector machine are used to separate the various images based on features.

Keywords- Diabetic macular edma(DME) Cup Disc ratio (CDR), micro aneurysm, blood vessels, exudates, retinal image, diabetic retinopathy, Support Vector Machine Classifier.

[1]. L. Giancarlo, F. Meriaudeau, T. P. Karnowski, Y. Li, K. W. Tobin, Jr., and E. Chaum, "Automatic retina exudates segmentation without a manually labeled training set," in Proc. 2011 IEEE Int. Symp. Biomed.Imag: From Nano to Macro, Mar. 2011, pp. 1396– 1400.
[2]. K. Huang and M. Yan, "A local adaptive algorithm for micro aneurysms detection in digital fundus images," in Proc.CVBIA, 2005, pp. 103–113.
[3]. M. R. Hee, C. A. Puliafito, C. Wong, J. S. Duker, E. Reichel, B. Rutledge,J. S. Schuman, E. A. Swanson, and J. G. Fujimoto, "Quantitative assessment of macular edema with optical coherence tomography, "Arch. Ophthalmic., vol. 113, no. 8, pp. 1019– 1029, Aug. 1995.
[4]. J. Davidson, T. Ciulla, J. McGill, K. Kles, and P. Anderson, "How the diabetic eye loses vision," Endocrine, vol. 32, pp. 107–116, Nov. 2007.