Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	A Comparative Analysis of Assignment Problem
Country	::	India
Authors	::	SHWETA SINGH, G.C. DUBEY, RAJESH SHRIVASTAVA
Page	::	01-15
	::	10.9790/3021-02810115
ANED :	::	0.4/3021-02810115
		3021-0208-0115

Assignment problems arise in different situation where we have to find an optimal way to assign n-objects to m-other objects in an injective fashion. The assignment problems are a well studied topic in combinatorial optimization. These problems find numerous application in production planning, telecommunication VLSI design, economic etc. The assignment problems is a special case of Transportation problem. Depending on the objective we want to optimize, we obtain the typical assignment problems. Assignment problem is an important subject discussed in real physical world we endeavor in this paper to introduce a new approach to assignment problem namely, matrix ones assignment method or MOA -method for solving wide range of problem. An example using matrix ones assignment methods and the existing Hungarian method have been solved and compared it graphically. Also some of the variations and some special cases in assignment problem and its applications have been discussed in the paper.

 

Keywords: - Assignment problem, Hungarian assignment method (HA) method, Linear Integer Programming, Matrix ones assignment method (MOA) method, optimization

[1] M.S. Bazarra, John J. Jarvis, Hanif D. Sherali, Linear programming and newtwork flows, (2005).
[2] B.S. Goel, S.K. Mittal, Operations REsearch, Fifty Ed., (1982) 2405-2416.
[3] Hamdy A.Taha, Operations Research, an introduction, 8th Ed. (2007).
[4] H.J. Zimmermann, Rudrajit Tapador, Solving the assignment, third Ed. kluwer Academic, Boston, 1996.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Cultural significance determination as preliminary analysis in preserving urban historical area (Case study on municipality of Blitar, Indonesia)
Country	::	Indonesia
Authors	::	Johannes Parlindungan Siregar, Antariksa, Eddi Basuki Kurniawan
Page	::	16-22
	::	10.9790/3021-02811622
ANED :		0.4/3021-02811622
		3021-0208-0122

History is a cultural richness because through history, a nation has strong foundation in future development. Blitar is one of the Indonesia city that has history richness. In the past, this city linked directly with Indonesian independence movements as the home town of Indonesian Independence Proclaimer and as place of PETA rebellions. It is important that the historical value becomes consideration in determining appropriate preservation action for plan further development strategies on an historical area. This research uses 36 objects in form of building complexes and sculptures. Analysis techniques utilized in this research are factor analysis, multi-criteria evaluation, cluster analysis and t-test. Preliminary variables utilized in this research are cultural significance parameters called theoretical variables. These theoretical variables then were extracted using factor analysis in to 3 factors. The results of this research are the cultural signification level of every object and clustering of objects that form 6 cluster based on their cultural signification attributes. As the result using t-test, it was proved that development of clusters has relationship with cultural significance level of each objects, so the model proposed by cluster analysis then can be utilized to explain pattern of cultural significance attributes of each objects.

 

Keywords: - Cluster, Factor, Preservation, Urban History

[1] Taufik, et al, History of Blitar (Government of Blitar Municipality, 2008).

[2] Martokusumo, Urban heritage conservation in Indonesia, Proc in The Indonesian city revisited, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden,The Netherlands, 6-8 December, 2000.

[3] Martokusumo, Conservation of urban environment (ITB Press, Bandung. 2005)

[4] ICOMOS. The burra charter (Australia ICOMOS incorporated 2000, ISBN 0957852800, 1999)

[5] Indonesian network for heritage conservation and ICOMOS Indonesia, Indonesia charter for heritage conservation (Center for heritage conservation, department of architecture and planning, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2003)

[6] Siregar, et al. 2010, Cultural significance factors determination of indonesian independence historical area in Blitar city, Proc national seminar of magister and doctoral program, engineering faculty, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia, 2010.

[7] Al-hagla, Sustainable urban development in historical areas using the tourist trail approach, Elsevier Cities Journal 27 (2010), 234–248.

[8] Ruiters and Sanders, Physical planning: policies, methods and techniques (Faculty of civil engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, 1998)

[9] Afandi, Antariksa and Hariyani, Preservation of PETA headquarter in Blitar city, Graduate theses, University of Brawijaya, 2008

[10] Adeniran and Akinlabi, Perceptions on cultural significance and heritage conservation: a case study of Sussan Wenger's building, Osogbo, Nigeria, African Journal of History and Culture Vol. 3(5), pp. 73-88, June 2011

...

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	A New Control Technique for Damping Low Frequency Oscillations
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sangu Ravindra, Dr.V.C.Veera Reddy, Dr.S.Sivanagaraju
Page	::	23-28
	::	10.9790/3021-02812328
ANED :		0.4/3021-02812328
		3021-0208-0128

Low Frequency Oscillations (LFO) are a frequent adverse phenomenon which increase the risk of instability for the power system and thus reduce the total and availability transfer capability (TTC and ATC).LFO occur in power systems because of lack of the damping torque in order to dominance to power system disturbances as change in mechanical input power. In the recent past Power System Stabilizer (PSS) was used to damp LFO. FACTs devices, such as Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), can control power flow and increase transient stability. So UPFC may be used to damp LFO instead of PSS. UPFC damps LFO through direct control of voltage and power. In this research the linearized model of synchronous machine (Heffron-Philips) connected to infinite bus (Single Machine-Infinite Bus: SMIB) with UPFC is used and also in order to damp LFO, adaptive ANN damping controller for UPFC is designed and simulated. Simulation is performed for various types of loads and for different disturbances. Simulation results demonstrate that the developed ANN damping controller would be more effective in damping electromechanical oscillations in comparison with the conventional lead-lag controller.

 

Keywords: - Low Frequency Oscillations (LFO), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Single Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) power system, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) damping controller.

[1] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission System, IEEE Press, 2000.

[2] H.F.Wang, F.J.Swift," A Unified Model for the Analysis of FACTS Devices in Damping Power System Oscillations Part I: Single-machine Infinite-bus Power Systems", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 1997, pp.941-946.

[3] L. Gyugyi, C.D. Schauder, S.L. Williams, T.R.Rietman, D.R. Torgerson, A. Edris, "The Unified Power Flow Controller: A New Approach to Power Transmission Control", IEEE Trans., 1995, pp. 1085-1097.

[4] Wolanki, F. D. Galiana, D. McGillis and G. Joos, "Mid-Point Sitting of FACTS Devices in Transmission Lines," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 12, No. 4, 1997, pp. 1717-1722.

[5] M. Noroozian, L. Angquist, M. Ghandari, and G. Anderson, "Use of UPFC for optimal power flow control", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 4, 1997, pp. 1629–1634.

[6] A Nabavi-Niaki and M R Iravani. "Steady-state and Dynamic Models of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) for Power System Studies.‟ IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol 11, 1996, p 1937.

[7] K S Smith, L Ran, J Penman. "Dynamic Modelling of a Unified Power Flow Controller.‟ IEE Proceedings-C, vol 144, 1997, pp.7.

[8] H F Wang. "Damping Function of Unified Power Flow Controller.‟ IEE Proceedings-C, vol 146, no 1, January 1999, p 81.

[9] H. F. Wang, F. J. Swift, "A Unified Model for the Analysis of FACTS Devices in Damping Power System Oscillations Part I: Single-machine Infinite-bus Power Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.12, No. 2, April, 1997, pp. 941-946.

[10] P. Kundur,"Power System Stability and Control", McGraw-Hill.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Embedded system design for a multi variable input operations
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Niranjan N. Parandkar
Page	::	29-33
	::	10.9790/3021-02812933
ANED :		0.4/3021-02812933
		3021-0208-0133

There are several multivariable input systems with one or more outputs exist in nature or designed and implemented successfully artificially. The input parameters of the system may or may not bear any relationship with each other however, output or outputs of the system definitely possess fixed relationship with input parameters. For every engineering student, understanding above concept is very important. An attempt has been made to develop a tool which will improve the understanding of such concept named as e- Stacapult by the author based on the principle of Catapult and similar type of tool developed as Statapult. The data is collected by performing some experiments and collected data is analyzed using softwares like MATLAB or DOE Wisdom. The tool can have wide applications in the field of training, Quality management, Six Sigma etc.

 

Index Terms: - Statapult, e-Stacapult, Multi variable system, Data collection and data analysis, Quality management.

[1] www.ncmrcompany.com
[2] www.sixsigmaproductsgroup.com
[3] Math and measurement- The Statapult lab journal
[4] Statapult Exercise, Six Sigma Green Belt Certification Course
[5] Catalogue of Statapult
[6] "Electric Machines And Power Systems" by Vincent Del Toro, PHI Publications.

Paper Type	::	Review Article
Title	::	Removal of Shadows and Reflections in the Images By Using Cross-Projection Tensors
Country	::	India
Authors	::	B.HIMABINDU
Page	::	34-40
	::	10.9790/3021-02813440
ANED :		0.4/3021-02813440
		3021-0208-0140

We propose a new technique for removal of shadow and reflections in the images. We introduce cross projection tensors to achieve affine transformations of gradient fields. We used these tensors, to remove reflections in an image based on the edge of a second image information. Traditionally, the removal of the edges is achieved by setting the image gradients to zero on the basis of thresholds. One common application is in the Retinex problem, which recovers the illumination map the edges of the suppression of reflection, assuming that varies slowly. We present a class of problems in which edge suppression can be a useful tool. The key idea of our approach is to obtain local tensors with an image and to transform the gradient field of another image with them. Reconstructed image of the modified gradient field shows suppressed edges or textures in the appropriate places. All operations are local and our approach does not require any global analysis. We show that the algorithm in the context of applications such as: a) Elimination of shadows of color images and obtaining the illumination map b) Removing glass reflections.

 

Keywords: – Affine transformation, Cross projection tensors, Color image, Edge suppression, Gradient field.

[1] A. Agrawal, R. Raskar, S. Nayar, and Y. Li. Removing photography artifacts using gradient projection and flashexposure sampling. ACM Trans. Graph., 24(3):828–835, 2005.

[2] G. Aubert and P. Kornprobst. Mathematical Problems in Image Processing: Partial Differential Equations and the Calculus of Variations, volume 147 of Applied Mathematical Sciences. Springer-Verlag, 2002.

[3] H. Barrow and J. Tenenbaum. Recovering intrinsic scene characteristics from images. In Computer Vision Systems, pages 3–26, 1978.

[4] H. Chen, P. Belhumeur, and D. Jacobs. In search of illumination invariants. In Proc. Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 254–261, 2000.

[5] H. Farid and E. Adelson. Separating reflections and lighting using independent components analysis. In Proc. Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 1262– 1267, June 1999.

[6] B. Horn. Determining lightness from an image. Comput. Graphics, Image Processing, 3:277–299, 1974.

[7] B. Jahne. Spatio-Temporal Image Processing, Theory and Scientific Applications, volume 751 of Lecture Notes in Computer Vision. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1993.

[8] A. Levin, A. Zomet, S. Peleg, and Y.Weiss. Seamless image stitching in the gradient domain. In ECCV (4), pages 377–389, 2004.

[9] S. Nayar, X. Fang, and T. Boult. Separation of reflection components using color and polarization. Int'l J. Computer Vision, 21(3):163–186, Feb. 1997.

[10] P. Perez, M. Gangnet, and A. Blake. Poisson image editing. ACM Trans. Graph., 22(3):313–318, 2003.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Comparative simulation study between n- type and p- type Silicon Solar Cells and the variation of efficiency of n- type Solar Cell by the application of passivation layer with different thickness using AFORS HET and PC1D
Country	::	India
Authors	::	U.Gangopadhyay, S. Roy, S.Garain, S. Jana, S.Das
Page	::	41-48
	::	10.9790/3021-02814148
ANED :		0.4/3021-02814148
		3021-0208-0148

In this paper, comparative study of p type and n type solar cells are described using two popular solar cell analyzing software AFORS HET and PC1D. We use SiNx layer as Antireflection Coating and a passivated layer Al2O3 .The variation of reflection, absorption, I-V characteristics, and internal and external quantum efficiency have been done by changing the thickness of passivated layer and ARC layer, and front and back surface recombination velocities. The same analysis is taken by imposing surface charge at front of n-type solar Cell and we get 20.13%-20.15% conversion efficiency.

 

Keywords: - ARC coating, Surface recombination velocity, Passivation layer, Surface charge, AFORS HET, PC1D

[1] A.Cuevas, M.J.Kerr, C.Samundsett, F.Ferraza, G.Cotelti, "Millisecond minority carrier lifetime in n-type multicrystalline silicon", Appl. Phys. Lett.,81(2002) 4952-4954.

[2] Arnab Das,Kyungsun Ryu,Ajeet Rohatgi,"20% Efficient Screen-Printed n-type Solar Cells Using a Spin On source and Thermal Oxide/Silicon Nitride Passivation", IEEE journal of Photovoltaic,Vol..1,No.-2,December(2011),Page-146-148.

[3] K Chandra Sahoo, Yiming Li, Edward Yi Chang, Men-Ku Lin, Jin-Hua Hung, " Reflectance of Sub-Wavelength Structure on Silicon Nitride For Solar Cell Application", Proceeding of IEEE Specialist Conferrence(2009),Page-123.

[4] I.Martin,R.Lovblom,R.Alcubilla,"High Efficiency Solar Cells Based on Inversion layer Emitters.",24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25th September(2009),Hamberg,Germany,Page-1988.

[5] K.J.Weber,H.Jin,C.Zhang,N.Nursan,W.E Jellett,K.R.McIntosh,"Surface Passivation using dielectric films: How much charge is enough?",24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25th September(2009),Hamberg,Germany,Page- 534. [6] Wu Dawei., JiaRui, Ding Wuchang,Chen Chen, Wu Deq,Chen Wei, Li Haofeng, YueHuihui, and Liu Xinyu. "Optimization of Al2O3/SiNx stacked antireflection structures for N-type surface passivated crystalline silicon solar cellsJournal of Semiconductors, " Vol. 32, No. 9 ,September(2011), Page-094008-1to-094008-2.

[7] J.Benick,B.Hoex,G.Dingemans,W.M.MKessels,A.Richter,M.Hermle,S.W.Glunz, "High Efficiency N-type Silicon Solar Cells With Front Side Boron Emitter", 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg ,Germany, 21-25th September(2009),Page-863.

[8] Gang He,Xiaoliang Wang,Masaharu Oshima,Yukihiro Shimogaki," Metalorganic Chemical Vapour Deposition of Al2O3 thin film from Dimethyl aluminiumhydride and O2".Japanese Journal of Applied Physics,Vol-49(2010),Page-031502-4.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Effect of Moisture Content on the Performance of A Motorized Weeding Machine
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Ojomo A. O, Ale M. O, Ogundele J. O
Page	::	49-53
	::	10.9790/3021-02814953
ANED :		0.4/3021-02814953
		3021-0208-0153

A Motorized weeding machine developed at the Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic Owo was evaluated for the machine performance parameters. Studies were conducted on the effect of moisture content (10%, 13% and 16%) and the type of cutting blades (Flat blade, spike tooth blade and curved blade) on the machine efficiency, quality performance efficiency, percentage of uprooted weeds and percentage of partially uprooted weeds. Soil moisture content and type of cutting blades statistically affected the machine performance at 5% level of significance using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The machine was found to be influenced by the soil moisture content and type of cutting blades; however the machine gave the best machine efficiency of 94%, quality performance efficiency of 84%, and 2.8% percentage of uprooted weeds and least percentage of partially uprooted weeds of 1.8% using the spike tooth blade at 16% soil moisture content.

 

Keywords: - Effect, soil, moisture content, weeding machine, performance

[1] Ademosun, O.C, Adewumi, B.A Olunkunle and Adesina, 2003. Development of Indigenous machines for weeding and grain harvesting; FUTA experience. FUTAJEET. 3(2), 77-84.

[2] Kaul, R.N and Egbo, C.O. 1985. Introduction to Agricultural Mechanisation.Macmillan intermidiate series. 4th Edition.

[3] Manuwa, S.I and Olofinkua, S.G. 2009. Development of and performance evaluation of a low cost mechanical weeder for environmental preservation. Proceedings of the 3rd international conference of WASAE and 9th international conference of NIAE, January, 2009, Ile Ife, Nigeria. Pp 11-14

[4] Nwuba, E.I.U (1982): The Effect of Working Posture on Productivity of Nigerian Hoe farmer. Proceeding of the Nigerian Society of Agricultural Engineers (NSAE) (1); 37-47

[5] Olukunle O.J and Oguntunde, P (2006). Design of a row crop weeder; Paper presented at the conference on international agricultural research for Development, held at the University of Bonn Germany, October 11-13;

[6] Olukunle O.J (1995): Optimization of Primary and Secondary Tillage Operations;Unpublished M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure

[7] Rangasamy, K. Balasubramanian, M and Swaminuthan, K.R. (1993): Evaluation of Power weeder performance AMAAL 24(4) 16-18

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Performance analysis of Carbon Nano Tubes
Country	::	India
Authors	::	P.S. Raja, R.joseph Daniel, Bino. N
Page	::	54-58
	::	10.9790/3021-02815458
ANED :		0.4/3021-02815458
		3021-0208-0158

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received much attention for their unique characteristics as a possible alternative to Cu interconnect. Cu interconnect dimensions begin to come into the range of mean free path of electron typically 40nm. This results in surface and grain boundary scattering. Owing to these scattering phenomena resistivity of Cu begins to increase. This drives us to look for new materials for future very large scale integration (VLSI) interconnects. Carbon nanotubes are alternative to copper because of their remarkable conductive, mechanical and thermal properties. They are effectively long, thin cylinders of graphite which is made up of layers of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice with stiffest and strongest fibers. Carbon nanotubes have superior properties like current carrying capacity and conductivity compared to Cu interconnect. It exhibits metallic or semi-conducting property depending on chirality. A matlab coding has been developed to evaluate the performance of various carbon nano tubes (CNT). The various parameters evaluated are Resistance, Capacitance and Inductance. The evaluations of these parameters are very important since they affect the performance of the device.

[1] Navin Srivastava and Kaustav Banerjee, "Performance Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Interconnects for VLSI Applications".
[2] Arijit Raychowdhury and Kaushik Roy "A Circuit Model for Carbon Nanotube Interconnects: Comparative Study with Cu Interconnects for Scaled Technologies".
[3] Hong Li, Kaustav Banerjee "Circuit Modeling and Performance Analysis of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Interconnects" IEEE JUNE 2008.
[4] A. Naeemi,et al.," Performance comparison between Carbon Nanotube and Copper Interconnects for Giga scale integration(GSI)", IEEE 2005.
[5] P.L.McEuen,et,al.,"Single-Walled carbon Nanotube Electronics,"IEEE , 2000.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Amplify-Forward & Distributed Space Time-Coded Cooperation to Exploiting CD Based Robust MAC Protocol in Ad-hoc Network
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Prof. A. K. Naikwadi
Page	::	59-67
	::	10.9790/3021-02815967
ANED :		0.4/3021-02815967
		3021-0208-0167

Cooperative Diversity MAC, it exploits the cooperative communication promising of the physical layer to get enhanced strength in wireless ad hoc networks. In CD-MAC every terminal is aggressively selects a relay for partnership and lets it transmit at the same time so that this mitigates intrusion from near terminals and thus improves the network routine. The incremental relaying protocol is observed in space-time coded cooperation below the amplify-and-forward & distributed space time-coded cooperation model. We build up and examine space–time coded cooperative diversity protocols for terminal's multi path elimination across multiple protocol layers in a wireless network. The protocols use spatial diversity accessible among a set of dispersed terminals that relay messages for one another in such a way that the target terminal can average the loss. In interference-rich and loud surroundings, wireless communication is often vulnerable by undependable communication links. These protocols achieve complete spatial diversity in cooperating terminals, not just number of decoding relays, and can be used successfully for higher haunted efficiencies than recurrence based schemes. We discuss problem related to space–time code design for MAC protocols, emphasizing codes that eagerly allow for appealing spreader versions. The proposed scheme can achieve an outstanding coding increase in similarity to direct transmission.

[1] Sangman Moh and Chansu Yu," A Cooperative Diversity-based Robust MAC Protocol in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS.

[2] J. Nicholas Laneman, Member, IEEE, and Gregory W. Wornell, Senior Member, IEEE," Distributed Space–Time-Coded Protocols for Exploiting Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY, VOL. 49, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2003.

[3] J. Nicholas Laneman," Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks: Algorithms and Architectures", MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. [4] Oh-Soon Shin, Albert M. Chan, H. T. Kung, and Vahid Tarokh," Design of an OFDM Cooperative Space-Time Diversity System", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 56, NO. 4, JULY 2007.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Flood Frequency Analysis of Upper Krishna River Basin catchment area using Log Pearson Type III Distribution
Country	::	India
Authors	::	B. K. Sathe, M. V. Khire, R. N. Sankhua
Page	::	68-77
	::	10.9790/3021-02816877
ANED :		0.4/3021-02816877
		3021-0208-0177

In this study, a flood frequency analysis of Upper Krishna River basin in India is carried out by Log-Pearson Type-III probability distribution method. This method is a statistical technique for fitting frequency distribution data to predict the flood for a river at some site. In Upper Krishna River The annual peak flood series data for 10 years varying over period 1965 to 2010 for 7 important stations such as Karad ,Warna, Arjunwad, Kurundwad, Warungi, Terwad, Sadagli are analysed.out of these seven stations Arjunwad and Kurundwad river gauging stations are important for flash flood point of view. The probability distribution function was applied to return periods (T) of T = 2 yrs, 5yrs, 10yrs, 25yrs, 50yrs, 100yrs and 200 yrs commonly used in for engineering design of hydraulic structures. These values are useful for hydraulic design of structures in the catchment area and for storm water management .The model relates the expected discharge to return period for all tributaries of Upper Krishna River basin.

 

Keywords: - design discharge, flood frequency, gauge discharge, Log Person Type III, probability

[1] Akintola, J.O. 1986 Rainfall distribution in Nigeria 1892-1983, Impact publishers Nig. Ltd., Ibadan.
[2] Arora, K.R. 2007. Irrigation, Water Power and Water resources Engineering. Standard Publishers Distributors, New Delhi
[3] Asawa, G.L. 2005. Irrigation and Water resources Engineering. New Age International Ltd. Publishers,New Delhi
[4] Bhakar, S.R., Bansal, A.N. Chhajed, N., and Purohit, R.C. 2006. Frequency analysis of consecutive days maximum rainfall at Banswara, Rajasthan, India. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 1(3): 64-67.
[5] Borbda and Benin Owena 2005.River basin Hydrological year Book, 1995-1998
[6] Bruce, J.P., and Clark, P.H. 1988. Introduction to hydrometeorology. Pergamon Press, Oxford
[7] Chow, V.T., D.R.Maidment and L.W.Mays 1988. Applied Hydrology. McGraw Hill Book Company,Singapore.
[8] Garg P.K., K.P.Sharma.and S.C.Jain.1986 Satellite Remote Sensing for Mapping of Flood-Plains and Allied Features, Int. Symp. on Flood Frequency and Risk Analysis, Louisiana, USA.
[9] Haktan Y.T 1992. Comparison of Various flood frequency distribution using annual flood peaks data of rivers in Anatolis. Journal of Hydrology. Vol.136; pp1-31
[10] Haan, C.T. 1977. Statistical methods in hydrology. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Application Based Route Optimization
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Neha Mangla† , Dr.R.K. Khola
Page	::	78-82
	::	10.9790/3021-02817882
ANED :		0.4/3021-02817882
		3021-0208-0182

All the traffic seen by the internet is treated equally which is generally known as Internet neutrality. Internet Neutrality enforces that all network traffic should be treated as equal and Best effort routing policy should be followed. But with the advent of smart applications this is drastically changing. Each network appli-cation has its own bandwidth requirement. We face the problem when required bandwidth of critical applica-tions does not match with internet bandwidth. Because of network neutrality principle, core router can't priori-ties one traffic over other and critical applications may get impacted. Such types of problems are still in re-search phase As a solution here we will see how application level routing optimization mechanism at edge routers can be useful for such types of application..

 

Keywords: CDN, ARR, DIP , ACDS, DE.

1] J. Dilley, B. Maggs, J. Parikh, H. Prokop, R. Sitaraman, and B. Weihl, "Globally Distributed Content De livery, "IEEE Internet Computing, pp. 50-58, September/October 2002.
[2] G. Peng, "CDN: Content Distribution Network," Technical Report TR-125, Expe rimental Computer Systems Lab, Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, 2003. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/peng03cdn.html
[3] Real Time Audio and Video in the World Wide Web http://www.w3.org/Conferences/WWW4/Papers/211/ [4] Behrouz a. Forouzan . "Data Communication and Networking ,"McGraw Hills, 4th edition. [5] B Cain "Known Content Network (CN) Request-Routing Mechanisms," RFC 3568, July 2003. http:// www. tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3568 [6] Ying Ma, Ilja Bedner, Grace Chang, Allan Kuchinsky, and HongJiang Zhang "A Framework for Adaptive Content Delivery in Hete-rogeneousNnetwork Environment," Proc. SPIE 3969, 86 (1999);January 2000.
[7] Tutorial about Detecting User Agent Types and Client Device Capabilities http://www.developershome. com/wap/detection/
[8] Mobile browser id http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/mobile_ids.html [9] Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP): A user side framework for content Negotiation
http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-CCPP/
[10] CC/PP exchange protocol based on HTTP Extension Framework http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-CCPPexchange

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	A Compact Double-T Monopole Antenna for Dual Wideband Wireless Communications Systems
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Ram Kishore Sutrakar, Sunil Kumar Tripathi, Ankita Sharma
Page	::	83-85
	::	10.9790/3021-02818385
ANED :		0.4/3021-02818385
		3021-0208-0185

This work carries a dual band monopole antenna design specially meant for wireless applications. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular patch monopole in which a slot is cut in order to obtain a dual band operation and size reduction. The antenna operates in frequency band 2.3 to 3.4 GHz and 4.95 to 5.85 GHz. These bands are now widely used in wireless communications. This miniaturized dual band monopole antenna proves to be an effective option for wireless devices to communicate with the outside world. We present a novel compact printed dual wideband double-T antenna, which consists of two stacked T-shaped monopoles.

 

Keywords: - Dual Band, Directivity, Monopole Antenna, Size Reduction.

[1] M. John and M. J. Ammann, "Ultra-wideband wireless system integrated antenna for multiband multi-national wireless combined with GSM1800/PCS1900/IMT2000 + extension," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. Vol. 48, No. 3, March 2006

[2] Yen-Liang Kuo and Kin-Lu Wong, "Printed Double-T Monopole Antenna for 2.4/5.2 GHz Dual-Band WLAN Operations" IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 51, No. 9, September 2003

[3] Y. H. Suh and K. Chang, "Low Cost Microstrip-fed dual frequency printed dipole antenna for wireless communications" Electron. Lett, Vol. 36, Jully 2000

[4] Tae-Hyun Kim and Dong-Chul Park, "Compact Dual-Band Antenna with Double L-Slits for WLAN Operation", IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 4, 2005.

[5] D. Nashaat, H.A.Elsadek and H Ghali, "Dual- band reduced size PIFA antenna with U-slot for Bluetooth and WLAN applications", IEEE Proc. on Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp, vol 2, pp 962-965, 2003.

[6] C.C.Lin, G.Y.Lee and K.Y.Wong, "Surface mount dual-loop antenna for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN operations", Electron. Lett. , vol 39, pp. 1302-1304, Sept. 2003.

[7] Y.L.Kuo and K.L.Wong, "Printed double-T monopole antenna for 2.4/5.2 GHz dual band WLAN operations", IEEE Transaction Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, no 9, pp 2187-2192, Sept. 2003.

[8] Y.H.Suh and K.Chang, "Low cost microstriped dual frequency printed dipole antenna for wireless communications", Electron. Lett. vol. 36, pp. 1177-1179, Jul 6 2000.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Rejuvenating automotive ventilation within existing system Boundary- A most economical approach
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dhruv Jha, Dr R S Bindu
Page	::	86-90
	::	10.9790/3021-02818690
ANED :		0.4/3021-02818690
		3021-0208-0190

An innovative design is used for improvement in cabin ventilation of automobiles having non-AC system. Engine which is a must part of a truck is used as a suction system to create low pressure zone inside the cabin, by sucking its air for fuel combustion from cabin. High suction pressure is used as a pulling force. Closed cabin now becomes low pressure zone and atmospheric air around the cabin is pulled inside the cabin because of low pressure inside. By design, an opening is given at the front of the cabin which becomes the path of atmospheric air movement inside the cabin. Hence a cross and continuous ventilation is achieved. CFD analysis is done at different speeds considering the worst case scenario as glass windows rolled up. Result of the analysis shows significant level of ventilation is achieved without using any external energy with minimum cost involved.

 

Keywords: - Ventilation, Automobiles, Engine, Cabin, Snorkel.

[1] Dhruv Jha, Abhishek Shah, Rohan Gejji, Kartik Srinivasan; "Natural air ventilation system for a vehicle cab"; Original Assignee: Mahindra Navistar Automotives Limited, India; Published and Registered in Indian Patent Office, Mumbai, Sept 12. [2] Richard Tay, Zhongchao Tan and Xiaoying Cheng; "Relationship between Perceived In-Cabin Air Quality and Truck Drivers' Self-Reported Health and Alertness"; Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Fall 2008), pp. 115-13, [3] Richard Aynsley; "Natural Ventilation in Passive Design"; BEDP Environment Design Guide published by The Tec 2, May 2007.
[4] Klaus Arold, Dieter Heinle, Erich Kubsch; "Ventilation assembly for a passenger vehicle"; United States Patent No-6244952, Original assignee: Daimler-Chrysler AG, Jun 12, 2001. [5] Kim ; "Car interior odor air ventilation system"; United States Patent no-8083575, Dec. 27, 2011,
[6] McCorkel, et al; "Truck cab ventilation system and method"; United States Patent No- 5779536; Original Assignee: Freightliner Corporation, Portland; July 14, 1998.
[7] Joseph H. McCorkel et al, "Truck cab ventilation system and method"; United States Patent number: 6004202, Original Assignee: Freightliner Corporation, Portland; Dec 21, 1999.
[8] William Juang; "Automatic solar-powered car ventilator"; United States Patent number: 5148736; Sep 22, 1992.

[9] Ming-Hsiung Chen; "Vehicular internal fan ventilator"; United States Patent number: 4986169; Jan 22, 1991.

10] Kraus; Willibald; "Blocking of return air"; United States Patent No-5105731; April 21, 1992.

.......

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Effect of %Na2O and %Sio2 on Apperent Porosity And Sorptivity of Flyash Based Geopolymer
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Kushal Ghosh, Dr. Partha Ghosh
Page	::	96-101
	::	10.9790/3021-028196101
ANED :		0.4/3021-028196101
		3021-0208-01101

The objectives of the present research is to appreciate the effect of %Na2O and %SiO2 on apparent porosity and sorptivity of fly ash based geopolymer mortar . No simple direct relationship between compressive strength and sorptivity could be established. However, generally there is decrease in water sorptivity and water absorption with increase in strength Locally available low calcium fly ash from a thermal power plant located near Kolkata, India, was used . Fly ash used are lignite coal based and falls under class F category. This study helped arrive at certain level of understanding which will be useful to the researchers and manufacturers.

 

Keywords: – Compressive strength, Geopolymer, Porosity, Microstructure, Flyash

[1] Collins, F, Sanjayan, J. G, Early Age Strength and Workability of Slag Pastes Activated by NaOH and Na2CO3, Cement and Concrete Research, 28, 1998, pp. 655-664.
[2] Criado, M, Palomo, A, Fernandez-Jimenez, A, Palomo, A, Sobrados, I and Sanz, J, Effect of the SiO2/Na2O ratio on the alkali activation of fly ash. Part II: 29Si MAS-NMR Survey", Journal of Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 109, 2008, pp. 525-534.
[3] Davidovits, J, Geopolymer chemistry and properties, Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Geopolymer'88, France, 1-3 June 1988, Vol.1, pp. 25-48.
[4] De Silva, P, Sagoe-Crenstil K, Sirivivatnanon, V, Kinetics of geopolymerisation: Role of Al2O3 and SiO2, Cement and Concrete Research, 37, 2007, pp. 512-518.
[5] Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo, A, and Cecilio López-Hombrados, Engineering properties of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 103, 2006, pp. 106-112.
[6] García-Lodeiro I, Palomo, A, Fernández-Jiménez A, Alkali-aggregate reaction in activated fly ash systems, Cement and Concrete Research, 37, 2007, pp.175-183.
[7] Hardjito, D, Wallah, S.E, Sumajouw, D.M.J and Rangan, B.V, On Development of Fly ash Based Geopolymer Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 2004, pp. 467-472.
[8] Hardjito, D and Rangan, B.V, Development and properties of low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete, Research Report GC-1, Faculty of Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Pert, Australia.
[9] IS 3812 (Part-1), Pulverized Fuel ash Specifications, Part-1, For Use as Pozzolans in Cement, Cement Mortar and Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India, 2003.
[10] IS 3812 (Part-2), Pulverized Fuel ash Specifications, Part-2, For Use as Admixtures in Cement, Cement Mortar and Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India, 2003.

...

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Implementation of Wimax Simulator in Simulink
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Mirnall Bansal , Maninder Kaur ,Mohinder Pal Joshi
Page	::	102-106
	::	10.9790/3021-0281102106
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281102106
		3021-0208-102106

The needs of high speed broadband wireless access at lower cost and easy deployment to meet the modern mobile services leads in the emergence of an another IEEE standard called Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). The limitations of conventional Broadband wireless access have been overcome with the scalable features of WiMAX. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate, analyze and compare the performance of a WiMAX under different data rate. For this purpose a simulation model of WiMAX transmitter and Receiver has been designed using Simulink in MATLAB. The model presented in this paper using, outer coding and interleaving, inner coding and interleaving, constellation and mapping blocks of encoder and decoder are implemented. The performance of transmitted data depends on parameters like Bit error rate (BER).

 

Keywords: - Wimax IEEE802.16 encoder, Convolution Interleaving, Modulation, Ofdm, and BER.

[1] J. G. Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed,"Introduction to Broadband Wireless, in Fundamentals of WiMAX: understanding broadband wireless networking", Prentice Hall, 2007.

[2] A. Roca,"Implementation of WiMAX simulator in Simulink", Engineering Institute-Vienna, February 2007.

[3] IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16,"Air Interface for Fixed broadband Wireless Access Systems", IEEE Computer Society.

[4] Hassan Yaghoobi,"Scalable OFDMA Physical Layer in IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN", Intel Communications Group, Intel Corporation. 2004.

[5] M.A. Hasan,"Performance Evaluation of WiMAX/IEEE 802.16 OFDM Physical Layer", Master of Science in Technology, Espoo, June 2007.

[6] Loutfi Nuaymi,"WiMAX Technology For Broadband Wireless Access", Jhon willey publication, 2007.

[7] Eduardo Flores Flores, Raul Aquino Santos, Victor Rangel Licea, Miguel A. Garcia-Ruiz,"MAC layer Mechanism for Wireless WiMAX Networks with Mesh Topology", Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference 2008.

[8] Fan Wang, Amitava Ghosh, Chandy Sankaran, Philip J. Fleming, Frank Hsieh, Stanley J. Benes,"Mobile WiMAX Systems: Performance and Evolution", IEEE Communications Magazine, October 2008.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	A Novel Low Power Binary to Gray Code Converter Using Gate Diffusion Input (GDI)
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Pakkiraiah chakali, K Sreekanth Yadav, Dilli Babu S
Page	::	107-111
	::	10.9790/3021-0281107111
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281107111
		3021-0208-107111

In modern era, Ultra low power design has an Active research topic due to its various Applications. In this paper we introduce a novel low power and Area efficient Binary to Gray code converter is implemented by using four transistor XOR gate. This four Transistor XOR gate is designed by using Gate Diffusion Input(GDI).Both four transistor and Binary to Gray code converter is designed and implemented by using Mentor Graphics Tool. So we were obtained the power dissipation of Binary to Gray code conveter which is very small.

 

Keywords: - Low Power, OR, Binary code, Gray code, Area, GDI Technique

[1] Pakkiraiah Chakali, Design of High Speed Six Transistor Full Adder using a Novel Two Transistor XOR Gates,IJARCSEE ISSN: 2277 – 9043.

[2] Pakkiraiah Chakali, A Novel Low power and Area efficient Carry Look Ahead Adder Using GDI Technique, IJRCET

[3] Jan M. Rabaey, Anantha Chandrakasan and Borivoje Nikolic, ―Digital Integrated Circuits- A Design Perspective‖,2 nd ed., Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi,2006.

[4] A. P. Chandrakasan, S. Sheng, and R. W. Brodersen, ―Low-power CMOS digital design‖. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 27, pp. 473-484, Apr. 1992.W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.

[5] A. P. Chandrakasan and R.W. Brodersen, ―Minimizing power consumption in digital CMOS circuits‖. Proc. IEEE, vol. 83, pp. 498–523, Apr. 1995.

[6] H. P. Alstead and S. Aunet, "Seven subthreshold flip-flops cells," in Proc. IEEE Nor CHIP 2007, Nov. 2007, pp. 1-4.

[7] N. Weste and K. Eshraghian Principles of CMOS digital design.

[8] W. Al-Assadi, A. P. Jayasumana, and Y. K. Malaiya, ―Pass-transistor logic design,‖ Int. J. Electron., vol. 70, pp. 739–749, 1991.

[9] I. S. Abu-Khater, A. Bellaouar, and M. I. Elmastry, ―Circuit techniques for CMOS low-power high-performance multipliers,‖ IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 31, pp. 1535–1546, Oct. 1996.

[10] A. Morgenshtein, A. Fish, I.A. Wagner, ―Gate-Diffusion Input (GDI) – A Power Efficient Method for Digital Combinational Circuits,‖ IEEE Trans. VLSI, vol.10, no.5 pp.566-581, October 2002.

.....

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Study of Classification Accuracy of Microarray Data for Cancer Classification using Multivariate and Hybrid Feature Selection Method
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sujata Dash, Bichitrananda Patra, B.K. Tripathy
Page	::	112-119
	::	10.9790/3021-0281112119
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281112119
		3021-0208-112119

Microarray analyses are becoming a powerful tool for clinical diagnosis, as they have the potential to discover gene expression patterns that are characteristic for a particular disease. This problem has received increased attention in the context of cancer research, especially in tumor classification. Various feature selection methods and classifier design strategies also have been used and compared. Feature selection is an important pre-processing method for any classification process. Selecting a useful gene subset as a classifier not only decreases the computational time and cost, but also increases classification accuracy. In this study, we applied the correlation-based feature selection method (CFS), which evaluates a subset of features by considering the individual predictive ability of each feature along with the degree of redundancy between them as a filter approach, and three wrappers (J48, Random Forest and Random Trees) to implement feature selection; selected gene subsets were used to evaluate the performance of classification. Experimental results show that by employing the proposed method fewer gene subsets are need to be selected to achieve better classification accuracy.

 

Keywords: - Microarrays, Hybrid Method, Filter Method, Wrapper Method, Correlation Based Feature Selection

[1] Alon, U., Barkai, N., Notterman, D., Gish, K., Ybarra, S., Mack, D., Levine, A., ― Broad patterns of gene expression revealed by clustering analysis of tumor and normal colon tissues probed by oligonucleotide arrays‖, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1999, 96 (12), 6745–6750.

[2] Antonov, A.V., Tetko, I.V., Mader, M.T., Budczies, J., Mewes, H.W., ―Optimization models for cancer classification: extracting gene interaction information from microarray expression data‖, Bioinformatics 20, 2004, 644–652.

[3] Antoniadis, A., Lambert-Lacroix, S., Leblanc, F., ― Effective dimension reduction methods for tumor classification using gene expression data‖, Bioinformatics 19,2003, 563–570.

[4] A. Statnikov, C.F. Aliferis, I. Tsamardinos, D. Hardin, S. Levy, ―A comprehensive evaluation of multicategory classification methods for microarray gene expression cancer diagnosis,‖ Bioinformatics, Vol. 21, 2005, No. 5, pp 631–643.

[5] A. E. Akadi, A. Amine, A. E. Ouardighi, D.Aboutajdine, , ―Feature selection for Genomic data by combining filter and wrapper approaches‖, INFOCMP Journal of computer science,2009, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 28-36.

[6] Breiman Leo, Cutler Adele,, ―Random Forest‖, Machine Learning Conference Paper for ECE591Q,2010, 25 Apr.

[7] Brown, M. P. S., W. N. Grundy, D. Lin, N. Cristianini, C. W. Sugnet, T. S. Furey, M. Ares Jr., and D.Haussler., Knowledge-based Analysis of Microarray Gene Expression Data by Using Support Vector Machines,. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.,1999, 97: 262-267.

[8] Diaz-Uriarte R, Alvarez de Andres S,, ― Gene selection and classification of microarray data using random forest‖, BMC Bioinformatics ,2006, 7:3.

[9] Frank E, Hall M, Trigg L, Holmes G, Witten IH: Data mining in bioinformatics using Weka. Bioinformatic 20(15),2004,:2479-2481.

[10] Furey, T.S., Cristianini, N., Duffy, N., Bednarski, D.W., Schummer, M.,Haussler, D., ―Support vector machine classification and validation of cancer tissue samples using microarray expression data‖, Bioinformatics 16,2000, 906–914.

...

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Comparative Analysis between DWT and WPD Techniques of Speech Compression
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Preet Kaur, Pallavi Bahl
Page	::	120-128
	::	10.9790/3021-0281120128
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281120128
		3021-0208-120128

Speech compression is the process of converting speech signal into more compactable form for communication and storage without losing intelligibility of the original signal. Storage and archival of large volume of spoken information makes speech compression essential and which improves the capacity of communications relatively of unlimited bandwidth. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD) are the recent technique used to materialize the compression. In this paper, both the techniques are exploited, and a comparative study of performance of both is made in terms of Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) ,Normalized root-mean square error (NRMSE) and Retained signal energy (RSE) is presented.

 

Keywords: - Speech compression, DWT, WPD, PSNR

[1] Shijo M Josepj ,and Babu Anto P "Speech Compression Using Wavelet Transform" IEEE-International conference on recent trends in information technology,ICRTIT 2011 MIT, Anna University ,Chennai.june 3-5,2011.
[2] Jalal Karam "End Point Detection for Wavelet Based Speech Compression" International Journal of Biological and Life Sciences 4:3 2008
[3] Dr .V.Radha , Vimala. C ,and M.Krishnaveni "Comparative Analysis of Compression Techniques for Tamil Speech Datasets" IEEE-International conference on recent trends in information technology,ICRTIT 2011 MIT, Anna University ,Chennai.june 3-5,2011.
[4] Mahmoud A.Osman,Nasser Al, Hussein M.Magboub and S.A.Alfandi "Speech compression using LPC and wavelet" IEEE 2nd International conference on computer Engineering and Technology 2010.
[5] Jalal Karam , and Raed Saad "The Effect of Different Compression Schemes on Speech Signals" world Academy of Science ,Engineering And Technology 18,2006.
[6] Amara Graps "An introduction to wavelets" IEEE computational science and Engineering, summer 1995, vol 2, num 2, published by IEEE computer society,10662 Los Alamitos, CA 90720 ,USA
[7] Ms P.M.Kavathekar/Mrs P.M.Taralkar,Prof U.L.B.ombale,Prof. P.C.Bhaskar " Speech compression using DWT in FPGA" international journal of scientific & Engineering Research ,Volume 2,Issue 12 December-2011
[8] Olivier Rioul and Martin Vetterli " Wavelets ans signal processing" IEEE SP magazine,1991.
[9] M.A.Anusuya and S.K.Katti " comparison of different speech feature extraction techniques with and without wavelet transform to kannada speeh recognition" International journal of computer applications(0975-8887) volume 26-No-4,july 2011.
[10] Christian Gargour, Marcel Gabrea, Venkatanarayana Ramachandran, and Jean-Marc Lina "A short introduction to wavelets and their applications" IEEE circuits and systems magazine 2009.

.....

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	An Exploratory Analysis of Intelligent Manufacturing System (Ims) Under Fuzzy Utopian Environment
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Uttam Kumar Mandal, Bijan Sarkar
Page	::	129-140
	::	10.9790/3021-0281129140
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281129140
		3021-0208-129140

With the emergence of a business era that embraces change as one of its major characteristics, manufacturing success and survival are becoming more and more difficult to ensure. The emphasis is on adaptability to changes in the business environment and on addressing market and customer needs proactively. Changes in the business environment due to varying needs of the customers lead to uncertainty in the decision parameters. Flexibility is needed in the CBR environment to counter the uncertainty in the decision parameters. The paper explores the relationship among lead-time, cost, quality, and service level and the leanness and agility of a case based reasoning in fast moving consumer goods business. The paper concludes with the justification of the framework, which analyses the effect of market winning criteria and market qualifying criteria on the three types of manufacturing system: lean, agile and le-agile. Finally, selection of the best manufacturing system applying COPRAS method with the help of case indexing and AHP. It is for the measuring of the weight factor of the problem.

 

Keywords: – Intelligent manufacturing systems, CBR, case Indexing, COPRAS method, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy numbers.

[1] R. Booth, Agile manufacturing, Engineering Management Journal 6 (2) (1996) 105}112.

[2] C. Ward, What is Agility, Industrial Engineering, November (1994) 14}16.

[3] J. Stevens, Integrating the supply chain, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management 19 (8) (1989) 3}8.

[4] M.M. Naim, The book that changed the world. Manufacturing Engineer, February (1997) 13}16.

[5] S. Hoekstra, J. Romme, Integral Logistics Structures: Developing Customer Oriented Goods Flow, McGraw-Hill, London, 1992.

[6] T. Hill, Manufacturing Strategy, 2nd Ed., MacMillan, London, 1993.

[7] P.T. Kidd, Agile Manufacturing: A Strategy for the 21st Century. IEE Agile Manufacturing Colloquium 1995, pp. 1/1}1/6.

[8] J.P. Womack, D.T. Jones, D. Roos, the Machine That Changed the World, Rawson Associates, New York, 1990.

[9] G. Stalk Jr, T.M. Hout, Competing Against Time: How Time-Based Competition Is Reshaping Global Markets, The Free Press, New York, 1990.

[10] G.N. Evans, M.M. Naim, D.R. Towill, Process costing} the route to construction re-engineering. Mouchel centenary conference, in: M.B. Leeming, B.H.V. Topping (Eds.), Innovation in Civil and Construction Engineering, Civil-Comp Press, Edinburgh, 1997, pp. 153}162.

.....

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Analysis of diffusion and extraction in hollow cylinders for some boundary conditions
Country	::	Yulin
Authors	::	Ching Chiang Hwang, Ing-Bang Huang
Page	::	141-151
	::	10.9790/3021-0281141151
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281141151
		3021-0208-141151

Analysis of diffusion and extraction in hollow cylinders with different outer / inner radius ratio has been investigated. The first five roots, αn of the two valuable equations, J1(aα)Y0(bα)-J0(bα)Y1(aα)=0 and J0(aα)Y1(bα)-J1(bα)Y0(aα)=0 , were derived and tabulated. Under the condition where diffusion coefficient is constant, the concentration profiles curves of diffusion and extraction for some cases have been demonstrated and discussed.

 

Keywords: - Diffusion; Transport properties; Mechanical properties

[1] M. A. V Devanathan and Z. Stachurski, The adsorption and diffusion of electrolytic hydrogen in palladium, Proceedings of the Royal Society, A 270, 1962, 90-102.

[2] J. McBreen, L. Nanis, and W. Beck, A Method for Determination of the Permeation Rate of Hydrogen Through Metal Membranes, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 113,1966, 1218-1222.

[3] K. Kiuchi and R. B. McLellan, The Solubility and Diffusivity of Hydrogen in Well-Annealed and Deformed Iron, Acta Metallurgica 31,1983, 961-984.

[4] S. K. Yen and H. C. Shih, A Mathematical Solution to the Determination of the Permeation Rate of Hydrogen through Metal Membrane, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 135,1988, 1169-1170.

[5] R. W. Revie, V. S. Sastri, G. R. Hoey, R. R. Ramsingh, D. K. Mak, and M. T. Shehata, Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of Linepipe Steels Part 1-Threshold Hydrogen Concentration and pH, Corrosion, 49 1993,17-23.

[6] R. W. Revie, V. S. Sastri, M. Elboujdaini, R. R. Ramsingh, and Y. Lafreni re, Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of Line Pipe Steels Used in Sour Service, Corrosion, 49,1993, 531-535.

[7] R. Ash, R. M. Barrer, D. G. Palmer, Diffusion in multiple laminates, British Journal of Applied Physics 16 ,1965, 873-884. [8] H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd Edition, Oxford, 1959, 332-333.

[9] H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd Edition, Oxford, 1959, 205-207.

[10] J. Crank, The Mathematics of Diffusion, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1975, chapter 5.

....

Paper Type	::	Review Article
Title	::	Latest Developments in Composite Materials
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Lakhwinder Singh, Geetesh Goga, Mukesh Kumar Rathi
Page	::	152-158
	::	10.9790/3021-0281152158
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281152158
		3021-0208-152158

The importance of materials in modern world can be realized from the fact that much of the research is being done to apply new materials to different components. However it is natural for a design engineer to rely on trusted and tested materials, but now the world is changing .Today composite materials have changed all the material engineering. The evolution of composite materials has given an opportunity to various designers to use new and better materials resulting in cost reduction, increase in efficiency and better utilization of available resources. Composite materials are finding their applications in aerospace industry, automobile sector, manufacturing industries etc. This paper focuses on the importance of composite materials in mechanical
engineering, terminology used in composite materials, various definitions, classification and the latest developments in composite materials in different parts of the world.

 

Keywords: - Aerospace industry, automobile sector, composite materials, latest developments, research

[1] F.P. Gerstle, \Composites," Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Wiley, New York, 1991
[2] Carter ,F.C., and Paul,D.E. Material science and engineering. Ohio, ASM International, 1991 351 pp..

[3] Ashby, M.F., and Jones,D.R.H. Engineering materials-an introduction to their properties and applications. Oxford, pergamon Press, 1985. 277 pp.

[4] HarrisS,B. A perspective view of composite materials. Mat & Design, vol 12, no. 5. 1991. pp. 259-271.

[5] Materials Edge, no. 50. Ju!. 1993, p. 4.

[6] PIGLIACAMPJI.,J. Organic fibers. Engineering materials handbook 1, Composites. Dostal, c.A., et al. (eds.). Ohio, A.S.M. International, 1989. 983 pp.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Evaluation of Gold-Coated Stainless Steel Bipolar Plates for Fuel Cell Applications
Country	::	Yulin
Authors	::	Ching Chiang Hwang, Ing-Bang Huang
Page	::	159-165
	::	10.9790/3021-0281159165
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281159165
		3021-0208-159165

In this study, the computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD / CAM) technology were applied to develop and produce stainless steel bipolar plates for DMFC (direct methanol fuel cell). Effects of surface modification on the cell performance were investigated. Surface modification of the stainless steel polar plate was made by electroless gold plating method. A DMFC consisting of gold coated stainless steel as anode and uncoated stainless steel as cathode was assembled and evaluated. The methanol crossover rate (Rc) of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) was decreased by about 43%, the efficiency (Ef) of DMFC increased about 4.3% and amounts of methanol electro-oxidation at the cathode side (Mco ) were decreased by about 17%, as compared to uncoated anode polar plates. These measurements were determined by the transient current and mathematical analysis.

 

Keywords: - Direct methanol fuel cell; Bipolar plates; Crossover rate; Methanol

[1] J. Kim, S.M. Lee, S. Srinivasan, et al., "Modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance with an empirical equation,," Journal of Electrochemistry Society, Vol. 142, No.8, 1995, pp.2670–2674.

[2] J.H. Lee, T.R. Lalk, "Modeling fuel cell stack systems," Journal Power Sources, Vol. 73, 1998, pp. 229–241.

[3] W. Yoon, X. Huang, P. Fazzino, K. L. Reifsnider, M. A. Akkaoui,"Evaluation of coated metallic bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells" Journal of Power Sources ,Vol. 179, 2008, No.1 ,pp. 265-273.

[4] A. Kumar, M. Ricketts, S. Hirano,"Ex situ evaluation of nanometer range gold coating on stainless steel substrate for automotive polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell bipolar plate" Journal of Power Sources , Vol.195, 2010, No.5, pp.1401-1407.

[5] Jay T. Pukrushpan, G.Anna, "Modeling and control for PEM fuel cell stack system, in: Proceeding of the American Control Conference, Anchorage, AK", 2002, pp. 3117–3122.

[6] S. R. Narayanan, A. Kindler, B. Jeffries-Nakamura, W. Chun, H. Frank, M. Smart, T. I. Valdez, S. Surampudi, G. Halpert, J. Kosek , C. Cropley, Proceedings of Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances ,Vol. 11, 1996, 113.

[7] J.C. Amphlett, R.F. Mann, B.A. Peppley, "A practical PEM fuel cell model for simulating vehicle power sources, battery conference on applications and advances, in: Proceedings of the tenth annual"1995, pp. 221–226.

[8] N. Munichandraiah, K. McGrath, G. Prakash, R. Aniszfeld, G. Olah, "A potentiometric method of monitoring methanol crossover through polymer electrolyte membranes of direct methanol fuel cells" Journal of Power Sources, Vol.117, No1-2, 2003, 98-101.

[9] Jiahua Han, Hongtan Liu, "Real time measurements of methanol crossover in a DMFC" Journal of Power Sources,Vol, 164,No.1, 2007, pp. 166-173.

[10] T. H. Kin, W. Y. Shieh, C. C. Yang, George Yu,"Estimating the methanol crossover rate of PEM and the efficiency of DMFC via a current transient analysis Pages " Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 161,No.2, 2006, pp.1183-1186.

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Diffusion-induced stresses in hollow cylinders for transient state conditions
Country	::	Yulin
Authors	::	Ching Chiang Hwang, Ing-Bang Huang
Page	::	166-182
	::	10.9790/3021-0281166182
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281166182
		3021-0204-166182

Diffusion-induced stresses in hollow cylinders were investigated. Both diffusion processes of constant surface concentration source from outer into inner surfaces (case A) and reverse case (case B) were studied. We derived the mathematical model of transport property and calculated the radial stress, tangential stress, axial stress and the maximum shear stress for zero axial force. For case A, the radial stress is tensile stress for all times. The maximum tensile stress of radial stress is located at the region near inner surface. The tangential stress and axial stress are tensile stresses in the region near the inner surface and compressive stresses near the outer surface for all times. The maximum compressive stress of tangential stress and axial
stress are located at the region near outer surface. The maximum shear stress is tensile stress in the region near the inner surface and compressive stress near the outer surface. On the contrary, for case B, The radial stress,
tangential stress, axial stress and the maximum shear stress are opposite.

 

Keywords: - Diffusion-Induced stress; Hollow cylinder; Diffusion

[1] S. Prussin, "Generation and Distribution of Dislocations by Solute Diffusion" Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.32, No.10 ,1961, pp. 1876-1881.

[2] J. C. M. Li, "Physical chemistry of some microstructural phenomena "Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. Vol.9, No.10, 1978, pp. 1353-1380.

[3] R. E. Reed-Hill, Physical Metallurgy Principles, second ed., Van Nostrand, New York, 1973.

[4] M. Maeda, M. Taminoto," Emitter dip effect in double-diffused n–p–n silicon transistors " physica status solidi (a), Vol.16,No.1, 1973, pp. 273-278.

[5] S. Lee, J. C. M. Li, "Dislocation-free diffusion processes" Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.52, No.3, 1981, pp.1336-1346.

[6] S. Lee, H. Ouyang, "General solution of diffusion-induced stresses " Journal of Thermal Stresses , Vol.10,No.4 ,1987, pp. 269-282.

[7] J. L. Chu, S. Lee, "Diffusion‐induced stresses in a long bar of square cross section" Journal of Applied Physics ,Vol. 73,No.7, 1993, pp. 3211-3219.

[8] J. L. Chu, S. Lee, "Chemical stresses in composite circular cylinders "Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.73,No.5, 1993, PP. 2239-2248.

[9] E. S. K. Menon, P. Huang, M. Kraitchman, J. J. Hoyt, P. Chow, and D. de Fontaine, " Nonlinear diffusion in Cu‐Au multilayer thin films" Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.73,No.1, 1993, pp. 142-149.

[10] S. Lee, W. L. Wang, J. R. Chen," Diffusion-induced stresses in a hollow cylinder:: Constant surface stresses" Materials Chemistry and Physics ,Vol.64,No.2, 2000, pp. 123-130.

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Paper Type	::	Review Article
Title	::	Implementing Data Mining in Primary Health Center – A Review
Country	::	India
Authors	::	S. Pushpalatha, Dr. Jagdesh Pandya
Page	::	183-186
	::	10.9790/3021-0281183186
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281183186
		3021-0208-183186

Data mining is the process of selecting, exploring and modeling a large database in order to discover model and pattern that are unknown. Enormous gathered data in Health care Information society are scattered with different archive systems which are not connected with one another. This unorganized data leads to delay in monitoring, improper planning, defocus the analysis which leads to inaccuracy in decision making. The purpose of this study is to review the relevant data mining tool and its applications in primary health center . This paper focuses on various models and techniques used in data mining for health care and its applications for better health policy-making and in decision making. It provides recommendation for future research in the application of data mining in primary health center.

 

Key Words : - Data mining tools, Health Care Information, Data Mining Health Care, Primary Health Center

[1] Shaoyan Zhang, Tjortjis C., Zeng X., Qiao H., Buchan I. and Keane J., Comparing Data Mining Methods with Logistic Regression in Childhood Obesity Prediction, Information Systems Frontiers Journal, Springer, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2009, 449-460.
[2] Michael Silver Taiki SakataHua.Steven B. Dolins, Michael J. O'Shea, Journal of Healthcare Information Management, 2001, vol. 15, no. 2.

[3] Böhm C., Braunmüller B., Breunig M. M., Kriegel H.-P, High Performance Data Mining Using the Nearest Neighbor Join, Int. Conf. on Information Knowledge Management (CIKM), 2000.

[4] Wilson A., Thabane L., Holbrook A, Application of data mining techniques in pharmacovigilance, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, (57) 2, 2003, 127-134.

[5] Thangavel, K., Jaganathan, P.P. and Easmi, P.O, Data Mining Approach to Cervical Cancer Patients Analysis Using Clustering Technique, Asian Journal of Information Technology (5) 4, 413-417.

[6] Rajan Vohra et al., Implementing a Decision Support Model in Primary Health Care, International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management, Volume 2, No. 1, 2009, 163-166

[7] P.Vishvapathia at. Al., A Case for using Grid Framework for Indian Rural Healthcare to Meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), IJCCT, ISSN (ONLINE) : 2231–0371, ISSN (PRINT) : 0975–7449, Volume- 3, Issue-1.
[8] http://www.who.int/healthmetrics/library/issue_1_05apr.doc

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Assuage Bandwidth Utilization DDoS Attacks by Using Prototype Analyzer and Transfer Scheduling Scheme
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Hemanth Kumar .P , Arjun Reddy.K.R, Nagarjuna.T
Page	::	187-189
	::	10.9790/3021-0281187189
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281187189
		3021-0208-187189

Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks occur when the attacks are from a single source, whereas Distributed Denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks occur when many compromised systems flood the resources or bandwidth of a target system. Although we cannot alleviate the denial-of-service or distributed denial-of-service attacks entirely, we can limit the attacks by controlling the Transfer flow. In this paper, we propose a Prototype analyzer and Transfer scheduler scheme that analyzes the Transfer Prototype to distinguish the legitimate Transfer with that of attack Transfer and effectively schedule the Transfer for better bandwidth usage, providing Quality-of-Service (QoS) for the legitimate user.

 

Keywords: - DoS attack, DDoS attack, legitimate flow, attack flow, Prototype analyzer, Transfer scheduler.

[1] Rufus Chakravarthy Sharma, Chanakya G.M, " A Compromised Multi-Level Detection and Mitigation of DDoS Attacks Using Watch-Dog Mechanism," Proc. of International Conference on Advances in Mathematical and Computational Methods (AMCM), vol.2, no.19, pp. 129-133, Jan. 2011.

[2] Chu-Hsing Lin, Jung-Chun Liu, Fuu-Cheng Jiang, Chien-Ting Kuo, "An Effective Priority Queue-based Scheme to Alleviate Malicious Packet Flows from Distributed DoS attacks," Proc. of International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, 2008.

[3] D. Nagamalai, C. Dhinakaran, J. K. Lee, "Multi Layer Approach to Defend DDoS Attacks Caused by Spam," Proc .of International Conf. of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, April, 2007.

[4] B. T. Wang, H. Schulzrinne, "An IP traceback mechanism for reflective DoS attacks," Proc. of IEEE Electrical and Computer Engineering 2004, May 2004.

[5] M. Song and J. Xu, "IP Traceback-Based Intelligent Packet Filtering: A Novel Technique for Defending against Internet DDoS Attacks," Proc. of 10th IEEE Int'l Conf. Network Protocols (ICNP 2002), Nov. 2002.

[6] K. Park and H. Lee, "On the Effectiveness of Probabilistic Packet Marking for IP Traceback under Denial of Service Attacks," Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM 2001, Mar. 2001.

[7] Y. Chen, Y. K. Kwok, and K. Hwang, "MAFIC: Adaptive Packet Dropping for Cutting Malicious Flows to Push Back DDoS Attacks," Proc. of 25th IEEE Int' Conf. Distributed Computing Systems Workshops 2005, June 2005.

[8] A Taxonomy of DDoS attacks and DDoS defense Mechanisms. Jelena Mirkovic, Janice Martin and Peter Reiher. Computer Science Department. University of California, Los Angeles, Technical Report #020018.

[9] CERT coordination center. Denial of Service attacks.

[10] Trends in Denial of Service Technology. http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/DoS_trends.pdf

....

Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Risk chain prediction metrics for predicting fault proneness in Software Systems
Country	::	India
Authors	::	N.Rajasekhar Reddy, Rang swami
Page	::	190-195
	::	10.9790/3021-0281190195
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281190195
		3021-0208-190195

The paper presents two atypical risk chain prediction metrics for barometer coupling and accord in software systems. Our aboriginal metric, Ideal Coupling between Object classes (ICBO), is based on the acclaimed CBO coupling metric, while the added metric, Ideal Lack of Cohesion on Methods (ILCOM5), is based on the LCOM5 accord metric. One advantage of the proposed risk chain prediction metrics is that they can be computed in a simpler way as compared to some of the structural metrics. We empirically advised ICBO and ILCOM5 for admiration fault proneness of classes in a ample accessible antecedent arrangement and compared these metrics with a host of absolute structural and risk chain prediction metrics for the aforementioned task.

[1] Antoniol, G., Canfora, G., Casazza, G., De Lucia, A., and Merlo, E.,"Recovering Traceability Links between Code and
Documentation", IEEE Transactions on Soft. Engineering, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 970 - 983. 2002
[2] Antoniol, G., Fiutem, R., and Cristoforetti, L., "Using Metrics to Identify Design Patterns in Object-Oriented Software", in Proc. of 5th IEEEMETRICS'98, Bethesda, MD, pp. 23 - 34., 1998

[3] Arisholm, E., Briand, L. C., and Foyen, A., "Dynamic coupling measurement for OO software", IEEE TSE, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 491-506., 2004

[4] Bansiya, J. and Davis, C. G., "A hierarchical model for object-oriented design quality assessment", IEEE TSE, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 4-17., 2002

[5] Basili, V. R., Briand, L. C., and Melo, W. L., "A Validation of OO Design Metrics as Quality Indicators", IEEE TSE, vol. 22/10, Oct., pp. 751-761., 1996

[6] Basili, V. R., Caldiera, G., and Rombach. D. H., The Goal Question Metric Paradigm, John W & S, 1994.

[7] Briand, L., Melo, W., and Wust, J., "Assessing the Applicability of Fault-Proneness Models across OO Software Projects", TSE, vol.28/7,706-720., 2002

[8] Briand, L., Wust, J., and Louinis, H., "Using Coupling Measurement for Impact Analysis in OO Systems", in IEEE ICSM'99, pp. 475-482., 19996

[9] Briand, L. C., Daly, J., and Wüst, J., "A Unified Framework for Coupling Measurement in OO Systems", IEEE TSE, vol. 25/1, pp. 91-121., 1999

[10] Briand, L. C., Wüst, J., Daly, J. W., and Porter, V. D., "Exploring the relationship between design measures and software quality in object-oriented systems", Journal of System and Software, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 245-273., 2000

Paper Type	::	Review Article
Title	::	A Low Noise PLL Frequency Synthesizer in 2.4 GHz with 1MHz Frequency Step
Country	::	Iran
Authors	::	Reza Sarraf Shirazi, Mehdi Mafi, Habib Azizi
Page	::	196-200
	::	10.9790/3021-0281196200
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281196200
		3021-0208-196200

A PLL frequency synthesizer with the frequency span of 2.3-2.5GHz with 1MHz frequency step and phase noise of -90dBc/HZ at 100 KHZ, -130dBc/Hz at 1MHz and -60dBm suppression of spurs level is presented. Basically a practical PLL synthesizer includes a voltage controlled oscillator, a main synthesizer IC and a loop filter. In the first section the introduction is presented, general block diagram is illustrated in the second section, in the next section the blocks are described separately, also loop filter design and frequency setting board are analyzed in the rest and finally conclusion will be presented.

 

Key words: - Synthesizer, PLL, Frequency divider, Loop filter, Phase noise

[1] R.Uusikartano and J.Niittylahti ,"A periodical frequency synthesizer for a 2.4-GHz fast frequency hopping transceiver", IEEE Journal, Circuits and Systems : Analog and digital signal processing, Oct.2001, Vol.48, pp.912-918.
[2] Xinhu He, Robert Newcomb, Martin Pecherar and Weixin Kong, "Design and Modeling of a Low Phase Noise PLL Frequency Synthesizer", 8th Int`l conf. on Solide-State and Integrated Circuit Technology, 2006, pp.1571-1573.

[3] Seoncheol Kim and Youngsik Kim, "A Fractional-n PLL Frequency Synthesizer Design", Proc., IEEE Conf., Apr.2005, pp.84-87.

[4] V.Kratyuk, P.K.Hanumola, Un-Ku Moon, K.Mayaram ,"A Low Spur Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer Architecture", IEEE Int`l. Symposium on Circuits and Systems, May.2005, Vol.3, pp.2807-2810.
[5] Mark A.Wickert, "Phase-Locked Loops with Applications", ECE 5675/4675 Lecture Notes, 2011

[6] Garth Nash, Freescale Semiconductore, "Phase-Locked Loop Design Fundamentals", AN535, Feb.2006
[7] http://www.minicircuits.com
[8] http://www.rfic.co.uk
[9] http://www.CEL.com
[10] http://www.stanfordmicro.com

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Paper Type	::	Research Article
Title	::	Performance Evaluation for V-Blast Mimo Systems Under Various Modulation Schemes Using Ricean Channel
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Gurpreet Singh, Rahul Vij, Priyanka Mishra
Page	::	201-210
	::	10.9790/3021-0281201210
ANED :		0.4/3021-0281201210
		3021-0208-201210

Wireless communication using Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems increases spectral efficiency for a given total transmits power. Wireless communication technology has shown that the application of multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver sides improve the possibility of high data rates through data rates through multiplexing or to improve performance through diversity compared to single antenna systems. In this article, we studied the BER performance of Vertical Bells Lab Layered Space Time Architecture (V-BLAST) [2] Spatial Multiplexing Technique with various decoding techniques like Maximum Likelihood (ML), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), Minimum Mean Square Error + Ordered Serial Interference Cancellation (MMSE+OSIC), MMSE, Zero Forcing, Zero Forcing + Ordered Serial Interference Cancellation (ZF+OSIC) by using different modulation techniques such as BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM in independent, identically distributed (i.i.d) flat fading channel. In this also we will consider a point to point MIMO communications with 'N' transmitting antennas and 'M' receiving antennas (M≥N). In this article we will compared a different detection techniques with different modulation techniques and finally we will concluded that Maximum Likelihood (V-BLAST ML) decoding technique using BPSK modulation scheme gives better result, QPSK modulation gives almost similar results as BPSK and also we concluded that BER performance of 16-QAM Modulation scheme gives worst result than other modulation techniques in Ricean Channel. Finally we will conclude that ML-VBLAST decoding technique gives the better performance than other decoding techniques using BPSK modulation. Further simulation results for BPSK modulation with only ML decoding technique using various antennas at input and output using rician channel. In this we got more optimal result for 1× 4 antennas for V-BLAST system in rician fading channel.

 

Keywords: - Binary Phase Shift Key (BPSK), Bit Error Rate (BER), Multiple input multiple output (MIMO), Minimum Mean-Squared-Error (MMSE-V-BLAST), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Ordered Serial Interference Cancellation (OSIC), Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) and Zero-Forcing V-BLAST (ZF--BLAST)

[1] R. U. Nabar A. J. Paulraj, D. A. Gore and H. Bolcskei, ―An overview of MIMO communications—a key to gigabit wireless,‖ Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 198–218, Feb. 2004.
[2] G.D.Golden, G.J.Foschini, R.A. Valenzuela, and P.W.Wolniasky, ―Detection algorithm and initial laboratory results using the V-BLAST space-time communication architecture," Electron Lett., vol.35, no.1, pp.1415, 1999.
[3] P.Wolniosky, G.J.Foschini, G.D.Golden and R.A. Valenzuela,‖ V-BLAST: An Architecture for realizing very high data rates over rich scattering wireless channel‖ URSI International Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics, 1998. ISSSE 98, 1998.
[4] A.Paulraj and R.J.Heath, ―Characterization of MIMO Channels for Spatial Multiplexing Systems ―IEEE International Conference on Communications, vol.2, no.11-14,pp-591-595,June 2001.
[5] R.U. Nabar, H.Boleskei and A.J. Paulraj,‖ Diversity and outage performance in Space Time Block Coded Rician MIMO Channels‖ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. Vol.4, pp.1102-1111, May 2005.
[6] G. J. Foschini, ―Layered space–time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment using multi–element antennas,‖ Bell-Labs Techn. J., pp. 41–59, 1996.
[7] C.Windpassinger and RF.H Fischer, ―Low-complexity need-Maximum Likelihood detection and precoding for MIMO systems‖ in ITW 2003, Paris, France, March 31-April-4, 2003.
[8] M.Varanasi and T.Guess, ―Optimum decision feedback multiuser equalization with successive decoding achieves the total capacity of the Gaussian multiple-access channel,‖ Conference Record of the Thirty-First Asilomar Conference on signals, Systems and computers, vol. 2, pp. 1405-1409, Nov-2-5 1997.
[9] G.Ginis and J.M.Cioffi, ―On the relationship between V-BLAST and GDFE,‖ IEEE Communications letters, vol. 5, pp. 364-366, September 2001.
[10] A.M.Tulino and S.Verdu, Random Matrix Theory and Wireless Communications. Hanover, MA 02339, USA: now publishers Inc., 2004.

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