Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A Novel Off-chip Capacitor-less CMOS LDO with Fast Transient Response
Country	::	China
Authors	::	Bo Yang ||, Shulin Liu ||, and Cao Wang
Page No.	::	01-05
	::	10.9790/3021-031130105
	::	0.4/3021-031130105
		3021-0311-0305

A novel low-dropout (LDO) regulator without external capacitor featuring with fast transient response and low-power dissipation for System-On-Chip (SOC) is proposed in this paper. By introducing an auxiliary feedback path to splits the poles without using a miller compensating scheme, the proposed LDO achieves fast transient response and high stability under all operating conditions. In addition, the transient response is further improved for a buffer stage is utilized. The proposed LDO with a dropout voltage of 200 mV was fabricated in a 0.35um CMOS technology. With the excellent transient response and the highest efficiency about 95%, the proposed LDO has the qualification to be integrated in SOC.

 

Keywords: - Transient response, Low Dropout regulator(LDO) , Auxiliary feedback, Miller compensate

[1] Leung K N, Mok P K T. A capacitive-free CMOS low-dropout regulator with damping-factor-control frequency compensation. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2003.
[2] Robert J Milliken. Full on-chip CMOS low-dropout voltage regulator, IEEE transactions on circuits and systems: regular papers, vol. 54, no. 9, Sep 2007.
[3] Ho E.N.Y , Mok P.K.T. A Capacitor-Less CMOS Active Feedback Low-Dropout Regulator With Slew-Rate Enhancement for Portable On-Chip Application, IEEE transactions on circuits and systems vol. 57, no. 2, pp.80-84, Feb 2010.
[4] Yat-Hei Lam , Wing-Hung Ki , Chi-ying Tsui. Adaptively-biased capacitor-less CMOS low dropout regulator with direct current feedback. ASPC, Jan. 2006
[5] Chenchang Zhan ,Wing-Hung Ki. Output-Capacitor-Free Adaptively Biased Low-Dropout Regulator for System-on-Chips. IEEE transactions on circuits and systems , vol. 57, pp.1017- 1028, May 2010

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Study of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Paper Sludge Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sajad Ahmad ||, M. Iqbal Malik ||, Muzaffar Bashir Wani ||, Rafiq Ahmad
Page No.	::	06-15
	::	10.9790/3021-031130615
	::	0.4/3021-031130615
		3021-0311-0315

Cement manufacturing industry is one of the carbon dioxide emitting sources besides deforestation and burning of fossil fuels and concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural virgin materials. The global cement industry contributes about 7% of greenhouse gas emission to the earth's atmosphere. In order to address environmental effects associated with cement manufacturing and constantly depleting natural resources, there is a need to develop alternative binders to make concrete industry sustainable. This work examines the possibility of using waste paper sludge ash as partial replacement of cement for new concrete. In this study waste paper sludge ash was partially replaced as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% in place of cement in concrete for M-25 mix and tested for its compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption and dry density up to 28 days of age and compared with conventional concrete. From the results obtained, it is found that Waste Paper Sludge Ash can be used as cement replacement up to 5% by weight and particle size less than 90μm to prevent decrease in workability. Further waste paper sludge has very high calorific value and could be used as a fuel before using its ash as partial cement replacement.

 

Keywords: - Compressive strength, Durability, split tensile strength, Waste Paper Sludge Ash Concrete, Workability

[1] A S Rossomagina, D V Saulin, and I S Puzanov. (2002). Prevention of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Paper Sludge Ash & Glass Aggregate Concrete.Perm State Technical University, Russia . 102 (1), 2.
[2] Shayan and A. Xu. (Jan.2009). Value added utilization of waste paper in concrete . Cement and Concrete Research. 44 (1), 81-89.
[3] Asoka Pappu, Mohini Saxena, and Shyan R. Asolekar. (2002). Solid Waste Generation In India And Their Recycling Potential In Building Materials. Regional Research Institute (CSIR) and IIT Bombay, India. 1 (2), 12-20.
[4] B.S. Mohammed, O.C. Fang. (2011). Mechanical and durability properties of concretes containing papermill residuals and fly ash.Construction and Building Materials. 25 (1), 717–725 .

[5] Carpenter, A. J. and Cramer, C.M. (1999). Mitigation of ASR in pavement patch concrete that incorporates highly reactive fine aggregate . Transportation Research Record 1668. 99 (1087), 60-67.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Optical Properties of ZnO – CdS Nano Composites
Country	::	India
Authors	::	K.U. Madhu ||, T.H. Freeda ||, and C.K.Mahadevan
Page No.	::	16-20
	::	10.9790/3021-031131620
	::	0.4/3021-031131620
		3021-0311-0320

Over the past few years, more effort has been taken to synthesise various inorganic nanocrystalline materials with different sizes and shapes due to their interesting properties and applications. In the present work we have prepared (ZnO)x (CdS)1-x nano composites by the solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. All the prepared (7 with x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) samples were optically characterized by UV-Vis – NIR spectral, photoconductivity and photoluminescence measurements. From the UV-Vis-NIR spectra the band gap energies were calculated. It is found that they were slightly higher than the reported values for the end members in the bulk state. This significant change can be attributed to the quantum confinement of the ZnO and CdS nanoparticles. For mixed nano composites the band gap energy lies between the end members. The absorption band region was also determined from the spectrum. The photo conductivity measurements were made for all the samples and a positive photoconductivity was observed for all the samples. The results indicate that the ZnO-CdS nanocomposites are very photosensitive. Photoluminescence studies carried out exhibit five prominent peaks with different wavelengths. The results are reported.

[1] Z.K. Yang, P.Yu, G.K.L. Wang, M. Kawasaki, A. Ohtomo, H. Koinuma and Y. Segawa (1997) Solid State Commun. 103, 459
[2] D.M.Bagnall, Y.F. Chen,Z.Zhu,T.Yao, S. Koyama, M.Y.Shen and G. Goto (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2230
[3] M.Kawasaki, AOhtomo, I Ohkubo, HKoinuma, Z.K. Tang, P.Yu, G.K.L.Wong, B.P.Zhang and Y.Segawa (1988) Mater. Sci. Engg. B56, 239
[4] A.Ohtomo, M.Kawasaki, I Ohkubo, H.Koinuma, Y.Yasuda and Y.Segawa (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 980
[5] L.E.Brus, A.L.Efros and T.Itoh (1996) J. Lumin. 76, 1.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Investigation into the Lubrication Regime for Lumbar Total Disc Replacement of the Spine
Country	::	Switzerland
Authors	::	Markus Kraft
Page No.	::	21-29
	::	10.9790/3021-031132129
	::	0.4/3021-031132129
		3021-0311-0329

The lubrication regime of articulating surfaces plays an important role for the understanding of the tribological conditions and the resulting wear performance of total disc replacement (TDR) of the spine. In the present study the lubrication regime for lumbar TDRs with ball and socket design have been assessed by applying the Hamrock-Dawson elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication theory. The effect of varying articulation radii and different material combinations on the lubrication regime have been investigated considering load and motion cycles for a representative in vivo situation as well as for in vitro wear testing situations. Independent of geometry or bearing material combinations the formation of a stable lubrication film is very unlikely for lumbar TDR. The study also reveals that in vitro testing conditions must be carefully selected in order to correlate with the lubrication regime for corresponding in vivo situations.

 

Keywords: ball-in-socket joint, elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication, load and motion cycle, lumbar total disc repla cement, spine, biotribology.

[1] K. Büttner-Janz, History, in K. Büttner-Janz, S.H. Hochschuler, P.C. McAfee (Eds.), The artificial disc, (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003) 1-10.

[2] P. Frelinghuysen, R.C. Huang, F.P. Girardi, F.P. Cammisa, Lumbar total disc replacement part I: rationale, biomechanics, and implant types, Orthopedic Clinics of North Americ, 36, 2005, 293-299.

[3] P.A. Anderson, J.P. Rouleau, Intervertebral disc arthroplasty, Spine 29(23), 2006, 2279-2786.

[4] K.D. Van Den Eerenbeemt, R.W. Ostelo, B.J. Van Royen, W.C. Peul, M.W. Van Tulder, 2010. Total disc replacement surgery for symptomatic degenerative lumbar disc disease: a systematic review of the literature, European Spine Journal 19, 2010, 1262-1280.

[5] S.C. Scholes, A. Unsworth, Comparison of friction and lubrication of different hip prostheses, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 214 Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 2000, 49-57.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Strength Assessment of Fly Ash Concrete with Water Containing Sodium Hydroxide
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda ||, Dr. L.B.Zala ||, Dr.F.S.Umrigar
Page No.	::	30-37
	::	10.9790/3021-031133037
	::	0.4/3021-031133037
		3021-0311-0337

This paper presents the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) present in the curing water on the strength of fly ash cement concrete. The concrete is produced by mixing of % replacement of cement by fly ash and curing water containing NaOH of 5% concentration with constant dosages. This research work describes the feasibility of using the fly ash (Class-F) in concrete production as partial replacement of cement by weight. The cement has been replaced by fly ash accordingly in the range of 0% (without fly ash), 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight of cement for M-40 mix. The compressive strengths were evaluated for 56 days of normal curing and 28 days normal + 28 days 5% NaOH contain water curing. The results show that, the compressive strength of fly ash cement concrete has come down with an increase in the % replacement of cement by fly ash with constant dosages of 5% concentrated NaOH solution at 56 days. Compressive strengths of fly ash Cement Concrete have decreased in the range of 8.22 to 36.11%, when compared with the control specimens. By using Regression Models we can predict the compressive strength value and the ratio with predicted values.

 

Keywords: - Fly Ash Cement Concrete, Compressive Strength, Regression Models, Sodium Hydroxide

[1] Abbas S. Al-Ameeri, K.A.Al- Hussain and M.S Essa, "Constructing a Mathematical Models to Predict Compressive Strength of Concrete from Non-Destructive Testing", International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 1 - 20, ISSN Print: 0976 - 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 - 6316.
[2] Alaa Abdul Kareem Ahmad, "The Effect of Gypsum Compensative on Mortar Compressive Strength", International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 168 - 175, ISSN Print: 0976 - 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 - 6316.
[3] Behrouz Mohebimoghaddam and S.Hossein Dianat, "Evaluation of the Corrosion and Strength of Concrete Exposed to Sulfate Solution", International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 198 - 206, ISSN Print: 0976 - 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 - 6316.
[4] F. Pacheco-Torgal and Said Jalali, Sulphuric acid resistance of plain, polymer modified, and fly ash cement concretes, Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2009, 3485-3491.
[5] H. Sudarsana Rao, Vaishali.G.Ghorpade, "strength assessment of blended cement concrete with water containing sulphuric acid", International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September – October (2013), © IAEME, pp. 9 - 14

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A Study of the Problems for Development of Technical and Vocational Education in Katsina State, Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Isah Usman ||, Dr. Che Kum Celement ||, Dr. Md. Abu Raihan
Page No.	::	38-45
	::	10.9790/3021-031133845
	::	0.4/3021-031133845
		3021-0311-0345

Technical and Vocational Education TVE is the type of education which proved to have impacts on productivity and economic development of many developed societies. The study was conducted in government approved Technical and Vocational Institutions in Katsina State, Nigeria. The aim was to investigate the problems for development of TVE in the State and suggest strategies for improvement. For convenience of data collection, five (5) Technical and Vocational Institutions in Katsina State were purposively taken as sample. The data was collected through questionnaire from the population which consists: Principals, Teachers and Workshop Attendants of the selected five 5 Institutions. The population was estimated to be 164 and 30% of this population was taken as sample, thus (n=50). Ten 10 questionnaires were administered in each institution. Thirty seven out of fifty 50 questionnaires were received which translate 74% rate of return. Chi-square Test and Weighted Average were used to analyze and interpret the data. It was found that, there are historical reasons that hinder the development of TVE in the country, there are inadequate equipment and facilities in Technical schools, there are less competent technical teachers; and inadequate fund allocation worsen the situation. Moreover, this study identifies the implications of these problems on the students and the trends in policy-making, planning and implementation of TVE programs. From the study it was recommended that, the government can assist in solving the problems of TVE by; assigning technical and vocational experts in designing and evaluating the technical and vocational schools curriculum; adding welfare and incentives for technical teacher; open more technical colleges; more vocational schools and create a separate ministry of technical and vocation education

 

Keywords: - TVE in Nigeria, Katsina State, Problems of TVE, Economic development

[1] Alamu, S. A. (2011). The State of Science and Technology Infrastructure in Secondary Schools in Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Social Research. Vol. 2 (8) October 2011 p 56-66
[2] Atsumbe, B.N, Emmanuel Raymond, Igwe, C.O1 & Atsumbe, J. A(2012). Repositioning Vocational and Technical Education for Effective Manpower Production in Nigeria: IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE) I( 4), 01-06
[3] Dike, V. E. (2009). Addressing Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Nigeria: A call for Action, Not Rhetoric". Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa,11(3), 129-151.

[4] Edukugho, E. (2011). Nigeria: Rectors Meet, Tackle Challenges Facing Technological Education. Vanguard 29 September, 2011
[5] Fafunwa, A.B. (1974). A History of Nigerian Higher Education, Lagos Macmillan Publishers.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	DNS Based Approach Load Balancing In Distributed Web Server System
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Jyoti Vashistha ||, Anant Kumar Jayswal
Page No.	::	46-55
	::	10.9790/3021-031134655
	::	0.4/3021-031134655
		3021-0311-0355

In this paper, we consider the high level scheduling and load sharing properties offered by the Domain Name System, as implemented in popular DNS software packages. We explore the performance and capabilities of high-level DNS-based load balancing, where we draw special attention to the choice of caching policy (time-to-live) for DNS data. Further, we analyze the use of a database-supported DNS service for allowing highly dynamical query responses, and show that this approach has both potentially negative (single point of failure) and positive (improved balancing flexibility) properties. The objective of this paper is we discuss the performance requirements of the DNS, and argue that the robustness and performance of the DNS could be improved and also discuss the impact of TTL on response time in DNS

[1] Cardellini, Colajanni, and Philip S. Yu, ―Dynamic Load balancing on web-server systems‖, published in IEEE internet Computing, vol. 3, no. 3, pp 28-39, 1999.
[2] Cardellini, Colajanni, and Philip S. Yu, ―Dynamic Load Balancing in geographically Distributed Heterogeneous Web Server‖, published in the proceedings of IEEE 18th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, at Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp, 295-302, May 1998.
[3] "BIND Security Matrix". ISC Bind. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
[4] "ISC Bind Security". ISC Bind. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
[5] "Root DNSSEC". ICANN/Verisign. p. 1. Retrieved 5 January 2012.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Review on Marine Oil Spill Trajectory Modeling and ESI Mapping with a focus on the Kerala Coastal Environment.
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Reji.k.P ||, Renu Pawels
Page No.	::	56-61
	::	10.9790/3021-031135661
	::	0.4/3021-031135661
		3021-0311-0361

This report addresses marine oil spill trajectory modeling and Environmental severity Index mapping with a focus on the Kerala coastal environment. With growing Indian demand for the crude oil the Kerala coastal area will be exposed to increasing risk of oil spills from marine transport. Oil spill trajectory models are an essential tool for risk assessment related to potential environmental impacts in sensitive areas for Kerala coast and for planning spill response measures. This study is a review of the oil spill modeling literature, special emphasis was given to the physical, biological and ecological coastal area of Kerala having 590Km of coastal line. The first goal is a synthesis of the oil spill trajectory modeling and its various components. The second goal is the identification of the most vulnerable areas to oil spill in the coastal belts of Kerala. A comprehensive oil spill trajectory model for the Kerala coastal area would include: 1) Models for the physical environment (Wind, air temperature, precipitation, ocean currents, and waves), 2) An oil spill model to address weathering, evaporation, and other details of the oil's interplay with the marine environment.

 

Index Terms: - Environmental severity Index mapping, Kerala coastal environment, Oil spill, Trajectory modeling.

[1] Chen Hai-zhou, LI Da-ming, LI Xiao, 2007. Mathematical modelling of oil spill on the sea and application of the modelling in DAYA Bay. Journal of Hydrodynamics Ser.B, 19(3), 282-291.
[2] Daling, P.S., Strøm, T., 1999. Weathering of oils at sea: model/field data comparisons. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin 5 (1), 63–74.
[3] ASCE Task Committee on modeling of oil spills of the water resources engineering division, 1996. State of-the-art review of modeling transport and fate of oil spills. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 122 (11), 594–609.
[4] Wei, Q.F., R.R. Mather, A.F. Fotheringham, R.D. Yang, 2003. Evaluation of nonwoven polypropylene oil sorbents in marine oil-spill recovery. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 780–783.
[5] Ana J. Abascal, Sonia Castanedo, Raul Medina, Maria Liste, 2010. Analysis of the reliability of a statistical oil spill response model. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 2099–2110.