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The study investigates the decadal changes in the ablation area of glaciers within the Likhu Kosi sub-basin of Kosi basin over past two decades using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The main objective is to analyse the trends in ablation area. Landsat satellite images from 2000 and 2020 were processed and analysed for 10 selected glaciers in the Likhu Kosi sub-basin. The results reveal a significant decrease of 122.35 hectares in the ablation area between 2000 and 2020. The initial ablation area in 2000 was measured at 266.86 hectares, which reduced to 144.50 hectares in 2020. The decline in snout area is primarily attributed to the impacts of climate change. The study also highlights the potential of remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor and understand the impact of climate changes on glaciers. The findings have significant implications for the management of freshwater resources in the region. The reduction in glacial area not only poses risks to the local ecosystem but also increases the potential for flooding and erosion. Consequently, a comprehensive assessment of water levels and volumes is essential for the sustainable management of the freshwater resources in the Likhu Kosi Sub-basin.

Keywords: - Kosi Basin, Likhu Kosi, Landsat-7 & 8, (Advance/Retreat) Ablation, Glaciers, Remote sensing & GIS.

[1] Shangguan, D., Liu, S., Ding, Y., Wu, L., Deng, W., Guo, W., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Yao, X., Guo, Z., & Zhu, W., Glacier changes in the Koshi River basin, central Himalaya, from 1976 to 2009, derived from remote-sensing imagery, Annals of Glaciology, 2014, 55(66).
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[4] Kraaijenbrink, P. D., Bierkens, M. F. P., Lutz, A. F., & Immerzeel, W. W., Impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius on Asia's glaciers, Nature, 2017, 549(7671), 257-260.
[5] Benn, D.I., Bolch, T., Hands, K., Gulley, J., Luckman, A., Nicholson, L.I., Quincey, D., Thompson, S., Toumi, R., Wiseman, S., Response of debris-covered glaciers in the Mount Everest region to recent warming, and implications for outburst flood hazards, Earth-Science Reviews ,2012,114 (1-2),156–174.

The demand for a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative energy source has increased in recent years. Experiments were carried out for identifying that neem oil is suitable biodiesel in VCR diesel engine. Results shows that indicated power, break power, mechanical efficiency and torque of neem oil blends (NBF5, NBF10, NBF15 and NBF20) is similar to diesel. Exhaust carbon and nitrogen percentage of neem oil blends is lower than diesel.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Mechanical efficiency and Diesel engine

[1]. Pham Huu Tuyen, Pham Minh Tuan, Nguyen Van Nhinh, Experimental study on performance and emissions of a diesel engine using ethanol and biodiesel blended diesel fuels, J. Mech. Eng. Res. Dev. 43 (1) (2020) 180–189. ISSN: 1024-1752.
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This research investigates the effect of varying beats on the steady Poincare solutions of nonlinear duffing oscillator. A non-dimensional second order differential equation based on the general governing equation for nonlinear duffing is presented and solved numerically using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The fractal disk method is used to characterize the Poincare solutions, and scatter plots of the oscillator per unit space area show chaotic and non-uniform distributions. Qualitatively, it is observed that the Poincaré solutions for Duffing oscillators subject to harmonic excitation are visually similar to those obtained at zero beat value. However, upon closer examination, differences in dimensions become apparent..........

Keywords: Nonlinear duffing oscillator, beats, Poincare solutions, fractal disk method.

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[2]. He, J. H., Hou, W. F., Qie, N., Gepreel, K. A., Shirazi, A. H., and Mohammad-Sedighi, H. (2021). Hamiltonian-based frequency-amplitude formulation for nonlinear oscillators. Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering, 19(2), 199-208.
[3]. John, J. T., Salau, T. A. O., Ayegbeso, D. O., and Adebayo, A. A. (2022). Development and Comparative Analysis of Chaos Diagram for Harmonically Excited Duffing Oscillator Using Gram-Schmidt Orthogonal Based Lyapunov Exponent. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE),, 19(4), 58-66.

[4]. Wang, W. X., Lai, Y. C., & Grebogi, C. (2016). Data based identification and prediction of nonlinear and complex dynamical systems. Physics Reports, 644, 1-76.

[5]. Brunton, S. L., Budišić, M., Kaiser, E., and Kutz, J. N. (2021). Modern Koopman theory for dynamical systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.12086.

This study developed a low cost evaporative cooler powered by a rotating suction cowl, for preservation of fruit and vegetables. The device contained a rectangular cooling chamber with three sides made of jute while the door was made of plywood and lagged inside with jute. A plastic hollow duct vertically connected a rotating suction cowl with the cooling chamber. The continuous rotation of the cowl brought about continuous sucking in of air into the cooling chamber through an air inlet underneath the cooling chamber. The continuous flow of air resulted in cooling by evaporation......

Keywords: Cowl, Evaporative cooler, Fruit, Wind-powered, Vegetables, Preservation

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