Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Design of Microstrip Array Antenna for Wireless Communication Application
Country	::	Egypt
Authors	::	Hassan Elesawy ||, W. Swelam ||, Abdalmonem Fouda ||, Ismail M. Hafez
Page No.	::	01-07
	::	10.9790/3021-031210107
	::	0.4/3021-031210107
		3021-0312-0107

In the recent years the development in Wireless systems requires the development of low cost, minimal weight and low profile antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a microstrip patch antenna. The objective of this paper is to design, and fabricate a fed rectangular microstrip patch antenna (E-Shape). The operating frequencies of antenna are from 1.85GHz to 1.99GHz, which governs the resonant frequency 1.9GHz of the antenna. Two parallel slots are cut to perturb the surface current path that is corporate into the patch to expand its bandwidth. Initially we set our antenna as a single patch and after evaluating the outcomes of antenna features; operation frequency, radiation patterns, reflected loss, efficiency and antenna gain, we transformed it to a 1x2 linear array. Finally, we analyzed the 1x4 corporate feed linear microstrip patch array antenna that has been designed with dielectric constants of 𝛆𝐫=2.2 with fixed substrate height of h=1.5748mm (substrate RT/ Duroid 5880).

 

Keywords: - Microstrip patch antenna, 1.9 GHz, single patch antenna, 1x2 linear array antenna, 1x4 linear array antenna and antenna gain.

[1] J. C. Liberti, T. S. Rappaport, "Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications", Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1999.

[2] H. F. AbuTarboush, H. S. Al-Raweshidy, "A Connected E Shape and U-Shape Dual-Band Patch Antenna for Different Wireless Applications", the Second International EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology, July, 2008.

[3] F. Yang, X. Zhang, Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Wide-band E-shaped patch antennas for wireless communications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation, vol. 49, 2001, pp. 1094-1100

[4] Kazi Tofayel Ahmed, Md. Bellal Hossain, Md. Javed Hossain, "Designing a high band width Patch Antenna and comparison with the former Patch Antennas", Canadian Journal on Multimedia and Wireless Networks Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2011.

[5] Shackelford, A.K., Lee, K.F., and Luk, K.M.: "Design of small-size wide bandwidth microstrip-patch antennas", IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag.,AP-45, (1), pp.75– 83, 2003.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Evaluation of the Transient Overvoltage Stresses on 132 kV Power Transmission Network
Country	::	Pakistan
Authors	::	H.T.Hassan ||, Muhammad Nadeem, ||, Irfan Ahmad Khan
Page No.	::	08-15
	::	10.9790/3021-031210815
	::	0.4/3021-031210815
		3021-0312-0115

Lightning over voltage has been a dilemma since the early days of electricity. Lightning mainly occurs on the Overhead Transmission Lines and overvoltage generated due to lightning travels along the line and ultimately reaches to the substation, where this overvoltage can damage the expensive equipment like Power Transformers, Circuit breakers, Isolators, Current Transformers etc. Power System networks in the urban areas mainly consist of Overhead Transmission Lines, High Voltage XLPE Power Cables and Gas Insulated Substations (GIS). The evaluation of the transient behavior of combined high voltage systems consisting of overhead lines, cables and GIS is an important task. In this research work, the complete model has been developed by using PSCAD/EMTDC computer application. The modeling of each component has been done by using the manufacturer's datasheets/parameters. The transient over voltages have been observed at different points of the power system by injecting lightning current. Surge arrestors have been used to mitigate the over voltages in the system. The outcome of this research would be to improve the insulation coordination of the 132kV Power System in Pakistan.

 

Keywords: - Gas Insulated Substations (GIS), Insulation Co-ordination, Lightning Over voltages, PSCAD/ EM TDC, Surge Arrestors.

[1] S. Pack; "Transient voltages stress of 400kV urban system" International Conference on Power system transients (IPST,07), France 2007

[2] A. Greenwood, Electrical, Transients in Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

[3] CIGRE Working Group 33.02, Guidelines for Representation of Network Elements when Calculating Transients, Technical Brochure CE/SC GT/WG 02, 1990.

[4] HVDC Research Centre, Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC, Application Guide 2008.

[5] ABB Power Technologies, High Voltage Products, XPLE Cables , ABB XLPE Land Cable Systems User's Guide rev. 5, 2010

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Facebook, The New Edutainment Avenue in TVET for Affective Learning
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr. Md. Abu Raihan ||, Mahbub Hasan ||, Md. Rashedul Huq Shamim
Page No.	::	16-28
	::	10.9790/3021-031211628
	::	0.4/3021-031211628
		3021-0312-0128

Facebook isn't just a great way for you to find old friends or learn about what's happening this weekend; it is also an incredible learning tool. Teachers can utilize Facebook for class projects, for enhancing communication, and for engaging students in a manner that might not be entirely possible in traditional classroom settings. Read on to learn how you can be using Facebook in your classroom, no matter if you are a professor, student, working online, or showing up in person for class. Facebook has changed so much, and the site has even more to offer for the classroom. So we've compiled a fresh batch of ways to make Facebook work in TVET classrooms, some tried and true, and others that have evolved with Facebook. This article will provide to find a wealth of resources, assignments, and amazing uses for Facebook in any type of classroom. The objectives of the article were to: analyze the features of modern learning or 21th Century learning for TVET; find out the ways how Facebook enriched the interactivity in the TVET Classrooms; explain the usefulness and edutainment impact of Facebook in lecture, classes, and workshops; identify some important ―Facebook apps, groups & tools‖ to use in TVET to enhance learning; explain traditional teaching skills in TVET and show how those skills improve by Facebook; find out the ways to use Social media as edutainment avenue in TVET classrooms; demonstrate how Facebook promote the community makes for a richer learning environment; explain the usefulness of Facebook for classroom management and organization.

 

Keywords: - Facebook, Edutainment, TVET, Affective Learning.

[1] Ansolabehere, S., Behr, R. and Iyenger, S. (1993). The media game: American politics in the television age Don Mills, Ontario: Maxwell Macmillan Canada.
[2] Brian J. Dixon (2013). Helping you do your impossible; Top reasons to use Facebook in the classroom; Retrieved from the Web (November 1, 2013) http://brianjdixon.com/facebook_in_classroom
[3] Carlson, Nicholas (2010). At Last – The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded. Business Insider.
[4] Consumer Reports (2011). Five million Facebook users are 10 or younger. May 10, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
[5] Edwards, A.L. & Porter, B.C. (1972). Attitude measurement. In The affective domain: A resource book for media specialists (pp. 107-126). Washington, DC: Gryphon House.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Vector Diagram Correlation Of Leading And Lagging Power Factor In Salient Pole Synchronous Machine
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Onuegbu J. C. ||, Madueme T. C. ||, Enemuoh F. O. ||, and Anazia E. A.
Page No.	::	29-37
	::	10.9790/3021-031212937
	::	0.4/3021-031212937
		3021-0312-0137

The paper highlights vector diagram construction of salient pole synchronous machine (motor and generator) both at a leading and at a lagging power factor regimes. The complexity of the vector diagram construction is more pronounced in the leading angle power factor than in the lagging mode. The presented problem is the difficulty involved in vector diagram construction mostly during courses and in practical life. The empirical analysis associated with this is obvious in contrast with the ruler and compass work in the real-time mode of construction. Real values of synchronous motor design were taken from a dissertation to explain in details the processes involved in the construction of the two common vector diagrams of salient pole synchronous machine at both leading and lagging power factor operations respectively. However, the construction of vector diagram of a salient pole synchronous generator goes beyond leading power factor regime to vector diagram with specific interest-based mode of operation. The result of the work is that the real processes taking place in the machine operation usually on load will be illustrated diagrammatically. The importance of vector diagram of synchronous machine is that; it helps the engineer to define at a glance the mode and operating characteristics of the machine without undergoing the rigour of having to read through the numerous equations associated with the characteristic mode of operation of salient pole synchronous machine.

 

Keywords: - excitation voltage, lagging, leading, power factor, salient pole, synchronous machine

[1] Onuegbu J. C., Design and performance analysis of a three phase Synchronous Motor, A dissertation at the Department of Electrical Engineering. Nnamdi Azikiwe, University, Awka, Nigeria, April 2012.

[2] Cathey Jimmie A., Electrical Machines, Analysis and design Applying matlab, McGraw Hill Inc., 2001.

[3] Say M. G. Alternating Current Machine, Pitman publishing House London, 1976.

[4] Tokarev B. F. Electrical Machines. Energoatomizdat, 1990.

[5] Danilevich Y. B. and Kulik U. A., Theory and calculation of damper windings of Synchronous Machines. Published by AN USSR, Moscow, 1962.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Shortening of a Raman fiber laser by inserting ytterbium doped fiber
Country	::	México
Authors	::	E.B. Mejía ||, L. De la Cruz May ||, and D.V. Talavera
Page No.	::	38-43
	::	10.9790/3021-031213843
	::	0.4/3021-031213843
		3021-0312-0143

Once reached the threshold for operation, Raman fiber lasers with high output couplers convert the pump signal into stokes signals very efficiently. However, high threshold implies lower overall efficiency and hence the ratio slope efficiency-to-threshold power (i.e., the figure of merit) is low. By maintaining the slope efficiency value and decreasing threshold, the figure of merit (overall efficiency) increases. In this work, we have increased this parameter from 57 (for a typical Raman configuration) to 105 (investigated configuration). This represents an 84% improvement. A threshold of 2.9 watts decreased to 1.3 watts by inserting 1.27 m of ytterbium doped fiber into a 350-m Raman cavity. Another way for obtaining similar results was explored by enlarging the cavity more than double (to 750 m) but power delivery decreased by 20% due to additional fiber loss. The system studied is shorter and more efficient than typical configurations and might be considered given its simplicity. Advantages, disadvantages and other ways for obtaining similar results are discussed.

 

Keywords: - Fiber optics, Raman laser, Raman Amplifiers, Raman converter, Stimulated Raman scattering.

[1] D.V. Talavera and E.B. Mejia, Blue up-conversion Tm3+-doped fiber laser pumped by a multiline Raman source, Journal of Applied Physics, 97(5), 2005, 053102-053102-4.
[2] E.B. Mejia, Ultraviolet emission in Tm3+-doped fluoride fiber pumped with two infrared wavelengths, Journal of Applied Physics, 100(11), 2006, 113110-113110-4.
[3] D.V. Talavera and E.B. Mejia, Holmium-Doped Fluoride Fiber Laser at 2950 nm Pumped at 1175 nm, Laser Physics, 16(3), 2006, 436-440.
[4] A.F.H. Librantz, S.D. Jackson, L. Gomes, S.J.L. Ribeiro, and Y. Messaddeq, Pump excited state absorption in holmium-doped fluoride glass, Journal of Applied Physics, 103(2), 2008, 023105-023105-8.
[5] H. Coïc, Analytic modeling of high-gain ytterbium-doped fibre amplifiers, Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, 4(2), 2002, 120-129.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Time Series Analysis Of Monthly Sales Of Petroleum Products (A Case Study Of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Nnpc – Enugu, From 1996 – 2003)
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Osanebi Fidelis ||, And Obuba Okeoghene
Page No.	::	44-55
	::	10.9790/3021-031214455
	::	0.4/3021-031214455
		3021-0312-0155

Time series is the name given to the values of some statistical variables measured over a uniform set of time points which may represent the historical performance of some economic or business variable. Examples of time series are total monthly sales receipts in a departmental store, total monthly sales of petroleum products, total monthly production by company, and consumption of electricity in kilowatts data on population motor registration. This research work is focused on investigating the monthly sales of petroleum products by Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation for the past eight years (1996 to 2003) and to construct an autoregressive model of a suitable order for the process.

 

Keyword: - Electricity, Time series Model, Stochastic Model, Crude oil, Economy

[1] Asanya E.O Unpublished note on Time Series Analysis (I.M.T) Enugu
[2] Augustine O.O Petroleum and the Nigeria Economy, Africa Top Publisher Ltd
[3] Anderson O.D. Time Series Analysis and Forecasting (The Box – Jenkins) approach) the Butter Worth Group
[4] Devore, J.and Peck, R. (1986)
[5] statistics: the exploration and analysis of data.London.west publishing co.ltd John N.Igabari (2012). A Functional Approach to Statistics Amekatik Research Publishers. Uche P.1 (2003).

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Yellow Rust Extraction in Wheat Crop based on Color Segmentation Techniques
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Amina Khatra
Page No.	::	56-58
	::	10.9790/3021-031215658
	::	0.4/3021-031215658
		3021-0312-0158

The presented work presents a color based segmentation techniques for extraction of yellow rust in whet crop images. Accurate segmentation of yellow rust in wheat crop images is very part of assessment of disease penetration into the wheat crop. And in turn to o take the necessary preventive action for minimizing the crop damage. The jpeg images acquired from CCD camera are read into the matlab tool and a color based segmentation algorithm is performed to segment the yellow rust. The segmentation of color is performed base on k-means algorithm.

 

Keywords: - Yellow Rust, K-Means, Segmentation, Clustering

[1] Abu-Naser S.S., K.A. Kashkash and M. Fayyad, 2010. "Developing an Expert System for Plant Disease Diagnosis", Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 3: 269- 276.
[2] Alom Md. Zahangir, and Hyo Jong Lee, 2010. "Gaussian Mean Based Paddy Disease Segmentation". The 3rd International Conference on Machine Vision (ICMV 2010).
[3] Bashish Dheeb Al Bashish, Malik Braik and Sulieman Bani-Ahmad, 2011. "Detection and Classification of Leaf Diseases using K-means-based Segmentation and Neural networks-based Classification". Information Technology Journal, 10: 267-275.
[4] Beghin T., J. S. Cope, P. Remagnino, & S. Barman,2010, "Shape and texture based plant leaf classification", International Conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems (ACVIS), pp.345-353.
[5] Geng Ying, Li Miao, Yuan Yuan, Hu Zelin, 2009."A Study on the Method of Image Pre- processing for Recognition of Crop Diseases," International Conference on Advanced Computer Control, 2009,icacc, pp.202-206.