Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Review of Feature Selection Methods in Medical Image Processing
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Adegoke, B.O ||, Ola, B.O. ||, and Omotayo, M.E
Page No.	::	01-05
	::	10.9790/3021-04140105
	::	0.4/3021-04140105
		3021-0401-0405

This seminar reviews features selection method of medical image processing. How image is selected by using different types of method like: screening, scanning and selecting. We discussed on feature selection technique which is widely used for data mining and knowledge discovery and it allows elimination of (irrelevant/redundant) features, whilst retaining the underlying discriminatory information, feature selection implies less data transmission and efficient data mining. It emphasized the need for further research in the field of pattern recognition that can effectively determine the situation with captured portion of human body.

 

Keywords: - image processing, feature selection, medical image, screening, scanning, selecting.

[1] Dougherty G, (2010). Image analysis in medical imaging: recent advances in selected examples. Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal, 1-8.

[2] Loganathan R and Kumaraswamy, (2013). Performance Evaluation of Image Compression for Medical Image. Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering(IJCSE), 4(2), 138-143.

[3] Hana, B., Yunjo, L. Cheryl L. G and Morris M., (2013). Age-related dedifferentiation and Compensatory Changes in the functional network underlying face processing. Neurobiology of Aging, 34(12), 2759-2767.

[4] Thiemjarus .S, B. P. L. Lo, Laerhoven K.V and G. Z. Yang ,(2005). Feature Selection for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proc of 1st International Workshop on wearable and Implatable Body Sensors Networks.

[5] Guo-Zheng Li, Jie Yang, Guo-Ping Liu and Li Xue, (2004). Feature Selection for Multi-Class Problems Using Support Vector Machines. Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, 109-111.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	An Alternative Approach for Energy Efficient Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Rajni Kaushal ||, Avtar Singh Buttar
Page No.	::	06-11
	::	10.9790/3021-04140611
	::	0.4/3021-04140611
		3021-0401-0411

Time synchronization is an important aspect in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). They make wide use of synchronized time in many contexts like data fusion etc. Without synchronizing, the sensed data will lose valuable context. Existing time synchronization methods cannot be used with such wireless networks as at the time of their designing such networks were not foreseen. So either present synchronization techniques need to be extended to WSN or are to be approached in different way. While designing synchronizing algorithm, requirements of energy, cost, scope, scalability, lifetime of WSN should be kept in mind. In this paper different approach for time synchronization in sensor networks is presented. This paper proposes an improved algorithm used for WSN in fixed deployment scenario of nodes. The Proposed algorithm is compared with Reference-Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) synchronization technique. Simulation results and Performance analysis shows that compared with RBS synchronization algorithms, the proposed time synchronization algorithm takes shorter time for synchronizing whole network and is more energy efficient.

 

Keywords: - wireless sensor networks, time synchronization, synchronization algorithm, energy efficiency

[1] Hunaghai-ping, wangru-chuan, liu li, "Time synchronization algorithm of WSN based on data aggregation tree". July 2010, 17 (Suppl.):24–29- www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10058885
[2] Robert Akl Yanos Saravanos, "Hybrid energy aware synchronization algorithm in wireless sensor networks" (2007) The 18th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.
[3] J. Elson, L. Girod, and D. Estrin, "Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts," in UCLA Technical Report 020008, Feb. (2002). [Online]. Available: citeseer.nj.nec.com/elson02finegrained.html.
[4] Elson, J., and Estrin, D. (2001) "Time synchronization for wireless sensor networks". Proc. of the 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS).
[5] Ganeriwal, S., Kumar, R., and Srivastava, M. B. (2003) "Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks". Proc. of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Examination of the Availability and Relevancy of Transitional Programmes for Adolescents with Hearing Impairment in Schools in Bulawayo.
Country	::	Zimbabwe
Authors	::	Sibanda Patrick ||, and Nkala Printah Printer
Page No.	::	12-21
	::	10.9790/3021-04141221
	::	0.4/3021-04141221
		3021-0401-0421

This study sought to establish the availability and relevancy of transitional programmes for adolescents with hearing impairment in schools in Bulawayo. According to Lehmann, Ravies and Lourin (2003), there is no amount of modern special educational programming that would be complete without making reference to transition from school to community life. A descriptive survey design was employed in conducting the study while a questionnaire and face to face interviews were used in triangulation to elicit data. Data were presented in tables, and bar-charts and analysed using frequency counts, percentages, Likert Scale and descriptive summaries. The major findings of the study were that, while some vocational subjects were available and appeared relevant to the future needs of the adolescents with hearing impairment in schools in Bulawayo, the subjects were largely offered at theoretical level. There were no work experience and attachment arrangements save for one school which however relied on one local factory which was facing collapse at the time of the study. This made the transition programmes generally irrelevant to the real future lives of the adolescents. The study also found out that, the schools did not deliberately teach social skills to adolescent with hearing impairment often due to communication barriers. From the findings, the study concluded that what schools in Bulawayo regarded to be transition programmes were in effect isolated transition activities that hardly constituted a programme. In any case, these activities did not adequately prepare the adolescents with hearing impairment in schools in Bulawayo for adult life. The study went on to recommended staff development of school administrators and teachers in transition programming. The study also recommend work experience and attachment arrangements, multi-stakeholder participation, formulation of specific policies and improvement of resourcing of transition programmes for adolescents with hearing impairment in Bulawayo.

 

Keywords: - Adolescence; Transitional Programmes; Hearing Impairment
I. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

[1] Golberg, R.T (1984). Toward an Understanding of the Rehabilitation of the Disabled
[2] Adolescent. In Marineli, R.P. and dell Orto, A.E. (Eds. The Psychological and Social Impact of Physical Disability. New York : Springer Pub. Co.
[3] Hallahan, D.P. and Kauffman, J.M. (2000). Exceptional learners : Introduction to Special Education. (8th Ed.) Boston: Allyn and bacon.
[4] Hallahan, D.P.and Kauffman,J.M. (2000).Eceptional Learners :Introduction to special Education. (8th Ed).Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
[5] Hardman,M.L.,Drew,C.J. and Egan,M.W.(1999).Human Exceptionality:Society,School and Family.Boston:Allyn and Bacon.Jaffe, M.L.(1998).Adolescence. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Review on Factors Affecting Quality of B2C Website
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Tanushree Chauhan ||, Pankaj Dalal
Page No.	::	22-25
	::	10.9790/3021-04142225
	::	0.4/3021-04142225
		3021-0401-0425

There has been a phenomenal growth in e-commerce in last few years and it still growing. The most successful and experienced companies related to E-Commerce realize that key determinant of success and failure of any website are not merely a web presence or low price but the delivery on high quality websites along with its security. A framework and model is required to attain the desired quality of website. Evaluation criteria include design, security, usability and performance for websites etc. This paper provides a review based on different authors to establish Quality. The main goal are identifying factors through different research papers and categorizing these factors.

 

Keywords: - E-commerce, Quality, Security, Trustworthiness, Usability

[1] Pai, G.J.; Dugan, J.B.; Fraunhofer Inst., "Empirical Analysis of Software Fault Content and Fault Proneness Using Bayesian Methods", Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions Volume 33 Issue 10.
[2] Antonia Stefani and Michalis Xenos, "E-Commerce System Quality Assessment using a Model based on ISO 9126 and Belief Networks", Software Quality Journal, Volume 16, Number 1.
[3] Sunghun Kim, "Adaptive Bug Predictions by Analyzing Software History", University of California, Santa Cruz, 2006.

[4] A.Stefani, M. Xenos, "Meta-metric Evaluation of E-commerce-related Metrics", Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS) Volume 233, March 2009 Pages: 59-72.
[5] Mark A. Serva , John "Skip" Benamati, Mark A. Fuller, "A Trustworthiness in B2C E-Commerce: An Examination of Alternative Models", ACM SIGMIS Database, Volume 36 , Issue 3 , Summer 2005, 89 – 108

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	The Dimensions of 'Hunhu/Ubuntu'(Humanism in the African Sense): The Zimbabwean Conception
Country	::	Zimbabwe
Authors	::	Patrick Sibanda
Page No.	::	26-29
	::	10.9790/3021-04142629
	::	0.4/3021-04142629
		3021-0401-0429

'Hunhu/Ubuntu‟ forms the foundation of the African conception of humanism. This paper conceptualizes "hunhu/ubuntu‟ as a traditional African philosophy which thrives on the vision of a perfect and virtuous individual. It traces the emergence of "hunhu/ubuntu‟ as a common ground of consciousness that all Africans or Bantu tribes in Zimbabwe share (Kamalu,1990). Hunhu/Ubuntu is conceptualized as a symbol of African identity. A brief critique of "hunhu/ubuntu‟ as a communal and not an autonomous world view of humanness is provided. The paper also argues a case to show that lack of standardization of the dictates and the formalization of enculturation processes of "hunhu/ubuntu‟ are the core causes of the perceived lack of "hunhu/ubuntu‟ among the youths in Zimbabwe today. The generational gap and limited formal engagements on the dictates of hunhu/ubuntu between the adults and the youths of today could be the other causes. On these bases, the paper recommends the development of a flexible vision of "hunhu/ubuntu‟ as a function of nationhood, globalization and changing times through formal systems such as deliberate citizenship education.

 

Keywords: - Hunhu / Ubuntu (Humaness), Africanism

[1] Barrow, R. and Woods, R. (1988). An Introduction to Philosophy of Education. London : Routledge.
[2] Berry, J.W.; Poortinga, Y.P.; Segall, H.M. and Dasen, P.R. (1992). Cross-Cultural Psychology. Cambridge : University Press.
[3] Crick, B. (1999). The Presuppositions of Citizenship Education. Journal of Philosophy of Education. Vol. 33 No. 3 (Pgs 337-52).
[4] Dzobo, N.K. (1992). The Image of Man in Africa. In Wiredu, K. And Gyeke, K. (eds). Person and Community : Ghanaian Philosophical Studies. Washington D.C : The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
[5] Kamalu, C. (1990). Foundations of African Thought: A Worldview Grounded in the African Heritage of Religion, Philosophy, Science and Art. London : Karnak House.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A Numerical Study of Laminar Natural Convection Heat Transfer and Radiation from a Rectangular Vertical Fin Array – Quasi-3D approach
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr. P.V.J Mohan Rao
Page No.	::	30-35
	::	10.9790/3021-04143035
	::	0.4/3021-04143035
		3021-0401-0435

The problem of natural convection heat transfer from a vertical fin array is theoretically formulated by treating the adjacent internal fins as two fin enclosures. Three dimensional governing equations of mass, momentum and energy for the fluid in the two-fin enclosure together with the neat conduction equations in the fins are numerically solved using ADI method. The heat lost to the ambient fluid from the two end fins of the fin array is also computed separately. Heat transfer by radiation is also considered in the analysis. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data available in literature showing good agreement. The effects of system parameters such as the base temperature, fin height, fin spacing are studied on heat transfer rate and effectiveness of the vertical fin array. Results show that fin spacing is most significant parameter and there exists an optimum value for the fin spacing for which the heat transfer rate from the fin array is maximized. Results also show that higher heat transfer rates are obtained with vertical fin array of the same geometry. Study is limited to laminar convection only.

[1] Starner, K.E., Jr. McManus, (1963), "An experimental investigation of free convection heat transfer from rectangular fin arrays", J. Heat Transfer 85, 273 – 278.
[2] Charles D. Jones, Lester. F. Smith. (1970). "optimum arrangement of rectangular fins on horizontal surfaces for free convection heat transfer", ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, 92, 6 – 10.
[3] Manzoor, M., Inham, D.B. and Heggs, P.J., (1983) "The one dimensional analysis of fin assembly heat transfer", ASME J. Heat Transfer, 105, 645 = 651.
[4] Rammohan Rao, and Venkateshan, S.P., (1996), "Experimental study of free convection and radiation in horizontal fin arrays", Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 39, 779 – 789.
[5] Mobedi, M. and Yuncu, H., (2003), "A three dimensional numerical study on natural convection heat Transfer from short rectangular fin array", Springer – Verlag Heidelberg, Heat Mass transfer, 39, 267 – 275.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	On Non-Invariant Hypersurface with para 𝝓 ,𝒈 ,𝒖,𝒗,𝝀 −structure of P-Sasakian Manifold
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Vivekanand yadav ||, and Dhruwa Narain
Page No.	::	36-39
	::	10.9790/3021-04143639
	::	0.4/3021-04143639
		3021-0401-0439

The object of present paper is to study the hypersurface 𝑀 of a P-Sasakian manifold 𝑀 equipped with para 𝜙 ,𝑔 ,𝑢,𝑣,𝜆 −structure and investigated the results when 𝜙 ,𝑈,𝑉 are parallel fields. Some properties of normal para 𝜙 ,𝑔 ,𝑢,𝑣,𝜆 −structure also have been studied.

 

Keywords: - Hypersurface and P- Sasakian manifold. 2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: 53C25, 53C40, 53C10

[1] T. Adati : Hypersurface of almost para-contact Riemannian manifolds ,TRU(Math); 17(2) (1981),189-198.
[2] S. I. Goldberg and K. Yano: Non-invariant hyper surface of almost contact metric manifolds, J. Math Soc. Japan Vol.22, (1970), (25-30).
[3] Dhruwa Narain: Hypersurface with 𝑓,𝑔,𝑢,𝑣,𝜆 − structure of an affinely cosymplectic manifold, Indian Jour.Pure and Appl. Math. 20 No. 8 (1989), 799-803.
[4] Dhruwa Narain and B.B.Sinha : Hypersurface of almost para-contact metric manifold, Ind. Jour.of pure and App. Math Vol. 9(12),(1978) ),(1298-1304).
[5] Dhruwa Narain and Sachin Srivasatva :On the hyper surface of almost r-contact manifold journal of tensor society Vol.2, (2008), (67-74).

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Travelling wave solutions of a Reaction-Diffusion System: Slow Reaction and Slow Diffusion
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Shaker M. Rasheed ||, Hajar F. Ismail
Page No.	::	40-45
	::	10.9790/3021-04144045
	::	0.4/3021-04144045
		3021-0401-0445

In this paper we study the travelling wave solutions of a reaction-diffusion system with a slow reaction and a slow diffusion for one component. We use a semi-implicit method and finite element method (COMSOL software) for solving this system. We compare both methods and we found an excellent agreement between the solutions.

 

Keywords: - Reaction-Diffusion, Travelling wave solutions, Numerical methods

[1] J. Billingham and A.C. King, Wave Motion (Cambridge University Press, 2006).

[2] N. Britton, Reaction-diffusion equations and their applications to biology ( Academic Press INC. (London) LTD, 1986). [3] AB. Comsol, Introduction to COMSOL multiphysics ( Version 4.1, US, 2010).

[3] K. Gopalsamy, Exchange of equilibria in two species Lotka-Volterra competition Model,. The Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society, 24 (1982) 160–170.

[4] S.A. Gourley. Travelling front solutions of a nonlocal Fisher equation. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 41 (2000) 272–284. [5] K. Hardler and F. Rothe. Travelling fronts in nonlinear diffusion equations. Mathematical Biology, 2 (1975), 251–263.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Game Application Using Orientation Sensor
Country	::	Abroad
Authors	::	Soon-kak Kwon ||, Won-serk Jang
Page No.	::	46-50
	::	10.9790/3021-04144650
	::	0.4/3021-04144650
		3021-0401-0450

There are many mobile operating systems such as Android, ios, Tizen and many other smart phones are highly developed then the various features of each device was to be needed. As a result, each smart phone has Accelerometer Sensor, Ambient Temperature Sensor, Gravity Sensor, Gyroscope Sensor, Light Sensor, Magnetic Field Sensor, Orientation Sensor, Pressure Sensor, etc, which are used as an input device for smart phones. This paper presents an implementation method for the game application by using the orientation sensor. The proposed method utilizes three data, azimuth, pitch, roll from orientation sensor and then implements the App game which moves the character to the event to avoid the enemy and is scored according to collected events.

 

Keywords: - Orientation Sensor, App Game, Smart Phone

[1] C. Kendell and E. D. Lemaire, Effect of mobility devices on orientation sensors that contain magnetometers, Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 46( 7), 2009, 957-962.
[2] D. Gebre-Egziabher, R.C. Hayward, and J.D. Powell. Design of multi-sensor attitude determination systems, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 40(2), 2004. 627-649.
[3] N.H.Q. Phuong, H.-J. Kang, Y.-S. Suh, and Y.-S. Ro. A DCM based orientation estimation algorithm with an inertial measurement unit and a magnetic compass, Journal of Universal Computer Science, 15(4), 2009, 859-876.
[4] R. A. Hyde, L. P. Ketteringham, S. A. Neild, and R. J. S. Jones. Estimation of upper-limb orientation based on accelerometer and gyroscope measurements, IEEE Transactions Biomedical Engineering, 55(2), 2008, 746-754.
[5] M. A. Brodie, A. Walmsley, and W. Page. The static accuracy and calibration of inertial measurement units for 3D orientation, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 11(6), 2008, 641-648.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Development of Lemon and lime nectar at Mazoe Citrus Estate, Zimbabw
Country	::	Zimbabw
Authors	::	Matiashe I ||, Mahara P ||, Marume P
Page No.	::	51-60
	::	10.9790/3021-04145160
	::	0.4/3021-04145160
		3021-0401-0460

The main objective of this research study was to develop a palatable ready to drink fruit beverage which will be acceptable to consumers using lemon and lime concentrates. The aim of this research project is to help reduce the large stores of lemon concentrate in stock at Mazoe Citrus Estate since this company had been facing challenges of fermentation and gelation of the lemon concentrate due to long term storage. Three lemon and lime nectar samples (sample A, B, C) containing different juice percentages were developed using both qualitative and quantitative research designs. Through sensory evaluation by a panel of 20 respondents from Mazoe Citrus, Midlands State University Food Science department and residents of Senga, the most preferred nectar sample was identified. Sample C, which was the most preferred nectar sample was then tested for brix, pH, titratable acidity, pulp content, number of specks and microbes. The laboratory assessment results showed that the lemon and lime nectar conformed to the stipulated specifications of nectars and the lemon and lime nectar produced scored a shelf life of one month.

 

Keywords: - Beverage, Brix value, Nectar, Pulp

[1] Ahmed Jasim, Lobo Maria G and Ozadadi Ferhan (2012), Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Postharvest physiology Processing and Packaging, Wiley Publication, USA

[2] Ahurst P.R(2000),Production and Packaging of Non carbonated fruit juices and fruit beverages 2nd Edition, Aspen Publication , New York

[3] Bhattacharyya D K(2004), Research methodology 1st Edition, Excel Book Publisher, New Delhi , India

[4] Breakwell Glynis M, Hammond Sean and Fife-Shaw Chris(2006), Research Methods in Psychology 3rd Edition, Sage Publishers, London

[5] Byron (2004), A Drinking Life: A Memoir, Little, Brown and Company New York