Background: Indonesia is one of the biggest countries in the world that produce briquettes and coconut shell is the main source of these briquettes. This research purposed to observe the effect of adhesive variations, to obtain adsorption power of Cr ion, andanalyze the quality improvement of charcoal made of coconut shell with controllable convective drying . This paper used coconut shells as a source of briquettes because coconut shells have only been used as fuel for cooking or left as waste. To increase the added value of coconut products, it is necessary to make efforts to use coconut shell to be processed into charcoal, considering that the need for coconut shell charcoal tends to increase as a raw material for making activated charcoal. Sago or tapioca adhesive is used because in water with high temperatures, the amylum granules in sago and starch can swell. The starch granules can swell further as the temperature rises during the heating process........

Keywords: quality improvement ; charcoal; coconut shell; chemical; convective drying.

[1]. Alleman, B. (2013).Remediation option for metal-contaminated sites. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis.
[2]. Allwar, A. (2015). Production of Activated Carbon from Coffee Grounds Using Chemical and Physical Activation Method. Journal of Physical Science 19, 93.
[3]. Anem,J.(2014). Utilization of Coconut Shell Waste into Coconut Shell. Journal of Development, No. 1, Vol 3.

[4]. Arsad and Hamdi, (2010). Technology For The Processing And Utilization Of Active Carbon For Industry. Journal of Forest Products Industry Research, Vol. 2 No 2.
[5]. Arena, Noemi , Lee, Jacquetta, dan Clift, Roland. (2016). Life Cycle Assessment of activated carbon production from coconut shells. Journal of Cleaner Production.

The current study uses ANSYS software to investigate the fluid structural and computational fluid dynamic analysis of a hydrostatic bearing fluid film. For lubrication, journal bearings use various grades of oil or fluid, and we've used two different grades of SAE 20 and SAE 40 liquid. The pressure in the oil film in a fluid film bearing satisfies the Reynolds equation, which is a function of film thickness.The current study uses the length to diameter ratio (L/D) [1] and varied eccentricity ratios to calculate bearing deformation owing to loading conditions. The eccentricity is varied from 0 to 1.0 with intervals of 0.2 and starts with 0.3 as 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9. The lubricants SAE 20 and SAE 40 are considered for analysis with the same boundary condition and the final output is compared for both liquid lubricants. ANSYS software is used to execute the CFD analysis and structure analysis. First, we run the CFD simulation, and the output is linked to the structural workbench to apply the pressures to the bearing.

Keywords: CFD Computational fluid Dynamic, FSI fluid structure interaction, AR aspect ratio

[1]. K Prasad et al, "Fluid Structure Interaction of Liquid Lubricated Cylindrical Journal Bearing usingCFD", IJIRSET, Vol.5, issue 3, march 2016.
[2]. Debaprava Das and Dr. Ritesh Kumar Dewangan, CFD Analysis of Fluid Film of Liquid Lubricated Cylindrical Journal Bearing. IJAER, 2021,Vol 16 ,No.7.
[3]. B. S. Shenoy, R. S. Pai, D. S. Rao, R. Pai,Elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication analysis of full 360 journal bearing using CFD and FSI techniques,World Journal of Modelling and Simulations 1 746-7233, Vol. 5 (2009) No. 4, pp. 315-320.
[4]. Priyanka Tiwari, Veerendra Kumar, Analysis of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Using CFD and FSI Technique, www.ijert.org, Volume/Issue: Vol. 3 - Issue 7 (July - 2014), e-ISSN: 2278-0181.

This study investigates the level of adoption and the resultant effectiveness of International Labour Organisation Occupational Safety and Health Management System (ILO-OSHMS) by construction companies in the South- South zone of Nigeria. The objectives are to determine the level of compliance to ILO-OSHMS by construction companies in the south-south zone of Nigeria, compare the level of compliance across the states, and will establish the relationship between level of compliance to the management system and the rate of accident occurrence, determine the effectiveness of the safety and health management system and compare the effectives among the states. To achieve the objectives, a field survey involving 453 contactors selected by.......

Keywords: ILO-OSHMS, Construction companies, South – South Geopolitical Zone, Kruskal Wallis test, Pearson Product Moment Correlation

[1]. Agwu, M. O., & Olele, E. H. (2013). Fatalities in the Nigerian Construction Industry: A Case of Poor Safet Culture. Journal of Economics,Management and Trade, 431-452.
[2]. Arora, K. C. (2007). ISO 9000 to OHSAS 18001. New Delhi: S.K Kataria and Sons Publishing.
[3]. Benjamin, P. (2008). Integrating OSH Through Self-Managed Work Team. (11, Ed.) Journal of Occupational Health and Safety of New Zealand, 11, 15-19.
[4]. Bottomley, B. (1999). Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, Strategic Issues. Report for the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission. Sydney: National Occupational Health and Safety Commission.
[5]. Cox, A., Regin, S. O., & Hillage, J. (2008). What Works in Delivering Improved Health and Safety Outcomes. Journal for the Advancement of Science, 27(3), 9-23.

Microalgae have emerged as a promising sustainable feedstock for biodiesel as the quest for alternatives to fossil fuels continue. When compared to standard biofuel crops, several species have high lipid content and need simple cultivation, requiring less freshwater and land space. Technological developments in the growing, harvesting, pretreatment, lipid extraction and transesterification subsystems have recently pushed microalgae biodiesel closer to becoming economically viable. Biodiesel can be produced through transesterification reaction, the transesterification reaction is influence by various factors such as molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time, temperature, presence of water, free fatty acid content and mixing intensity or agitation speed. optimization of the production process is crucial to obtain highest yield and ensure material equalization........

Keywords: Biodiesel, microalgae, optimization, heterogeneous catalyst, homogenous catalyst, transesterification reaction, factors affecting biodiesel.

[1]. Akubude, V. C., Nwaigwe, K. N., & Dintwa, E. (2019). Production of biodiesel from microalgae via nanocatalyzed transesterification process: A review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 2(2), 216–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSET.2018.12.006
[2]. Aslan, S., & Kapdan, I. K. (2006). Batch kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by algae. Ecological Engineering, 28(1), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2006.04.003
[3]. Atadashi, I. M., Aroua, M. K., Abdul Aziz, A. R., & Sulaiman, N. M. N. (2013). The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production: A review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JIEC.2012.07.009
[4]. Azcan, N., & Yilmaz, O. (2014). Energy Consumption of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae Oil Using Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 247 LNEE, 651–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6818-5_46
[5]. Banerjee, S., Rout, S., Banerjee, S., Atta, A., & Das, D. (2019). Fe2O3 nanocatalyst aided transesterification for biodiesel production from lipid-intact wet microalgal biomass: A biorefinery approach. Energy Conversion Management.

The ever-increasing demand for light weighted hard materials for transportation industries encouraged researchers to develop composites with excellent mechanical properties which can transform it into more economical and eco-friendly. Reinforcing the metals with carbonaceous nanomaterials is progressively in focus due to their excellent capability to inculcate and tailor the properties of MMCs. There are different processing techniques that would produce a material with small grain size that satisfies the requirements of strength and hardness. New processing techniques like Friction Stir Processing (FSP), Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE), are being developed for this purpose in addition to the improvements in grain size, strength, hardness etc...........

Keywords: Friction Stir Processing (FSP), Grain structure, Mechanical properties

[1]. R. Mishra, L. Johannes, I. Charit and A. Dutta, "Multi-pass Friction stir superplasticity in aluminum alloys". Proceeding of (2005) NSF.
[2]. Z. Ma, R. Mishra and M. Mahoney. "Superplasticity in cast A356 induced via friction stir processing". Scripta Materialia 50 (2004) pp.931-935.
[3]. H. Salem, A. Reynolds and J. Lyons. "Microstructure and retention of
[4]. superplasticity of friction stir welding superplastic 2095 Plate", Scripta Materialia,(March 2002) Vol. 46 Issue 5, pp.290-296.
[5]. I. Charit, R. Mishra. "High Strain rate supeeplasticity in commercial 2024 Al alloy via friction stir processing" Materials Science and Engineering A, Volume359, Issues 1-2, 25 (October 2003), pp. 290-296.