Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Paper on Basbar Trunking System for Electrical Supply to Industrial & commercial Installation
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Prof. Burali Y.N ||, Prof. Patil M.B.
Page No.	::	01-12
	::	10.9790/3021-04160112
	::	0.4/3021-04160112
		3021-0401-0612

BusbarTrunking System is a prefabricated electrical distribution system consisting of busbars in a protective enclosure, including straight lengths, fittings, devices and accessories.

 

Keywords: – Busbar Trunking System, Wires, Modular Devices (MCB, ELCB, ELMCB, DB), HVAC control, Access control, Energy Monitoring System, Tap-off Unit.

[1] Electrical Standard Products Larsen & Toubro Limited Busbar Trunking System Catalog SP 50463.
[2] L&TElectrical&AutomationIEC60431&2:2005BSE N60439 1&2:2000 NZ34392:2002AS34392:1994 JISC8364.
[3] SIVACON 8PL Busbar Trunking System Catalog LV 79 · 2005, © Siemens AG 2005.
[4] Controls & Switchgear Co. Ltd. Bus Trunking System Catalog Division C - 59, Equipment is designed for low Voltage power distribution as per IEC 439(part 2), IS part 2).
[5] Busbar trunking system Catalog Siemens LV 71.T 2004BD2A/BD2C

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	A Review of Evolution comes in Non Volatile Semiconductor memories like SONOS with the role of high k-dielectric material
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Khyati Kandpal ||, Praneeta Malkani ||, Renu Nainwal ||, Shivani Saxena
Page No.	::	13-17
	::	10.9790/3021-04161317
	::	0.4/3021-04161317
		3021-0401-0617

SONOS type memories have many advantages of lower operating voltages, excellent endurance and compatibility with standard metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. However, data retention and operating speed are limitations in such kind of memories. This paper reviews the evolution comes in the basic architecture of non-volatile memory devices like MNOS,SNOS and SONOS with the purpose of using high k-dielectric material in each layer like tunneling layer, charge-trapping layer and blocking layer. Additionally, here we discuss different dielectric materials (HfO2 or Al2O3/oxy-nitride gate dielectrics) and their properties like bias-temperature instabilities, radiation response and annealing characteristics used in such kind of non-volatile semiconductor memories. This will help to understand the contributions of oxide, interface and border-trap charges in charge buildup. This literature survey can provide insight into the fundamental charge trapping properties of high-k dielectrics and help to predict the long-term radiation response and reliability of these devices.

 

Key Terms: - Al2O3, HfO2, High-k, MNOS, SNOS, SONOS.

[1] D. Khang and S.M. Sze, "A floating gate and its application to memory devices," Bell Sys.Tech.j.,vol. 46,p .1288,1967.

[2] H.A.R. Wegener, A.J. Lincoln, H.C. Pao, M.R. O. Connel and R.E. Oleksia ,"The variable threshold transistor, a new electrically alterable, non-destructive read-only storage device," IEDM Tech. Dig.,Washington,D.C.,1967.

[3] J.R. Cricchi, F.C. Blaha, and M.D. Fitzpatrick, "The drain-source protected MNOS memory device and memory endurance," IEEE IEDM Tech.Dig.,p.126, 1973.
[4] Y. Yatsuda, T. Hagiwara, S. Minami, R. Kondo, K. Uchida, and K. Uchiumi, "Scaling down MNOS nonvolatile memory devices," Jap.J.Appl.Phys. vol.21,S21-1, p.85, 1982.

[5] T. Hagiwara, Y. Yatsuda, S. Minami, S. Naketani, K. Ushida, and T. Yasui, "A 5V only 64k MNOS memory device for highly integrated byte erasable 5V only EEPROMs," IEEE IEDM Tech. Dig., p.733, 1982

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Optimization of Viscous Dampers with the Influence of Soil Structure Interaction on Response of Two Adjacent 3-D Buildings under seismic load
Country	::	Egypt
Authors	::	Ahmed Abdelraheem Farghaly
Page No.	::	18-27
	::	10.9790/3021-04161827
	::	0.4/3021-04161827
		3021-0401-0627

3D two adjacent buildings with different heights founded in different kinds of soil connected with viscous dampers, with especial arrangement in plane, were investigated. The soil for three different kinds of soil (stiff, medium and soft) were model as 3D Winkler model to give the realistic behavior of adjacent building connected with viscous dampers. The investigation is carried out to study the structural responses of two adjacent buildings connected with viscous dampers under various earthquake excitations taking in the account the effect of different kinds of soil beneath the buildings. The introduction of soil-structure interaction requires a mathematical model for the foundation and surrounding soil, use SAP2000n to model the system. A range of soil properties and soil damping characteristics are chosen which gives broad picture of connected structure system behavior on influence of soil-structure interaction. Its conclusion that the response of connected structures system founded on soft soil are more critical than those founded on stiff soil. The behavior of connected structures is different from those with fixed base bigger by nearly 20%, and the efficiency of viscous dampers connecting the two adjacent buildings is reduced by nearly 25% less than those founded on stiff soil.

 

Key words: - 3D analysis – Adjacent buildings – Viscous damper – Couple buildings – SSI – Connecting adjacent building with viscous damper – optimum number of dampers.

[1] Ahmed Abdelraheem Farghaly and Hamdy Hessain Ahmed, (2013) "Contribution of Soil-Structure Interaction to Seismic Response of Buildings", KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 17(5):959-971.
[2] Bharti S., Dumne S., and Shrimali M. (2010) "Seismic response analysis of adjacent buildings connected with MR dampers". Engineering Structures, 32(8), 2122:2133.
[3] Computers and Structures, I. (2007) SAP2000: Integrated finite element analysis and design of structures, Berkeley, CA.
[4] Hadi, M. N. S. and Uz, M. E. (2009) "Improving the dynamic behaviour of adjacent buildings by connecting them with fluid viscous dampers", 2nd International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Island of Rhodes, Greece, 280.
[5] Hou, C. Y. (2008) "Fluid dynamics and behaviour of nonlinear viscous fluid dampers", Journal of Structural Engineering, 134(1), 56-63.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	PH effect microbial corrosion of Corten steel and Carbon steel in oily waste water with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Country	::	Iran
Authors	::	Hamidreza Mansouri ||, Seyed Abolhasan Alavi ||, Reza Javaherdashti ||, Hossein Esmaili ||, Hamed Mansouri ||, Asadollah Kariman
Page No.	::	28-32
	::	10.9790/3021-04162832
	::	0.4/3021-04162832
		3021-0401-0632

Microbial corrosion of Corten steel and Carbon steel in oily waste water is investigated in three different PH. Used culture is provided from natural oily waste water and Nutrient Broth culture. Then bacterium is inoculated to culture and electrochemical analyze is done after two weeks. Results show that biofilm doesn't form completely in acidic media, so in these media, medium affect steel directly. In addition, Corten steel has different behavior against bacteria in comparison with Carbon steel because of having Cu in its composition.

 

Keywords: - Microbial Corrosion, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Corten steel, Carbon Steel, Stainless steel

[1] S. E. Coetser,T. E. Cloete; Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems, Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 31(2005)213–232.
[2] Tingyue Gu, New Understandings of Biocorrosion Mechanisms and their Classifications, J Microbial Biochem Technol (2012) 4:4
[3] Iwona B Beech, Jan Sunner, Biocorrosion: towards understanding interactions between biofilms and metals,
[4] Reza Javaherdashtia, R.K. Singh Ramanb, C. Panterc, E.V. Perelomad, Microbiologically assisted stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in mixed and pure cultures of sulfate reducing bacteria, Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 58 (2006) 27–35
[5] Reza Javaherdashti, Impact of sulphate-reducing bacteria on the performance of engineering materials, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 91 (2011)1507–1517

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effect of Site Specific Drip Fertigation on Yield of Chilli
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr. Abdul Hakkim, V.M.
Page No.	::	33-41
	::	10.9790/3021-04163341
	::	0.4/3021-04163341
		3021-0401-0641

Two test plots, one from high fertility zone and one from low fertility zone were identified and delineated with the help of GPS for raising the test crop. Soil samples were collected from the experimental sites one month before planting. The samples were analyzed for available N, P and K. Site specific nutrient recommendations were made using the Decision Support System for Integrated Fertilizer Recommendation (DSSIFER) software (Murugappan et al. 2004) for optimum yield. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of site specific drip fertigation in completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments and four replications. Hybrid chilli (hot line) was used as the test crop. Package of practices were carried out as per the recommendations. Relevant observations on growth parameters at periodic intervals and yield parameters of chilli were recorded and economics viz., gross return, net return and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) were calculated. Drip irrigation was scheduled daily (24 hrs) and once in two days (48 hrs) based on the treatments with the computed quantity of water. Phosphorous was applied as one basal dose and two top dressings in the form of super phosphate in three split doses (basal, 30 DAP and 60 DAP). Nitrogen and potassium were applied through fertigation system. Fertigation was done once in five days starting from 15 DAP up to 150 DAP. The highest total green fruit yield was recorded under the treatment site specific drip fertigation with daily drip irrigation for low fertility area, whereas there was no significant difference between the total yield under the treatments site specific drip fertigation and recommended dose drip fertigation along with daily drip irrigation for high fertility area. The different yield parameters like fruit length, fruit girth, fruit weight and number of fruits per plant also varied in the same trend as that of total green fruit yield. In case of low fertility area, highest BCR was obtained for the treatment site specific drip fertigation and daily drip irrigation (2.42) followed by the treatment site specific drip fertigation and alternate day drip irrigation (2.25). The lowest BCR was obtained under the treatment with manual application of fertilizer and alternate day drip irrigation (1.91). In case of high fertility area, corresponding values of BCR were 2.47. 2.43 and 2. 17 respectively.

[1] Hagin, J. and A. Lowengart. 1995. Fertigation for minimizing environmental pollution by fertilizers. Fertilizer Research. Kluwer Academic Publishers 1995/1996. 43(1/3): 127-130.
[2] Magen, H. 1995. Fertigation: An overview of some practical aspects. Fert. News, 40 (12): 97-100.
[3] Murugappan, V., Bhaskaran, A., Murugesaboopathy, P., Natesan, R., Santhi, R. and Jagadeeswaran, R. 2004. Decision Support System for Integrated Fertilizer Recommendation (DSSIFER) – A management technology released during 2004. Publisher: Directorate of Publications, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. No. 20/2004 : 39-40.
[4] Palaniappan. S. P. 1985. Cropping systems in the tropics- Principles and Management. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, p. 215.
[5] Panse, V.G. and P.V. Sukhatme. 1978. Statistical method for agricultural workers, II Edn. ICAR, New Delhi, India. Prabhakar, M. and S.S. Hebbar. 1999. Micro irrigation and fertigation in capsicum and tomato. In proc. of National Seminar on Problems and prospects of micro irrigation – A critical appraisal held on Nov. 19-20, 2000 at Bangalore, : 60-68.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Response the Cylindrical Elevated Wheat Storage Silos to Seismic Loading
Country	::	Egypt
Authors	::	Hamdy H.A.Abd el-Rahim
Page No.	::	42-55
	::	10.9790/3021-04164255
	::	0.4/3021-04164255
		3021-0401-0655

The elevated cylindrical storage silos are lifeline structures and strategically very important, since they have vital use in industries. Silos are special structures subjected to many different unconventional loading conditions, which result in unusual failure modes. In addition silos are cantilever structures with the material stacked up very high vertically. The earthquake response of silo structures for the storage of bulk solids differs for elevated silos and silos supported directly on the ground. The walls of different type of silos are subject to earthquake loads from the stored mass, and these may substantially exceed the pressures from filling and discharge. The assessment of horizontal action of ensiled material due to seismic vent seems to be particular interest. This paper is concerned with the earthquake response of these structures, which has received little attention to date. A cylindrical silo wall and bulk solid is modeled by three dimensional finite solid l elements. The interaction effect between the silo wall and bulk solid is taking account by using the nonlinear approach proposed by Duncan and Chang. A then interface layer proposed by Desia is applied to describe the phenomena taking place on the surface between the granular material and silo wall. Coulomb's friction low was used for modeling of wall friction. An incremental iterative finite element technique is applied for dynamic analysis of wheat silos using SAP2000 structural software package. In this research seven reinforced concrete silo models with different height to diameter ratios were studied and analyzed in time history by using earthquake acceleration 0.5g applied to silos models. The resulting finite element silo pressures as the silo is full with and without earthquake excitation are compared with theoretical filling and discharging pressure. The result obtained revealed that the elevated silos response is highly influenced by the earthquake characteristics and is depending on the height to diameter ratio. Also the findings indicate that the squat silo (large diameter and height) are more resistance to the earthquake and more economical. The seismic responses of the elevated wheat silo such as top displacement, normal forces, shearing forces and bending moments in silo support have been assessed for earthquake records.

 

Keywords: - seismic behaviour,bulk and granular solids,time history analysis,filling,discharging,wheat silos

[1] Bandyopadhyay K, Cornell A, Costantino C, Kennedy R, Miller C, Veletsos A. (1995),"Seismic design and evaluation guidelines for the Department of Energy high-level waste storage tanks and appurtenances", Department of Advanced Technology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Associated Universities.
[2] Bechtoula, H., and Ousalem, H. (2005), "The 21 May 2003 Zemmouri (Algeria) earthquake damages and disaster responses", J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 3(1), 161–174.
[3] CSI, 2005. SAP2000, "Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of Structures", Advanced9.1.4, Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, California.
[4] Desai C.S., Zaman M.M., J.G. Lightner, H.J. Siriwardane (1984), "Thin-layer element for interfaces and joints", International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 8 19–43.
[5] Dogangun, A., Karaca, Z., Durmus, A., Sezen, H. (2009), "Cause of Damage and Failures in Silo Structures", Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities ASCE, Vol. March-April. P. 65-71

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Accurate Calculation of Harmonics/Inter-Harmonics of Time Varying Load
Country	::	India
Authors	::	A. K. Baliarsingh ||, I. Sihal ||, N. R. Samal ||, G. C. Martha ||, A. K. Mangaraj
Page No.	::	56-59
	::	10.9790/3021-04165659
	::	0.4/3021-04165659
		3021-0401-0659

Between the harmonics of the power frequency voltage and current, further frequencies can be observed which are not integers of the fundamental. Totally eliminate the unacceptable spectra linkage error in the frequency domain caused by time domain signal. Using adaptive window with the numerical method is for exact calculation of harmonics/inter-harmonics components. This method adaptively adjusts the window width based on correlation calculation. The iterative algorithm does not require any knowledge without the system frequency. The only parameter needed is the signal sequence obtained by sampling the analog signal at equidistant sampling interval.

[1] R. C.Dugan , M. F. McGranagnan ,S. Santoso ,Electrical Power Systems Quality,New York:Mcgraw-Hill ,2003.
[2] Mattaveli P,Fellin L,Bordignon P,Perna M:Analysis of interharmonics in dc arc furnace installations,8th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power,Athens,Greece,october14-16,1998.
[3] EN 50160:1999-Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied in public distribution systems.
[4] R. W. Ramirez, The FET. Fundamental and Concepts ,Englewood Cliffs ,Nj:Prentice-Hall,1985.
[5] E . Q. Brigham, The Fast Fourier Transform and its application, Englewood Cliffs, Nj. Prentice-Hall,1988.