Hydrological and chemical data of water bodies are very scarce and the available ones are sparse in Nigeria compared to other developed countries. AQUATOX model was used in this study to simulate physico-chemical interactions of water quality parameters in Vimtim stream, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Three months data were input into AQUATOX model for its calibration after which the model was applied for an extended period of one year. The model was used to predict the behavior and interactions of some biotic and abiotic variables. The model output result agreed with observed result, which stated that the water quality parameters monitored were within the acceptable standard. However the one year model prediction recorded a reduction in catfish production

Keywords: - AQUATOX, Modeling, Stream Water Qaulity

[1] LEI Bingli, HUANG Shengbiao, QIAO Min, LI Tianyun, WANG Zijian (2008) Prediction of the environmental fate and aquatic ecological impact of nitrobenzene in the Songhua River using the modified AQUATOX model. Journal of Environmental Sciences 20: 769–777

[2] Smith E P, Cairns Jr. J, (1993). Extrapolation methods for setting ecological standards for water quality: Statistical and ecological concerns. Ecotoxicology, 2: 203–219.

[3] Naito W, Miyamoto K, Nakanishi J, Masunaga S, Bartell S M, (2002). Application of an ecosystem model for aquatic ecological risk assessment of chemicals for a Japanese lake. Water Research, 36: 1–14.

[4] He, M. C, Wang Z J, Tang H X, (2001). Modeling the ecological impact of heavy metals on aquatic ecosystems: a framework for the development of an ecological model. The Science of Total Environment, 266: 291–298.

[5] Ang M L, Peers K, Kersting E, Fassmann W, Tuomisto H, Lundstrom P, Helle M, Gustavsson V, Jacobsson P, 2001. The development and demonstration of integrated models for the evaluation of severe accident management strategies– SAMEM. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 209(1-3): 223–231.

The main purpose of this paper is to make a detailed study of the existing Power distribution Sector in Jammu and Kashmir with special focus on finding the reasons for alarmingly high power losses. Different major aspects of distribution losses are identified and status and sustainability of power sector utilities is thoroughly studied so that it may provide further inputs to the concerned agencies for efficient management of the ailing distribution sector in the state.

Key words: - Aggregate Technical and Commercial Loss, Line Rigging, Meter Tampering, Power Distribution and Transmission, Unplanned Distribution Networks.

[1] Animesh pal, power sector in India, growth policies and challenges, international journal of emerging technology and advanced engineering. Volume 3, special issue 3, ICERTSD2013, Feb 2013, pages527-536

[2] http//www.kashmirlife.com/mohra_ hydroelectric _plant

[3] http//www.jkpdd.gov.in/about_us

[4] Report on "the performance of state power utilities", power finance corporation final report (annexure 1.1.0-1.5.3)

[5] Report on "the performance of state power utilities", power finance corporation final report, collection efficiency

Materials used for food packaging today consists of a variety of petroleum-derived plastic polymer, metals, glass, paper and board, or combinations thereof. Among these packaging materials, plastic is found to be the best because of its long life properties. Thus, its utilization is increasing every day by day. However, plastics cannot be degraded by natural processes in a short period of time; therefore, they are left as plastic waste, causing environmental problems. Methods normally used to destroy other types of waste such as burning and burying are not suitable for plastic destruction. In response to these problems associated with plastic waste, there has been considerable interest in the development and production of biodegradable plastics. In this work, a biodegradable plastic film was produced by blending cassava starch and a synthetic biodegradable polymer (PVA). The film produced was found to have a biodegradability of 41.27% compared to 10.33% and 85.99% for polythene and paper respectively. The film also has a tensile strength of 24.87N/mm2compared to 10.86N/mm2 and 8.29N/mm2 for polythene and paper. The potential of producing biodegradable packaging plastic film from cassava starch is encouraging and should be further explored especially in a country with high cassava productivity, like Nigeria.

Keywords: - Biodegradable packaging, cassava starch, plastic film, polymer

[1] ASTM Standards, Vol. 08.01. (1998). D883-96: Standard Terminology Relating To Plastics. New York, NY.

[2] L Averous,L. Moro, P. Dole, and C. Fringant, Properties of thermoplastic blends: Starch-polycaprolactone. Polymer, 41, 2000, 4157–4167.DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00636-9

[3] S Mali, M.V.E. Grossmann, M.A. Garcia, M.N. Martino,and N.E. Zaritzky, Microstrucural characterization of yam starch films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 50, 2002, 379-386.

[4] C. Bastioli, Handbook of biodegradable polymers(Toronto-Scarborough,Ontario,Canada: ChemTec Publishing, 2005).

[5] R.N. Tharanathan, Biodegradable films and composite coatings: Past, present, andfuture. Trends in Food Science and Technolog,14, 2003, 71-78.

In a multi processor system, when the request are performed more frequently, more effective management of cache is required. Cache is small size memory available in system that holds both data and instruction. In case of shared cache, the management of cache is more critical. Cache memory provides the static storage to the processor for most required data and instruction. As of limited size, the contents of cache are been replaced regularly. To improve the efficiency of the system, an effective cache replacement algorithm is required. The presented work is in same direction. In this work a two level cache is been defined. In first level the prioritization of the cache contents is been defined based on the type of contents. At the second level the replacement is been performed by analyzing the page utility and the frequency of the access. The analysis of the work is been performed with different cache size. The analysis of work is been performed in terms of hit ratio and miss ratio. The obtained results show that the presented work has improved the efficiency and reliability of the multiprocessor systems.

Keywords: - Cache, Frequency Analysis, Hit Ratio, Miss Ratio, Utility Analysis.

[1] S. Hao, Z. Du1, D. Bader,M. Wang A Prediction based CMP Cache Migration Policy", The 10th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications , 374-381,2008.

[2] A. Bhattacharjee, B.K.Debnath,, A New Web Cache Replacement Algorithm, Communications, Computers and signal Processing, 420-423,2005.

[3] A. Mahjur, A.H. Jahangir,Two-phase prediction of L1 data cache misses, IEEE Proc.-Comput. Digit. Tech, (153)(6), 381-388, 2006.

[4] K. Tanaka, A. Matsuda, Static Energy Reduction in Cache Memories Using Data Compression, In Proc. of TENCON, 1-4, 2006.

[5] N. Bian,, H. Chen. A Least Grade Page Replacement Algorithm for Web Cache Optimization, Workshop on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 469-472, 2008.

Shear failure in reinforced concrete beams is one of the most undesirable modes of failure due to its rapid progression. This sudden type of failure made it necessary to explore more effective ways to design these beams for shear. The reinforced concrete beams show different behavior at the failure stage in shear compare to the bending, which is considered to be unsafe mode of failure. The diagonal cracks that develop due to excess shear forces are considerably wider than the flexural cracks. The cost and safety of shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams led to the study of other alternatives. Swimmer bar system is a new type of shear reinforcement. It is a small inclined bars, with its both ends bent horizontally for a short distance and welded or bolted to both top and bottom flexural steel reinforcement. Regardless of the number of swimmer bars used in each inclined plane, the swimmer bars form plane-crack interceptor system instead of bar-crack interceptor system when stirrups are used. Several reinforced concrete beams were carefully prepared and tested in the lab. The results of these tests will be presented and discussed. The deflection of each beam is also measured at incrementally increased applied load. The propagation of shear cracks was also closely monitored.

Keywords: - Swimmer bar, Deflection, Shear, Crack, Stirrup

[1] Al-Nasra, M.M., and Wang, L.R.L., 1994, Parametric Study of Slab-On-Grade Problems: Due to Initial Warping and Point Loads. ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 91 No. 2.http://www.concrete.org /PUBS/JOURNALS/OLJDetails.asp?Home=SJ&ID=4596 [2] Piyamahant, (2002) , Shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams with small amount of web reinforcement, M. Eng. Dissertation, Kochi University of Technology, Japan

[3] Lesley H. Sneed and Julio A. 2008, Effect of Depth on the Shear Strength of Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement, USA Portland and cement Association. http://www.cement.org/exec2/11-03-08.htm

[4] Noor Hamid (2005). The Use of Horizontal and Inclined Bars as Shear Reinforcement , Master Thesis, University of Technology , Malaysia, http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B26643352.
[5] ACI 318-11, 2011. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Commentary. http://www.concrete.org/pubs/newpubs/31811.htm