Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Mitigation of Global Warming by using Renewable Energy Resource (Solar PV) in Awka, South East, Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Ike, C. U.
Page No.	::	01-03
	::	10.9790/3021-03810103
		0.4/3021-03810103
		3021-0308-0103

Global warming is the recent challenge to the world. Governments of various countries in the world, at this time, are concentrating on the methods of reducing it. Both developed and developing countries like Nigeria are using fossil fuels in large quantity to meet their energy demands. The burning of fossil fuel produces CO2. The emission of CO2 in atmosphere is highly responsible for global warming. In this paper we discussed how we can combat global warming in Africa using renewabla energy resources (especially solar PV cells). This paper focuses on the installation of a 1KW monocrystalline panels which generate between 136 and 150V on a good sunny day. We do store the generated power in our deep cycle Trojan batteries connected in series. We used a MPPT charge controller of 80 Amps to regulate the charging of the batteries. With the circuit breakers connected in the circuit and switches to the load (6 LED security lights) we do monitor for the effective use of the security lights at night. The PV cells were installed facing due South at an inclination of 6.3o which is equal to the latitude of Awka in Anambra State, Nigeria.

 

Keywords: - Global warming,Renewable energy resources,1KW monocrystalline PV cells, MPPT charge controller, solar LED lamps.

[1] Bose B. K. (2009), "Global warming environmental pollution, and the impact of power electronics", IEEE Industrial Electronics, Magazine, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 6 – 17
[2] Global warming and its bad effects, http://eathobservatory.nasa.gov/features/globalwarming.
[3] Green house effect, http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/grouhouse htm for about.com
[4] Jangra, M. K.; Parmar, K. P. S., Yadav, N. K., (2012), International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunication, Vol. 3, No. 2
[5] Pal, S. (2009), "Wind energy An innovative solution to global warming" in 1st International Conference on the development in renewable energy technology (ICDRET) pp 1 – 3

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Comparison Study of Pile Foundation Using Eurocode 7 and Working Stress Design Approach
Country	::	Germany
Authors	::	Abdelazim Makki Ibrahim ||, Abubaker Atnisha ||, Ibrahim Malik
Page No.	::	04-10
	::	10.9790/3021-03810410
		0.4/3021-03810410
		3021-0308-0110

Working Stress Design Approach (WSDA) has been used extensively to design Footing, Raft and Pile foundations with a global safety factor. A new design concept, Limit State Design Approaches (LSDA), following the Eurocode 7 has become popular in recent years. A comparison study between a working stress design approach with a factor of safety equal to two and the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) using Eurocode 7 design approaches with Serviceability Limit State verification (SLS) is done to evaluate the most economic design approach. This is done by calculating the number of piles to support a building of a characteristic vertical permanent load of 60 MN and a characteristic vertical variable load of 20 MN on 18 m bored piles with a diameter of 0.5 m founded on a multi-layer system of silty clay and silty sand and spaced at 3 meter centres. A simulation of three pile load tests using Finite Element Method PLAXIS Software were used in this study to determine the characteristic value of pile resistance and demonstrate pile foundation design using static pile load tests following the Eurocode7.

 

Keywords: - Pile Foundation, Eurocode 7, PLAXIS software

[1] Bauduin, C. B., (2002). Design of axially loaded compression piles according to Euro Code 7. Proceedings - Ninth International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, 2002, Nice, France, (DFI).
[2] Bowles, J. E., (1984). Physical and Geotechnical properties of soil. McGraw-Hill book. Japan.
[3] Brinkgreve, R.B.J. and Swolfs, W.M. (eds.) (2007) PLAXIS 3D Foundation version 2 User Manual, Plaxis bv, The Netherlands
[4] OH, E.Y. N, HUANG, M., SURARAK, C., Adamec , R and . BALASURBAMANIAM , A. S., (2011). Finite element modeling in piled raft foundation in sand. Geotechnical Engineering Journal of the SEAGS & AGSSEA Vol 42 No.2
[5] Ibrahim, A., Ibrahim, M., Omar, A., (2013). Pile design using Eurocode 7: A case study. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology Vol. 4(3), pp. 70-80, March 2013

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Study of Various Designs of Solid State Laser Oscillator
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Kireet Semwal ||, S. C. Bhatt
Page No.	::	11-22
	::	10.9790/3021-03811122
		0.4/3021-03811122
		3021-0308-0122

This study concerns with the laser oscillator, threshold conditions, circulating power, and the Gaussian beam profile. Laser oscillator is a crucial device, which provides the feedback necessary to make a laser work. The regenerative laser oscillator is essentially a combination of two basic components: an optical amplifier, and an optical resonator, which serves to provide highly selective feedback. The optical resonator, comprised of two opposing plane-parallel or curved mirrors at right angles to the axis of active material, performs function of the feedback element, by coupling back in phase a portion of the signal emerging from the amplifing medium. The photons are reflected back and forth for many passes through the rod (amplifying medium), stimulating more and more emission on each pass. The mirrors can be gently curved so they tend to keep the light concentration inside the rod. One of the mirrors is 100 % reflective, but the other mirror transmits part of the light hitting it. This transmitted light is the output beam from the laser

 

Keywords: - Laser oscillator, optical feedback, Gaussian Beam, Laser Modes, TEM.

[1]. C. Break Hitz, Understanding Laser Technology, (PennWell Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma).
[2]. Walter Koechner, Solid State Laser Engineering, 5rh ed., (Springer Berlin 1999).
[3]. K. J. Kuhn; Laser Engineering, Prentice Hall Pub., 1998.
[4]. Amnon Yariv, Optical Electronics, 4th ed. (Philadelphia, PA; Saunders College Publishing, 1991).
[5]. Joseph T. Verdeyen; Laser electronics, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Printice-Hall, 1989).

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Mobile Forensics Opportunities and Challenges in Data Preservation
Country	::	Malaysia
Authors	::	Mojtaba Dashti ||, Leyla Roohi ||, Rezza Moieni
Page No.	::	23-29
	::	10.9790/3021-03812329
		0.4/3021-03812329
		3021-0308-0129

Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology, which provide access to the public switched telephone network [1]. Nowadays, mobile phone handhelds are everywhere and are used for various applications. Convergence of media provides a great opportunity for mobile users. Yet, there has been a growing rate of challenges according to mobile systems. The advancement in mobile computing systems in one hand and reducing the size of handhelds in the other hand are the main reasons of widely usage of mobiles. Meanwhile, the criminal use of mobile phones has led the need of recovering their data [2]. The derived data from mobiles can be used in forensics according to terms and conditions. In this paper various challenges in mobile forensic is reviewed with a focus on mobile models and categories. Then a fundamental vision on data acquisition and mobile data preservation is presented. In this paper a step by step data collection and preservation is identified.

 

Keywords: - mobile, forensics, preservation, acquisition

[1] International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report and database, and World Bank estimates
[2] Shivankar Raghav and Ashish Kumar Saxena, "Guide lines and challenges in Data preservation and Acquisition" , 2009
[3] USSS. (2006). Best Practices for seizing Electronic Evidence
[4] Michael W Burnette, "Forensic Acquisition of a RIM (Blackberry) Device", June 2002.
[5] Wayne Jansen and Rick Ayers, " Cellphone Forensic Tools", NIST, May 2007

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Masonry infill panels - analytical modeling and seismic behavior
Country	::	Romania
Authors	::	Diana Samoilă
Page No.	::	30-39
	::	10.9790/3021-03813039
		0.4/3021-03813039
		3021-0308-0139

The analytical modeling of the in fills implies the determination of their geometrical and mechanical characteristics. The paper presents three one- bay, one- story frames, for which the diagonal strut width and the strength to different failure types are determined. The effects of the masonry infill panels upon the seismic behavior of the frames structures are rendered by the capacity curves obtained from the push-over analysis carried out on a series of concrete frames with different number of stories.

 

Keywords: - capacity curves, diagonal strut width, masonry infills, strength

[1] xxx Eurocode 8 – Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Belgia
[2] xxx CR6-2006 - Codul de proiectare pentru structuri din zidărie, Romania
[3] xxx FEMA 306 - Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA
[4] xxx NZSEE - Assessment and Improvement of the Structural Performance of Buildings in Earthquakes, Recommendation of a NZSEE Study Group on Earthquake Risk Buildings, New Zeeland
[5] S.V. Polyakov, On the interaction between masonry filler walls and enclosing frame when loading in the plane of the wall, Translation in earthquake engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, San Francisco (1960)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Uniaxial Loading Deformation Tests in Studying Serration Flow of Alloy C460
Country	::	Canada
Authors	::	Aezeden Mohamed
Page No.	::	40-44
	::	10.9790/3021-03814044
		0.4/3021-03814044
		3021-0308-0144

The serration flow behavior of as received and heat treated aluminum-copper-lithium alloy C460 was studied at constant strain rate and at room temperature. The observed serrated flow was similar to that observed in heat treated alloy. A very characteristic feature of deformation in this alloy was the presence of precipitates and micro slips. The suggested mechanism of serrated flow maybe involves the creation of micro slips formed by shearing of the Al2CuLi precipitates which results in restraining of dislocations.

 

Keywords: - C460, mircoslip, precipitates, serration, uniaxial loading

[1]. Z. G. Wang, W. Liu, Y. B. Xu, T. Y. Zhang and Y. Zhang. Mechanical behavior of monocrystalline aluminum-lithium alloy at low temperatures. Scripta Metallurgica, 31(11), 1994, 1513-1518.
[2]. T. Evans. Interaction between lithium atoms and dislocations in Al-Li solid solutions. Scripta Metallurgica, 21 (11), 1987, 1435-1438.
[3]. A. Korbel, J. D. Emburg, M. Hatherly, P. L. Martin. Microstructural aspects of strain localization in Al-Mg alloys. Acta Metallurgica, 34(10), 1986, 1999-2009.
[4]. A. Korbel and P. Martin. Microscopic versus macroscopic aspect of shear bands deformation. Acta Metallurgica, 34(10), 1986, 1905-1909.
[5]. R. E. Sanders. Formability of metallic materials. (AD, STP 753, pp. 35-36, Philadelphia, PA, ASTM, 1982)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Gender Decision through Brain Economics
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Mrs. Mary Cecil ||, and Prof.Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay
Page No.	::	45-48
	::	10.9790/3021-03814548
		0.4/3021-03814548
		3021-0308-0148

The emergence of behavioural economics has certainly led to much greater realism in the description of human gender decision making. There is the common questions which arise commonly in minds. The human brain is a highly complex organ. Studies of perception, cognition, memory and neural functions have found apparent gender differences. In this paper we review how gender difference arose from brain structure.

 

Key Words: - WM, GM, Neuroscience and Grey matter

[1] Parent A, Carpenter MB. Carpenter‟s human neuroanatomy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins 1995.
[2] Cosgrove KP, Mazure CM, Staley JK. Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62: 847-55.
[3] Ho KC, Roessmann U, Straumfjord JV, Monroe G. Analysis of brain weight. II. Adult brain weight in relation to body height, weight, and surface area. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1980; 104(12): 640-5.
[4] Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Horton NJ, et al. Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by In vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11(6): 490-7.
[5] Allen JS, Damasio H, Grabowski TJ, Bruss J, Zhang W. Sexual dimorphism and asymmetries in the gray-white composition of the human cerebrum. NeuroImage 2003; 18: 880-94.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Evaluating the Compatibilities of Some Polymer Pairs, by Viscometry
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Arinze, R. U. ||, 2Eboatu, A. N. ||, Dioha, I. J. || Odinma, S. C.
Page No.	::	49-52
	::	10.9790/3021-03814952
		0.4/3021-03814952
		3021-0308-0152

Solutions of polymers were mixed in pairs of varying proportions. The flow times of the solution mixtures as well as those of the homopolymers were taken at room temperature. The theoretical values of the flow times of the mixtures were compared with the observed. The deviation from the two, monitors the extent of interaction between the polymer pairs, and is seen as: PVC: NR = PP: NR > PS: NR > PP: PVC > PS: PVC > PS: PP. Reasons are adduced to explain these observations.

 

Keywords: - Optimal interaction, Polymer blend, PP, PS, PVC.

[1]. A. N. Eboatu and S. M. Alhaji , Journal of Thermal Analysis, Vol.36, (1990), 2383-2390.
[2]. J. S. Orville. The Science and Technology of Polymer Films. John Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol.2, (1971), p.200
[3]. S. L. Davidson and N. A. Plate, Cord. Chem. Rev., Vol. 16, (1975), p.195
[4]. B. N. Bever. Polymer Blends Encyclopedia of Material Science and Engineering, (Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Vol.5, 1988) pp.3654-3659.
[5]. D. Bloor, R. J. Brook, M. C. Fleming and S. Mahajan, Polymer Blends. The Encyclopedia of Advanced Materials (Elsevier Science Ltd., Kidlington England, 1994) pp.2043-2047

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Formation and Pattern of Hexagonal Pyramid and Triangular Etch Pits and Relationship to Dislocation in Deformed Nickel Based Super Alloys
Country	::	Canada
Authors	::	Aezeden Mohamed
Page No.	::	53-57
	::	10.9790/3021-03815357
		0.4/3021-03815357
		3021-0308-0157

Two nickel-based super alloys, alloy I and alloy II, were annealed through heat treating and were heavily deformed under a dynamic load. After sectioning and sample preparation, both alloys were chemically etched with modified Kalling's II reagent. Microscopic observation revealed hexagonal pyramid and triangular etch pit formation. Results were compared to as received both alloys before loading. Possible explanations for etch pit formation are presented.

 

Keywords: - Dislocation, Etch Pits, Hexagonal Pyramid, Triangular.

[1]. M. S, Joshi, and A. S. Vagh, A selective etch method for studying structural defects in cultured quartz, Crystallography, 12, 1967, 656-659.
[2]. A. Sagar, and J. W. Faust, Discrepancies from a perfect match in the etch patterns on the opposite cleavage faces in Bi2Te3, Applied Physics, 38, 1967, 2240-2243.
[3]. E. V. Tsinzerling, and Z. A. Mironova, Revealing of dislocations in quartz by selective etch methods, Crystallography, 8, 1963, 117-120..
[4]. Y. C. Akgoz, and G. A. Saunders, Dislocation etch pits and growth of arsenic-antimony single crystals, Journal of Materials Science, 6, 1971, 395-402.

[5]. J. A. Medina, M. Morante, and S. Leguev, Some observations on the relationship between etch-pit form and structure in biotite, Clay Minerals, 20,1985, 263-271.