A review on various aspects of solar energy for cooking is presented. The review includes design, experimental, applications and potential aspects of solar energy for cooking. A literature is based on various parabolic dish type solar cooker and its various components. State of the art concentrating solar technologies suitable for institutional level cooking includes Parabolic dish and Scheffler dish. A thorough literature survey of applications and potential of solar energy are summarized. Also, the solar tracking system and various heat storage system literatures are reported. Design, construction and operational details of solar cookers have been discussed. Major findings and observations on various aspects of the same are presented.

Keywords: solar cooker, parabolic dish, design, application, potential.

[1]. Romero M, Martı´nez D, Zarza E. Terrestrial solar thermal power plants: on the verge of commercialization. In: 4th int conf on sol power from space; 2004.
[2]. Oelher U. and Scheffler W., "The use of indigenous material for solar conversion", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, V 33, P 379-387, 1994.
[3]. Nyahoro, P., Johnson R., Edwards J., "Simulated performance of thermal storage in a solar cooker", Solar Energy, V 59, No. 13, P 11-17, 1997.
[4]. Schwarzer K. and Eugenia M., "Solar cooking system with or without heat storage for families and institutions", Solar Energy, V 75, P 35–41,2003
[5]. 13. Kumar N., Vishwanath G., Gupta A., "An exergy based unified test protocol for solar cookers of different geometries", Proc. of World Renewable Energy Congress, Solar Thermal Applications, Linkoping, Swedan, P 3741-3748,2011

Air source heat pump water heaters are a promising technology and it uses the same mechanical principle asrefrigerators and air conditioners. The thermal performance of the Air Source Heat Pump for Water Heating system is influenced by refrigerants, system structure, ambient temperature, water temperature, etc. The HCFC refrigerant that were once expected to be permanent replacement fluid are now on the list of regulating substances due to their impact on climate change and there is growing concern about future use. The transition to ozone friendly chlorine free substances is not finished yet as the HCFC fluids still need to be replaced.The refrigerant R-22 is being phased out in developed countries because of high global warming potential and ozone depletion. By January 2020 HCFC's like R-22 will be 99.5% phase out worldwide and will no longer be produced. So new refrigerants are to be searched with lower ozone depletion potential such as propane, pentafluoroethane and blend mixtures of HFC's........

Keywords: Air source Heat pump, Water heating, Heat pump.

[1]. M. Mohanraj, S. Jayaraj, C. Muraleedharan, Environment friendly alternatives to halogenated refrigerants a review, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 3 (2009) 108–119.
[2]. G.G. Haselden, J. Chen, A computer simulation program for mixed-refrigerant air conditioning, International Journal of refrigeration. 17 (1994) 343-350.
[3]. S. Shangli, D. Wang, R. Wang, Advances in the research of heat pump water heaters, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference for enhanced building operations, 12 (2006) 1-6.
[4]. M. Kim, M.S. Kim, J.D. Chung, Transient thermal behaviour of a water heater system driven by a heat pump, International Journal of Refrigeration 27 (2004) 415-421.
[5]. JJ. Guo, JY Wu, RZ. Wang, S. LI. Experimental research and operation optimization of an air-source heat pump water heater. Applied Energy 88 (2011) 4128-4138

In automobile engineering under automobile components tyre are one of the important components. It is directly responsible for safety and performance of the vehicle. Tyres are one of most important parts of the vehicles, because tyre provides only connection between the vehicle and the road. Therefore, it is important to have a good understanding of the behaviour of these important parts. The aim of this project is to improve the understanding of tyre behavior with tyre wear. Experiment are performed by to verify the correlation between tyre pressure, normal load, road conditions and its effects. Behavior of the tyre shown on the basis of the force generation between road and tyre and heat generation in tyre by using rate of change of temperature with time. How the different temperature generation performed in different controlled conditions shown on the basis of experimental collected data.

Keywords: Automobile engineering, Temperature, Tyre behavior, Tyre wear.

[1]. Hyun Baek and Jong-Wook Jang.(2015), Design of Tire Surface Check System with the Laser Sensor, IJCA Vol.8, No.3 (2015), pp.9-14
[2]. MingyuanBian, Long Chen, YugongLuo, and Keqiang Li (2014), A Dynamic Model for Tire/Road Friction Estimation under Combined Longitudinal/Lateral Slip Situation, SAE 2014-01-0123, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-0123.
[3]. Virkar D S1 and Thombare D G, Parametric Study And Experimental Evaluation Of Vehicle Tire Performance, IJMER
[4]. Yeong-Jyh Lin, Sheng-Jye Hwang (2004), Temperature prediction of rolling tires by computer simulation, Elsevier 67 (2004) 235–249
[5]. Frank L. Roth and William L. Holt (1944), Measuring The Rate Of Wear Of Tire Treads, National Bureau of Standards, Volume 32, February 1944

Use of artificial roughness on the absorber plate of solar air heater can significantly improve the performance of solar air heater. Arrangement of roughness element on the absorber plate also affects the performance of heat transfer. In this study an attempt is made to investigate the effect of staggering the roughness element on the amount of heat transfer coefficient. Steady states external forced convection heat transfer from artificially roughen absorber plate of solar air heater having spherical Elements is studied numerically. Ansys fluent software is used to develop a 3D numerical model for investigation of effect of staggering the artificial roughness element on the overall heat transfer coefficient. It is observed that average heat transfer coefficient reduces in comparison with the inline arrangement of roughness element.

Keywords: Absorber plate, solar air heater, Heat transfer coefficient, Staggered arrangement.

[1]. M. S. Azad, A. Layek, "Performance analysis of solar air heater having absorber plate artificially roughened by champhered square elements", Journal of Solar Energy Research, Vol 4 No 1 (2019) 73-83
[2]. M.S. Manjunath, K.Vasudeva Karanth, N.Yagnesh Sharma, "Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Spherical Turbulence Generators on Heat Transfer Enhancement of Flat Plate Solar Air Heater," Energy, 2017.
[3]. Chandra Prakash & R.P. Saini, "Heat transfer and friction in rectangular solar air heater duct having spherical and inclined rib protrusions as roughness on absorber plate", Experimental Heat Transfer,2018.
[4]. R.S. Gill, V.S. Hans, J.S. Saini, Sukhmeet Singh, "Investigation on performance enhancement due to staggered piece in a broken arc rib roughened solar air heater duct", Renewable Energy 2016.

Solar energy is a safe alternative which can replace current fossil fuels like coal and gas for the generation of electricity that produce air, water and land pollution. This paper describes the multiple use of solar energy by using solar panel as well as parabolic dish collector with efficient solar tracking system. The solar panel is a device that collects and convert the solar energy into electricity. It is also known as photovoltaic cell. The parabolic dish collector system consist of mirrors arrangement in a shape of parabola and concentrates the incident beam irradiation onto a small region called a focal point, where the receiver needs to be located.The solar parabolic dish collector is one of the most efficient energy conversion technologies among the concentrating solar power system(CSP). In this project the two parabolic dishes are used for the hot water generation and steam generation as per requirement as well as for the solar cooker system. The solar panels and parabolic dishes are works combined at the same time...........

Keywords: Solar Panel, Parabolic dish collector, ECU, Solar tracking, LDR.

[1]. Rajendra C. Patil, Mahesh M. Rathore and Manojkumar Chopra "An Overview Of Solar Cookers" 1st International Conference On Recent Trends In Engineering & Technology (Mar-2012).
[2]. Shreya Chakrabory, Nilanjana Mukharjee, Rashmi Biswas, Tanushree Saha, Astika Mohinta, Neh Kumari Modi, Dip Prakash Samajdar "Microcontroller Based Solar Tracker System Using LDR‟s & Stepper Motor" from International conference on Microelectronic Circuit & System (Micro-2015).
[3]. G. D. Rai, Solar Energy Utilization, 5th edition Khanna Publishers Delhi, India 2005.
[4]. "Design and Development of A Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Cooker", by Ibrahim Ladan Mohammed /International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol.3,Issue 4 Jul-Aug 2013.
[5]. K. S. Reddy, G. Veershetty "Viability Analysis of Solar Parabolic Dish Stand-Alone Power Plant For Indian Condition", www.elsevier.com / locate/apenergy.

Now days the use of solar energy becomes very crucial because of its ample availability throughout the year free of cost, and on the contrary conventional fuels are becoming precious. So it became imperative to use this energy for maximum possible occurrences. One of the challenging areas of the use of solar energy is the solar cooking. This paper presents a comparative study of various types of solar cookers commercially available. The need of heat storage systems for solar cookers, their feasibility, materials and their properties are also discussed.

Keywords: Solar energy, solar cookers, heat storage system, renewable energy systems.

[1]. Box type solar cookers with sensible thermal energy storage medium: A. Cuce, Pinar Mert. 166, 2018, Solar Energy, pp. 432-440.
[2]. A comprehensive review on solar cookers. Erdem Cuce, Pinar Mert Cuce. 102, 2013, Applied Energy, pp. 1399-1421.
[3]. Solar cooker realizations in actual use: An overview. F. Yettou, B. Azoui , A. Malek , A. Gama, N.L. Panwar. 37, 2014, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp. 288-306.
[4]. Characterisation and design methods of solar cookers. Klemens Schwarzer, Maria Eugenia Vieira da Silva. 82, 2008, Solar Energy, pp. 157-163.
[5]. Solar cookers with and without thermal storage—A review. R.M. Muthusivagami, R. Velraj , R. Sethumadhavan. 14, 2010, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp. 691-701.

As harmonic-drive transmissions find increased use and acceptance among engineers and designers for robots, manipulators, machine tools, etc. The demand for an accurate and reliable understanding of harmonic-drive operating behavior becomes useful. This review paper is dedicated to the study of the harmonic gear drive, which provides high-speed reduction & power transmission capability. This drive provides preciseness with alot of less area as compared to different power transmission drives further as there's a negligible internal backlash. This paper will discuss the construction, working principle, review on design of harmonic drive, and characteristics of the drive with its advantages. For the selection of proper Drive according to required applications, it is necessary to the study, to develop a computer program that allows the correct choice of the harmonic drive-by developed algorithm. This paper deals with a method of selection of the proper gear drive according to requirements.The three-dimensional models of the gear driveexplain details about selection. This complexity necessitates a more real-life approach based on computer application.

Keywords: Harmonic Gear Drive, Strain Wave, flexispline, wave generator, Computer Application.

[1]. Musser, C. W. 'Strain Wave Gearing', United States of America Patent Number 2.906.143. Sept. 29, 1959. (Apparently submitted in 1955), (1959).
[2]. Ishikawa, S. 'Tooth profile of spline of Strain Wave Gearing ', United States of America Patent Number 4.823.638., April, 25, (1989).
[3]. Bikash Routh . 'Design aspects of harmonic drive gear and performance improvement of its by problems identification: A review', AIP Conf. Proc. 1943. (2008).

[4]. Ostapski, W. and Mukha, I. 'Stress state analysis of harmonic drive elements by FEM', Bulletin of the polish academy of Technical Sciences, 55(1):115-123, (2007).
[5]. XiangGuoQi. 'Analysis and study on the flexible wheel of harmonic gear drive by finite element method, Sichuan University,Master's thesis dissertation, (2005).

In today's era the biggest challenge, that world is facing, is the challenge of energy crisis. Main cause is the less availability of fossil fuels. In current scenario there is a huge need of finding new alternatives which can meet the rising energy demands due to pollution problems. Bio-fuel is indeed one of the best alternatives which can be even manufactured with the help of cheaper resources like vegetable wastes, waste cooking oil. But bio-fuel production methods inculcate many loopholes such as slower reaction rate, saponification etc. For resolving these problems various techniques are being explored, out of which nanotechnology is trending one as it is found to be more effective way for bio-fuel production. Bio-fuel production rate are found to be improved with the use of nanocatalyst and nanostructures. Out of different bio-fuels, biodiesel is of current interest topic of many scientists............

Keywords: Energy, pollution, fossil fuels, nanotechnology, nanostructures, biodiesel.

[1]. Canakci M, Van Gerpen J. Biodiesel production via acid catalysis. Trans ASAE 1999;42(5):1203e10.
[2]. Frascari D, Zuccaro M, Pinelli D, Paglianti A. A pilot-scale study of alkali-catalyzed sunflower oil transesterification with static mixing and with mechanical agitation. Energy Fuel 2008;22(3):1493e501.
[3]. Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Abdul Aziz AR, Sulaiman NMN.Production of biodiesel using high free fatty acid feedstocks. Renew Sust Energy Rev 2012;16(5):3275e85.
[4]. Endalew AK, Kiros Y, Zanzi R. Heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil (JCO). Energy 2011;36(5):2693e700.
[5]. Helwani Z, Othman MR, Aziz N, Fernando WJN, Kim J. Technologies for production of biodiesel focusing on green catalytic techniques: a review. Fuel Process Technol 2009;90(12):1502e14.

Size basis grading of oranges is an important requirement of fruit market and quantifying the fruit shape gives value addition to it. Proper grading of oranges is beneficial for both consumers as well as producers. Therefore, any system which performs the grading operation will be of great value. The main objective of this paper is to design and development of orange fruit grading machine which is capable of grading oranges on size basis. In this work, the grading of oranges is performed by passing it through the gap formed between two endless expanding opening conveyor belts. This machine grades the oranges in six different grades. Successfully designed system consists of feeding hopper, grading unit and collecting tray.

Keywords: Orange Grading Machine,Design, Size basis, Expanding.

[1]. TOI.Maha Orange's First Export Consignment on Its Way to Srilanka. Nagpur, Maharashtra, India: s.n, November 10, 2015.
[2]. Rattan, Volney.Fruit Grader. 399799 San Francisco, California., March 19, 1989.
[3]. Jacob, John P. A Handbook of Post-Harvest Management of Fruits and Vegetables. Ludhiana: Daya Publishing House, New Delhi., 2012.

A global economy growing at an average rate of 3.4% per year, a population that expands from 7.4 billion today to more than 9 billion in 2040, and a process of urbanisation that adds a city the size of Shanghai to the world‟s urban population every four months are key forces that underpin our projections. The growing demand for electrical energy for industrial and domestic use, coupled with the limited amount of available fossil fuel reserves and its negative effects on the environment, have made it necessary to seek alternative and renewable energy sources. The use of renewable energy is promoted worldwide to be less dependent on conventional fuels and nuclear energy. Therefore research in the field is motivated to increase efficiency of renewable energy systems.........

Keywords: Micro Wind Turbine, Wind speed in shroud, Power Coefficient (Cp),

[1]. World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency, 2017, Web.
[2]. World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency, 2013, Web.
[3]. World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency, 2012, Web.
[4]. Small Wind World Report 2014. : World Wind Energy Association, 2014. Web.
[5]. The Potential of Small and Medium Wind Energy in Developing Countries. A Guide for Energy Sector Decision-makers. Publication. Alliance for Rural Electrification, 2012,Web.