Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effects of Misalignment in Cylindrical Roller Bearings on Contact between Roller and Inner Ring
Country	::	China
Authors	::	Xintao Xia || Yantao Shang || Shichao Zhu
Page No.	::	01-08
	::	10.9790/3021-03540108
		0.4/3021-03540108
		3021-0305-0408

Misalignment of roller has remarkable effects on the life span of bearings. Taking a cylindrical roller bearing N1015 as a research object, the contact stress between the roller and the raceway is studied by means of ANSYS in order to determine reasonably the angle of misalignment of roller. The results show that under the given load the misalignment of roller should be controlled in an appropriate range. Otherwise, the contact stresses between the roller and the raceway increase observably and the distribution of the contact stresses presents a complex asymmetry and nonuniformity.

Keywords: Cylindrical roller, Logarithmic curve generatrix, Misalignment of roller, Contact stress, ANSY

[1]. Andrey, S., Hongrui, A., Yuan, J. H., Ruslan, P., & Alexandr, D., Stressed state in the roller contact zone (area) and the bearing ring finite length. Advanced Materials Research, 482-484, 2012, 2017-2020.
[2]. Chandrasekara, M. C. S., & Ramamohana, R. A., Mechanics and behaviour of hollow cylindrical members in rolling contact. Wear, 87, 1983, 287-296.
[3]. Chiu, Y. P., Hartnett, M. J., A numerical solution for the contact problem involving bodies with cylindrical surface considering cylinder effect. Journal of Tribology-Transactions of the ASME, 109, 1987, 479-486.
[4]. Demirhan, N., Kanber, B., Stress and displacement distribution on cylindrical roller bearing rings using FEM. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 36, 2008, 86-102.
[5]. Hanson, M. T., Keer, L. M., Mechanics of edge effects on frictionless contacts. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 32, 1995, 391-405.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Research of Sonochemistry of the Dairy Systems to Improve the Properties of Milk Semis
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	M. Ashokkumar || N. Tihomirova || S. Shestakov || O. Krasulya || R. Rink
Page No.	::	09-13
	::	10.9790/3021-03540913
		0.4/3021-03540913
		3021-0305-0413

The paper describes the results of recent research in the field of sonochemistry of the dairy products which was conducted from Australia, Russia, Belarus and Estonia. This work is related to the technology of preparation of composite formula milk from natural milk, vegetable oils and dry milk products with cavitation treatment of water used. She is devoted to obtaining a homogeneous mixtures of dairy semiproducts, from which subsequently produce dairy products such as cottage cheese or cheese, where most of the water is removed with sera. It is shown that sonochemical water treatment has a positive effect on the entire process and its outcome.

Keywords: Sonochemistry, water conditioning, dairy semiproducts

[1]. Kuntz I.D. The physical properties of water bound to biomacromolecules. Water relations of foods / Ed. by R.B. Duckworth, (London: Academic Press, 1975)
[2]. Ashokkumar M. at al. The ultrasonic processing of dairy products. Dairy Science and Technology, 2010, V.90, pp. 147-168
[3]. Shestakov S., Krasulya O. Sonochemical technologies in food industry. Electronic Journal "Technical Acoustics", http://www.ejta.org, 2010, 10
[4]. Shestakov S. Technologies of cavitational disintegration in dairy industry. Dairy industry, 2007, 9, pp. 58-60
[5]. Glaznev N. et al. Patent RU 2172107, 2000

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Study of Opportunistic routing in ad-hoc network under different network scenario using ns-2.
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Manisha Ahirrao || Prof.Beena Ballal
Page No.	::	14-16
	::	10.9790/3021-03541416
		0.4/3021-03541416
		3021-0305-0416

An ad-hoc routing protocol is a convention, or standard, that controls how nodes decide which way to route packets between computing devices in a mobile ad hoc network . Since the nodes can move freely, then the nodes mobility pattern became an important in case of MANET. In ad-hoc networks, nodes are not familiar with the topology of their networks. Instead, they have to discover it. The basic idea is that a new node may announce its presence and should listen for announcements broadcast by its neighbors. Each node learns about nodes nearby and how to reach them. In this work we proposed the behavior of reactive protocol under different network scenario. The transmission rate is calculated for different network scenario keeping the pause time constant .It is concluded that it does not create extra traffic for communication, it gives higher reliability of data delivery and uses a destination sequence number which keeps an up to date path to the destination node .

KEYWORDS: Routing, Ad- Hoc network, Scenario, NS2.

[1]. Krishna Gorantala, Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, Master's Thesis in Computing
Science,Sweden,June 15, 2006
[2]. Geetam S. Tomar, Position Based Routing for Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, IJSSST, Vol. 10, No. 1
[3]. Samyak Shah, Amit Khandre, Mahesh Shirole and Girish Bhole, Performance Evaluation of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols Using NS2 Simulation, IJCSET |January 2012| Vol 2, Issue 1,787-791
[4]. Ian D. Chakeres, Elizabeth M. Belding-Royer, AODV Routing Protocol Implementation Design , IOSR
Journal of Engineering, 2(2), 2012, 112-116.
[5]. NS-2, The ns Manual (formally known as NS Documentation) available at http: //www. isi.edu/nsnam/ns/doc.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Crevice Corrosion of Inconel and Hastelloy in a 60oC 3.5% Sodium Chloride Solution
Country	::	Canada
Authors	::	Aezeden Mohamed
Page No.	::	17-20
	::	10.9790/3021-03541720
		0.4/3021-03541720
		3021-0305-0420

The purpose of this paper is to examine crevice corrosion behavior of Inconel and Hastelloy in 3.5% sodium chloride solution at 60C. This study investigates the important roles of chromium and molybdenum in crevice corrosion of these alloys. Results indicate that chromium and molybdenum plays a strong role in maintaining and stabilizing the passivity of Inconel and Hastelloy, respectively. No evidence of crevice corrosion was found in the Hastelloy specimen whereas it was observed in the Inconel alloy.

Keywords: Crevice, corrosion, chloride, Hastelloy, Inconel.

[1]. F. P, Ijsseling, General Guidelines for Corrosion Testing of Materials for Marine Applications, Corrosion Journal, 24(1), 1989, 55-61.
[2]. A., Sedriks, John., Corrosion of Stainless Stee, Nnew York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1996.
[3]. M., Moriya, and M. B., Ives, Surface Segregation of Molybdenum during Pitting Corrosion of Nickel-Molybdenum Alloy, Corrosion Science, 40, 1984, 105-109.
[4]. M. Moriya, and M. B. Ives, The Structure of Anodic Films Formed on Nickel and Nickel-13 w/o Molybdenum Alloy in pH 2.8 Sodium Sulfate Solution, Corrosion Science 40, 1984, 62-72.
[5]. S. Olsen, P. Nice, M. Maligas, J. Vicic, Material Selection for Wellhead Equipment Exposed to Chlorinated and Natural Seawater, Corrosion 1996, Paper No. 80, NACE International, Houston, TX.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	An FPGA Based Implementation for 2-D Discrete Wavelet transform
Country	::	India
Authors	::	K. Pitambar Patra || Saket Shrivastava || Snehlata Sahu
Page No.	::	21-25
	::	10.9790/3021-03542125
		0.4/3021-03542125
		3021-0305-0425

A 2-D discrete wavelet transform hardware design based on multiplier design based architecture is presented in this paper. We have proposed based on arithmetic for low complexity and efficient implementation of 2-D discrete wavelet transform. The multiplier design based technique has been applied to reduce the number of delay. This paper provides the clearcut idea in about the application of 8-multiplier and 6-adder in one, two & three level of architecture This architecture is suitable for high speed on-line applications, the most important one being image processing, reduced the area and power in the discrete wavelet transform. With this architecture the speed of the 2-D discrete wavelet transform is increased. It has 100% hardware utilization efficiency

KEYWORDS: 2-D Discrete wavelet transform (DWT), one level multiplier based design, two level multiplier based design, three level multiplier based design, multiplier based design scheme, Xilinx simulation.

[1]. S.G. Mallat, "A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis on Machine Intelligence, 110. July1989, pp. 674-693.
[2]. O.Rioul, and M. Vetterli, "Wavelets and Signal Processing". IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, October 1991, pp. 14-38.
[3]. Z. Xiong, K. Ramchandran, and M.T. Orchad, "wavelet packet image Coding using space-frequency quantization," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 7,pp. 160-174, 1998.
[4]. O. Farooq and S. Datta, "Mel filter-like admissible wavelet packet structure for speech recognition," IEEE Signal Process. Lett. vol. 8, no.7, pp. 196-198, jul.2001.
[5]. G. Strang and T. Nguyen. Wavelets and Filters. Wellesley-Cambridge Press. 1977.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Page Ranking: Summary
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sonia Gupta
Page No.	::	26-31
	::	10.9790/3021-03542631
		0.4/3021-03542631
		3021-0305-0431

World Wide Web is the source of enormous information and we have many numbers of means to understand it. There are number of algorithms that are developed to extract these data from the pool of Web. There are mainly two algorithms which are used for webpage ranking. They are HITS and pageranking. HITS focuses on mutual reinforcement between authority and hub webpages, while PageRank focuses on hyperlink weight normalization and web surfing based on random walk models. In the earlier pagerank algorithm for enhancing the quality of the search-results a single page rank vector was used. For more accuracy of the results then further onwards the set of vectors was used. The users interest, knowledge creates the importance of the webpages. When the webpages are rated objectically or mechanically then it is termed as pageranking. We can construct page ranking on the large subgraph with the limited memory with them. Web can be considered as graph where pages are nodes and edges can be termed as hyperlinks. Here we discuss some methods of converging pageranking based on ordering of pages. Here pageranking is compared to idealized random surfing of net.

Keywords: Page Rank, Markov chains, HITS, decomposition, aggregation/disaggregation.

[1]. S. Brin and L. Page. The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. Proc. of 7th WWW Conferece, 1998.
[2]. J. M. Kleinberg. Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment. J. ACM, 48:604{632, 1999}.
[3]. J. Kleinberg, Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment, In Proceedings of the Ninth ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (1998) 668–677.
[4]. M.E.J. Newman, The structure and function of complex network, SIAM Review, 45:2 (2003) 167–256.
[5]. A. N. Langville and C. D. Meyer, Deeper inside PageRank, Internet Mathematics, 1:3 (2005) 335–380.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Comparative study on various PWM Strategies for Novel Multilevel Inverter
Country	::	India
Authors	::	K.Venkataramanan || B.Shanthi || S.P.Natarajan
Page No.	::	32-40
	::	10.9790/3021-03543240
		0.4/3021-03543240
		3021-0305-0440

Multilevel Inverters offer high power capability, associated with lower output harmonics. This paper presents the performance analysis of new symmetrical multilevel inverter using different PWM strategies based on control freedom degree approach. These PWM strategies include carrier overlapping, variable frequency, phase disposition and phase opposition disposition pulse width modulation. The total harmonic distortion, VRMS , Crest factor and Form factor are evaluated for various modulation indices. Simulations were performed using MATLAB-SIMULINK. It is observed that PODPWM strategy provide output with relatively low distortion and COPWM is found to perform better since it provides higher fundamental RMS output voltage.

Keywords - CFD, PWM, THD, FF, and VRMS

[1] Berrezzek Farid and Berrezzek Farid, "A Study of New Techniques of Controlled PWM Inverters", European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X, Vol.32, No.1, pp.77-87., 2009
[2] G.Carrara, S.Gardella, M.Marchesoni, R.Salutari and G.Seiutto: "A New Multilevel inverter PWM method: A theoretical analysis", IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics vol 7, pp 497-505, July 1992.
[3] Deng, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, C. Hu, L and He, X. "Multilevel PWM Methods based on Control Degrees of Freedom Combination and Its Theoretical Analysis",IEEE Conf. Rec: 0-7803-9208-6/05, pp. 1692-1699, 2005.
[4] B.P.McGrath and D.G.Holmes "Multicarrier PWM strategies for multilevel inverter" IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics vol49, No.4, pp858-867, Aug 2002.
[5] Martina Calais, Lawrence J. Borle and Vassilios G. Agelidis., "Analysis of multicarrier PWM methods for a single phase five level inverter", in IEEE Conf. Rec.: 0-7803-7067-8/01, 2001, pp.1351-1356

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Numerical Study on MHD Free Convection and Mass Transfer Flow Past a Vertical Flat Plate.
Country	::	Bangladesh
Authors	::	S. F. Ahmmed || S. Mondal || A. Ray
Page No.	::	41-47
	::	10.9790/3021-03544147
		0.4/3021-03544147
		3021-0305-0447

Two dimensional free convection and mass transfer flow of an incompressible, viscous and electrically conducting fluid past a continuously moving vertical flat plate in the presence of heat source, thermal diffusion, large suction and under the influence of uniform magnetic field applied normal to the flow is studied numerically. In this research work we make the governing equations dimensionless by appropriate co-ordinate transformation. We also consider the effect of heat source parameter and soret number for the above mentioned problem. Then these dimensionless momentum, energy and concentration equations are solved numerically by using explicit finite difference technique with the help of a computer programming language Compaq Visual Fortran 6.6. The obtained results of this study have been discussed for the different values of the well know parameters with different time step. The results are discussed in detailed with the help of graphs and tables to observe the effect of different parameters.

Key words- MHD, Thermal diffusion, Heat source parameter and Free convection

[1] R.K Singh and A.K Singh, Int. J. of Appl. Math and Mech. 10.1007/s10483-012-1616-7
[2] R. C. Chaudhary and J. Arpita, Roman J. Phy., Volume 52, Nos. 5-7, P. 505-524, Bucharest, 2007
[3] B. P. Reddy and J. A. Rao, Int. J. of Applied Math and Mech. 7(8): 78-97, 2011
[4] A. K. Singh, A. K. Singh and N.P. Singh, Bulletin of the institute of mathematics academia since, Volume 33, number 3, September 2005
[5] B. Gebhart, Heat Transfer. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., 1971.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	4-Input Decimal Adder Using 90 nm CMOS Technology
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Meena Aggarwal || Aastha Agarwal || Mr.Rajesh Mehra
Page No.	::	48-51
	::	10.9790/3021-3544850
		0.4/3021-3544850
		3021-0305-0450

The core of every microprocessor, digital signal processor (DSP), and data processing application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC) is its data path. At the hearts of data paths and addressing units are arithmetic units, such as a comparators , adders, and multipliers. In this paper, a 4-input decimal adder has been developed using 90 nm CMOS technology. The schematic of decimal adder is designed and simulated for its behavior using DSCH-3.1 The layout of simulated adder is created using Verilog based netlist file which is further simulated using Micro wind 3.1 to analyze the performance. The result shows that designed decimal adder has consumed 0.603mW power.

Keywords- Adders, ALU,ASIC, Carry Look Ahead Adders, CMOS, Decimal Addition, DSP .

[1]. P. Parhami, Computer Arithmetic: Algorithms and Hardware Designs. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000.
[2]. Tso-Bing Juang,Hsin-Hao Peng,Chao-Tsung Kuo."Area efficient BCD Adder,"19th IEEE/IFIP International Conference on VLSI Design,2011
[3]. Draft IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic. New York: IEEE, Inc., 2004, http://754r.ucbtest.org/drafts.
[4]. M. S. Schmookler and A.W.Weinberger. ""High Speed Decimal Addition,‟‟ IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 862--867, Aug. 1971.
[5]. M. A. Erle, M. J. Schulte, and J. M. Linebarger, "Potential speedup using decimal floating-point hardware," Proc. of the Thirty-Sixth

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Synchronizing Two FPGA's for a reliable communication
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Mercy Subaraman
Page No.	::	52-55
	::	10.9790/3021-3545255
		0.4/3021-3545255
		3021-0305-0455

In the field of electronic design, SOC technology is recently becoming increasingly mature. This situation results in the requirement of realizing the whole system function in a single or a very few chips. Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) is a kind of serial communication protocol. In parallel communication the cost as well as complexity of the system increases due to simultaneous transmission of data bits on multiple wires. Serial communication alleviates this drawback of parallel communication and emerges effectively in many applications for long distance communication as it reduces the signal distortion because of its simple structure. In particular, it focuses on their effective data transmission rates and ratios. The usage of FPGA systems in real time domain is a very fruitful proposition as the FPGA devices are coming with processing cores for Real Time data processing. As FPGA performance and capabilities have increased substantially in recent years, FPGA-based designs are employed to implement complex functions and designs. To make this possible we have to establish a real time data communication between the FPGA devices. UART includes three kernel modules which are the baud rate generator, receiver and transmitter. The UART implemented with VHDL language can be integrated into the FPGA to achieve Compact, stable and reliable data transmission which will be an essential component to build a complex data acquisition system. Hence, in this Project We have established a real time data communication between scrambling algorithms running on Two FPGA's with the help of a reconfigurable baudrate generator. This enables the speech signals to be communicated effectively.

Keywords- Communication, FPGA, UART

[1]. TERRENCE S. T. MAK , PETE SEDCOLE, PETER Y. K. CHEUNG, ON-FPGA COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURES AND DESIGN FACTORS.
[2]. B.JEEVAN & M.NEERAJA, DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF UART PROTOCOL BASED ON VERILOG. WARANGAL.
[3]. HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/UNIVERSAL_ASYNCHRONOUS_RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER.
[4]. GUPTA R.K., ZORIAN Y. (1997) IEEE DESIGN & TEST OF COMPUTERS, 14-25.
[5]. MAGANDEEP KAUR, RUCHI MITTAL, FPGA IMPLEMENTATION & DESIGN OF MICRO UART WITH DIFFERENT BAUD RATES. FARIDABAD, INDIA.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Modelling of Turning Traffic Volume In Ibadan, Nigeria using Linear and Hybrid Furness-Fratar Techniques
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	O. Joy Oladejo || Ademola A. Dare || O.A. Agbede
Page No.	::	56-63
	::	10.9790/3021-03545663
		0.4/3021-03545663
		3021-0305-0463

Estimation for inflow and outflow traffic volumes are often carried out manually and electronically. These are used for road design planning and management. The time, labour and financial demand are often high and needed serious consideration. This has thus formed the basis of this work. objective of this work is directed at reducing the time, labour and financial demand associated with traffic volume count. Two new traffic models namely linear lagragian and hybrid furness-fratar models were developed. The models were used to investigate an intersection with five legs at Ibadan, Nigeria. The predicted traffic volume when one of the legs was treated as unknown was compared with the field values. Thereafter turning traffic volumes estimate for all the legs was carried out using furness model.
The model estimates using linear lagragian showed that estimate of leg with least traffic volume are closer to the field values than when legs with high traffic volume were considered. The hybrid furness-fratar model did not give a clearly defined pattern The U- turn traffic volumes for all the legs were less than 0.05 % when compared with the outflow volume. This suggests that U-turn is very unusual at this intersection and should be taken into consideration at any future development.

Keywords: Traffic, Turning volume, Furness model, Fratar Model, Hybrid Model

[1]. Kupolati, W.K. . Characterisation of used Asphalt pavement for Road Construction. PhD Thesis Civil Engineering Department, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2008.
[2]. Slinn, M.; Matthews, P.; and Guest, P. Traffic Engineering Design – Principles and Practice. Butterworth – Heinemann Publications, 1998
[3]. Newell, G.F. 1955. Mathematical Models for Freely Flowing Highway Traffic. Operations Research 3, 1955, 176-186.
[4]. Webster, F.V. 1958. Traffic Signal Settings. Road Research Technical Paper No. 39. Road Research Laboratory, London, U.K, 1958.
[5]. Edie, L.C. and Foote, R.S. Traffic Flow in Tunnels, Proc. Highway Research Board, 37, 1958, pp.334-344.