Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Performance of the 6th Derivative Gaussian UWB Pulse Shape in IEEE802.15.3a Multipath Fading Channel
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	Nadir M. Abd Elaziz || Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi || Mustafa A. Hassan
Page No.	::	01-12
	::	10.9790/3021-041220112
	::	0.4/3021-041220112
		3021-0412-0212

this paper demonstrates performance comparison between two Ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse shapes in the IEEE802.15.3a channel model using different RAKE Receiver types in presence of Multiple-User-Interference (MUI). System models used in this paper are based on both Direct-Sequence (DS) and Time-Hopping (TH) as spreading techniques for the UWB Pulses. UWB System presented in this paper studied in the presence of MUI and Gaussian-Noise using RAKE Receiver with different number of RAKE Fingers. The analysis and simulation has been run using two types of narrow (Sub-nanoseconds) UWB Pulse Shapes with same power; first- the second derivative of UWB Gaussian pulse ( Gaussian Doublet), and second- the 6th derivative of UWB Gaussian pulse which is the Main Case-study concerns this paper. The analysis and results show and clarify that both; the used UWB pulse-shape and also the number of RAKE fingers has an obvious impact on the SNR and consequently the BER performance in the IEEE802.15.3a channel model. Finally, the paper conclude that the proposed 6th derivative UWB pulse is more suitable for both; fulfilling the FCC power regulation requirements, and BER performance in MUI environment since increasing derivative order consequently increases the peak emission frequency but decreases signal Bandwidth.

Index Terms: Bit-Error-Rate (BER), Direct-Sequence (DS), Federal-Communication-Commission (FCC), Multiple-User-Interference (MUI), Signal-to Noise-Ratio (SNR), Time-Hopping (TH), Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Power-Spectral-Density (PSD), Channel Model (CM).

[1]. Ian Oppermann, Matti Hamalainen "UWB Theory and Applications," Book, pp. 15–80.
[2]. M.Ghavami, L.B.Michael "Ultra-Wideband Signals and Systems in Communication Engineering," Book, pp. 26–113.
[3]. Amer Nezirovic, "Parameter Optimization in UWB Impulse Radio for Single User Scenario". New York, Master Thesis 2009, ch.2,3, 4.
[4]. B. M.Mezzour, "Direct Sequence UWB performance over STDL " paper Journal, vol.3.
[5]. Andreas F. Molisch, "UWB Wireless Channels – Propagation Aspects and Interplay with System Design" IEEE Trans. Vol.4 2010.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Amplitude Modulation Laser Diode with swept Frequency analysis of samples
Country	::	Mexico
Authors	::	Ríos Medellín Manuel Alfonso || Jaime Hugo Puebla Lomas || José Luis Hernández Aguilar
Page No.	::	13-17
	::	10.9790/3021-041221317
	::	0.4/3021-041221317
		3021-0412-0217

This paper presents the design of a system with the ability to control the frequency with which they are stimulated laser diodes used to analyze samples in any physical states. It is common that the modulation of the laser diode is performed in amplitude, this for the analysis of samples using photothermal techniques. Our system was developed considering the electrical characteristics of each of the laser diodes such as current operating power, wavelength and operating voltage. We developed a kind of driver, with it is possible the amplitude modulation of the, but at the same time performing a frequency sweep of this, this without neglecting the optical power of each of the laser diodes used, and to ensure that the beam from each diode is suitable for this application. We take the design´s driver of the bipolar transistor configuration that allows the current flowing through the base of the transistor is that encourages each of the laser diodes, this applied separately to each diode used.

Keywords: Amplitude, Frequency, Laser, Modulation Photothermal.

[1] Optimized configuration of the pyroelectric sensor metal electrodes in the photopyroelectric technique. issn: 0946-2171, r. ivanov, c. araujo, e. i. martínez ordoñez y e. marín, applied physics b: lasers and optics, vol.110, pag.65-71, revistas indizadas.
[2] Shifting to the red the absorption edge in tio2 films: a photoacoustic study, f. gordillodelgado, k. villa-gómez y e. marín, superficies y vacío, vol.24, pag.20-23, revistas indizadas.
[3] On the modulation frequency dependence of the photoacoustic signal for a metal coatedglass-liquid system, e. marín, g. vera-medina, a. garcía, a. calderón, central european journal of physics, vol.8, pag.634-638, revistas indizadas.
[4] V ; Chirtoc, M. ; Wubbenhorst, M.R. ; de Wit, J.H.W." Photothermal imaging of localized delamination between organic coatings and metallic substrates using a scanning photopyroelectric microscope" Journal of Applied Physics Vol.93, Issue:4. I.
[5] Aplicación de la técnica fotoacústica resuelta en tiempo al monitoreo de la fotosíntesis en plantas de lirio acuático, a. cardona, r. abdelarrague, g. peña rodríguez, marin, e. y calderón, a., respuestas (issn 0122-820x), vol.3, pag.5-12, revistas arbitradas.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Programming (FPGA) Platform Control for Petrol Pumping
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	Hani Mohammed Moqbel Saleh || Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi
Page No.	::	18-21
	::	10.9790/3021-041221821
	::	0.4/3021-041221821
		3021-0412-0221

the field programmable gate array (fpga) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured after manufacturing. The fpga configuration is generally specified using a verilog hardware description language (vhdl), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (asic). Fpgas can be used to implement any logical function that an asic could perform. Fpgas contain programmable logic components called "logic blocks", and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that allows the blocks to be "wired together"—somewhat like many (changeable) logic gates that can be inter-wired in (many) different configurations . Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational functions, or merely simple logic gates . In most fpgas, the logic blocks also include memory elements, which may be simple flip-flops or more complete blocks of memory. There are numerous options for designers in selecting a hardware platform for custom electronics design, ranging from embedded processors, application specific integrated circuits (asics), programmable microprocessor, fpgas to programmable logic devices (plds). The decision to choose a specific technology such as an fpga should depend primarily on the design requirements. Therefore, if the hardware requirements require a higher level of performance, then the fpga offers a suitable level of performance. [4] The definition of the behavior of the fpga is performed by programming it by a very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language (vhdl).[1] This paper deals with using the fpga as a means for petrol pumping .the embedded system based on the fpga is programmed to offer safe pumping .the fpga senses the conditions of the petrol pumping pipes in order to offer secure pumping .wireless smart sensors are mounted on the petrol pumping pipe. The aim of the design is to mainly avoid pipes damage or explosion due to mal functions of pumping.

Keywords: fpga , vhdl , asic , pld , embedded system , petrol pumping , smart sensors.

[1]. Volnei A. Pedroni, Circuit Design with VHDL, MIT press, Massachusts,2004.
[2]. Peng Zhang, Industrial Control Tecnology,William Andrew, N. Y., 2008.
[3]. ISE Simulator (ISim), UG682(v1.0), 2009.
[4]. Deming.C, Jason.C, and Peichan. P, " FPGA Design Automation: A Survey", now Publishers In, (2006).
[5]. Stephen .B and Zvonko.V,"Fundamental of Digital logic with VHDL Design",McGrow Hil,(2005)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Development of Models for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Fluidized Bed Reactor Using Four-Lump Kinetic Scheme
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Dagde, Kenneth Kekpugile || Akpa, Jackson Gunorubon
Page No.	::	22-31
	::	10.9790/3021-041222231
	::	0.4/3021-041222231
		3021-0412-0231

Models' describing the steady state behavior of the fluidized bed reactor for catalytic cracking of gas oil has been presented. The four-lump kinetic scheme was used to describe the cracking reactions occurring in the reactor while the two-phase hypothesis comprising of the bubble and the emulsion phases of Kunii and Levenspiel was used to describe the fluidized bed models. The model equations consisted of sets of non linear first order differential equations and sets of quadratic equations. The differential equations were integrated numerically using the fourth order Runge-Kutta algorithm while the quadratic equations were solved using formulae method. Results predicted by the model were validated using data obtained from a operating plant, deviations of -21.99%, 9.85%, 5.27%, and 4.12% were obtained for the conversion of gas oil, yields of gasoline, gases and coke respectively. The results shows that plug flow- plug flow combination of the fluidized bed gave a higher conversion of gasoil than the plug flow-CSTR model. Sensitivity analyses showed that superficial velocity, bubble diameter, catalyst bed height, reactor temperature, catalyst-to-gasoil ratio and the diameter of reactor are important process variables that affect the yield of the products.

Keywords: Gasoil cracking, Four-lump kinetics, Reactor model.

[1] D. Kunii and O. Levenspiel,Fluidization Engineering, 2nd Edition, Butterworth, Heinemann, Boston London, 1991, 459 – 474.
[2] J. S. Ahari, A. Farshi, and K. Forsat) A Mathematical Modelling of the Riser Reactor in Industrial FCC unit, Petroleum and Coal, 50 (2) , 2008, 15-21.
[3] H. Ali, S. Rohani and J. P. Corriou, Modeling and Control of a Riser type fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) Unit, Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers. 75: 1997, 401 – 417.
[4] In-Su Han, and C. B. Chung, Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of a Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Process Part 11: Chemical Engineering Science, 56: 2001, 1973-1990.
[5] E. O. Oboho, and J. G. Akpa, Modelling of a Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Riser Reactor – The Four-lump Model, Journal of Modelling, Design and Management of Engineering Systems, 1: 2002, 39 – 52.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Arabic Inquiry-Answer Dialogue Acts Annotation Schema
Country	::	Cairo
Authors	::	AbdelRahim A. Elmadany|| Sherif M. Abdou|| Mervat Gheith
Page No.	::	32-36
	::	10.9790/3021-041223236
	::	0.4/3021-041223236
		3021-0412-0236

We present an annotation schema as part of an effort to create a manually annotated corpus for Arabic dialogue language understanding including spoken dialogue and written "chat‟ dialogue for inquiry-answer domain.The proposed schemahandlesmainly the request and response acts that occurs frequently in in-quiry-answerdebate conversations expressing request services, suggests, and offers. We applied the proposed schema on 83 Arabic inquiry-answerdialogues.

[1]. S. Carraher and A. Doerr, "A Six Continent Study of Customer Service," Proceedings of Academy of Marketing Studies, vol. 17, 2012.
[2]. J. Austin, How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.
[3]. A. Stolcke, K. Ries, N. Coccaro, E. Shriberg, R. Bates, D. Jurafsky, P. Taylor, R. Martin, C. V. Ess-Dykema, and M. Meteer, "Dialogue Act Modeling for Automatic Tagging and Recognition of Conversational Speech," Computational Linguistics, vol. 26, pp. 339-373, 2000.
[4]. A. Anderson, M. Bader, E. Bard, E. Boyle, and G. Doherty, "The HCRC Map Task Corpus," Language and Speech, vol. 34, pp. 351-366, 1991.
[5]. W. Wahlster, Verbmobil: Foundations of Speech-To-Speech Translation: Springer, 2000.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Research on saturation computation model and parameter determination methods for low permeability reservoirs with high mud
Country	::	China
Authors	::	Wei Zhang || Jianfeng Zhang || Haibo Jiang
Page No.	::	37-44
	::	10.9790/3021-041223744
	::	0.4/3021-041223744
		3021-0412-0244

Gulong oilfield lies in the intersection of provenance of western peripheral Song liao Basin, where the reservoir permeability is low and the mud and calcic is high, resulting in the complicated calculation in water saturation. The common saturation computation model for shaly reservoirs can not get a better application in the field scale development due to more parameters .Based on the classic Archie formula, the formula of water saturation for the shale and calcareous reservoirs is derived to fit for field scale development，and the obtaining value methods of change value which is related to formation depth and porosity are respectively established guided by geochemical field theory and classification statistics at the same time aiming at two difficulties, which are the value of formation water resistivity in the Archie formula is difficult to obtain and the rock-electro parameters are greatly affected by pore structure. The relative error of the result of the established model is 5.38% compared with the actual sealing core data, and the effect is good. It is shown that the model and the parameter value decision methods have guiding significance in scale development for low permeability reservoirs with high mud and calcic content.

Keywords: Saturation; Archie formula; Formation water resistivity; Rock-electro parameters; Geochemical field theory.

[1] Archie G E. The Electrical Resistivity Log as An Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics [J]. Trans.AIME, 1942, 146.
[2] Patnode H W, Wyllie M R J. The Presence of Conductive Solids in Reservoir Rock as A Factor in Electric Log Interpretation [J]. Trans. AIME, 1950, 189: 47~52.
[3] Wyllie M R J and Southwick P F. An experimental investigation of the S.P. and resistivity phenomena in dirty sands[J]. Trans. AIME, 1954, 201: 43~56.
[4] Poupon A, Leveaux J. Evaluation of Water Saturations in Shaly Formations[C]. SPWLA 12th Annual Logging Symposium, 1971, Paper O.
[5] Waxman M H and Smits L J M. Electrical conductivities in oil-bearing shaly sands[J]. SPEJ, 1968, 8: 107~122.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Toxicity of Ammonia in Hemoglobin content to Freshwater Fish Cyprinus carpio (Common carp)
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Y. Thangam, M. Perumayee|| S. Jayaprakash|| S. Umavathi|| S.K.Basheer
Page No.	::	45-48
	::	10.9790/3021-041224548
	::	0.4/3021-041224548
		3021-0412-0248

Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the toxicity of ammonia in the blood of freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Changes in the haemoglobin content of fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration of ammonia for 35 days were presented in Table 4 and figure. 3. During the above exposure period a biphasic trend was observed in the present study. The hemoglobin was decreased from 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days showing a percent decrease of -15.948, -11.809, -13.483, -12.621, -10.204. However, hemoglobin was declined showing a minimum percent decrease of -10.204 at the end of the treatment period (35th day) and a maximum percent decrease of -15.948 at the end of 7th day.

Key words: Ammonia, Cyprinus carpio, Hemoglobin..

[1]. Abdel – Tawwab, M., Mousa, M.A.A., Abbass, Ff., 2007a. Growth Performance And Physiological Respons Of Affrican Carfish, Clarias Gariepin Fed Fed Organic Selenioum Prior To The Exporsure To Environmental Copper Toxicity. Aquaculture, 272(1-4), 335-345.32.
[2]. Adhikari.S., Sarkar, B., Chatterjee, A., Mahapatra, C .T., Ayyappan, S., 2004. Effects Of Cypermethrin And Carbofuran On Certain Hematological Paramenters And Predication Of Their Recovery In A Freshwater Teleost: Labeo Rohita (Hamilton). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 58.220-226.
[3]. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 185. In: Standard Methods For The Examination Of Water And Waste(16th Eds). American Public Health Asssociation Public Health Assciation, Washington, USA.
[4]. Avilez, I. M., Altran, A. E., Aquiar, I. H., Moraes, G., 2004. Hematological Responses Of The Neotropical Teleost Matrinxa (Brycon Cephalus) To Environmental Nitrite. Compp. Biochem. Physiol. C.135-139.
[5]. Busova, M., Stancelova, K., 2013. Study Of The Adaptation Process In Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) After Harvesting. Jou. Micro. Biotech. Food Sci. 1(194-204).

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	GSM Based Remote Control Design for LCD Publicity Display
Country	::	udan
Authors	::	Noaman AbdElnou AbdElrahim|| Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi
Page No.	::	49-53
	::	10.9790/3021-0412249053
	::	0.4/3021-0412249053
		3021-0412-0253

Abstract: The paper deals with the design of remote control system based on Short Message Service (SMS) for displaying publicity on Liquid Crystal Display (LCD's). The control center is supplied with Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) for SMS transmission and reception. The GSM receiver is connected to a microcontroller which decodes the messages and accordingly sends commands. The microcontroller issues orders to display advertisements as required by the message. The control system includes two separate units; the control center and the control unit. Therefore there are two operating environments. The control center operates indoors whereas the control unit operates outdoors .The indoors electronic devices are within the temperature and humidity limits for proper operation of the hardware. The outdoor units must be fully enclosed and protected from the climate changes for the safety of the hardware

Key words:microcontroller, LCD, GSM, SMS, publicity, Control center, Control unit.

[1]. Mazidi Muhammed Ali, The 8051 microcontroller and Embedded system, Prentic Hall, 2007
[2]. Sedra and Smith, Microelectronic circuits, Fourth edition, Oxford university Press, 2006
[3]. R. S. Sedha, A text Book of Applied Electronics, Chad and company Ltd, New Delhi, 2002
[4]. Theodre S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Second Edition, PHI, New Delhi, 2004
[5]. © MSC Electronic, BASCOM – AVR, Help Reference V1.11.8.3, 2006
[6]. Jan Axelson, Microcontroller idea book, Copy right 1999
[7]. Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices 2nd Edition, Merill Publishing company, 2003
[8]. SIM900_AT Command Manual_ V1.03 / SIM Com / A company of SIM Tech- SHanghi SIM Com wireless solution Ltd. 2010.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Physicochemical Characterization of Gum Exuded From Prosopis Cineraria and Prosopis Glandulosa Species of Thar Desert Pakistan
Country	::	Pakistan
Authors	::	Kousar parveen|| A. G.M.Vasandan|| G. Zuhra Memon|| Fahmida Memon|| M. A. Moghal
Page No.	::	54-60
	::	10.9790/3021-0412254060
	::	0.4/3021-0412254060
		3021-0412-0260

Abstract: Prosopis cineraria and prosopis glandulosa torryana wildly growing trees in Thar Desert Pakistan exude gum in appreciable quantities. The climatic conditions of desert catalyze gum exudation from trees and may affect their quality characteristics. No research work has been carried out to characterize these valuable gums and evaluate their potential for commercial exploitation. In the present study 135 samples (16kg) of P.glandulosa gum and 87 samples (9kg) of P.cineraria gum were collected and studied for their physicochemical properties. P. cineraria gum was sorted in three classes as amber, light yellow having dull luster and transparent golden yellow shades. P.glandulosa gum samples were sorted as dark brown and light brown samples. Among the physicochemical characteristics studied, moisture content of all classes of gums varied between 8-14%, ash 3-9%, protein 10 -21%, insoluble matter 0.8 - 1.9%, and the tannin content of transparent golden yellow samples of p.cineraria gum as 0.3-0.6%. The tannin content p. glandulosa was found to be fairly high making it unsuitable substitute of gum for food applications. All the samples were found to be dextrorotary and showed lower pH values. The intrinsic viscosity of gum samples ranged between 10.6-13.6 ml/g and the values were used to calculate viscosity average molecular weight of gum samples. All the samples were found to be rich in amino acid content having Hydroxyproline between 300-380, tyrosine 270-326, aspartic acid 170-210, and serine 170-195 residues per 10000 residues. Cationic composition of ash of gum samples revealed calcium magnesium sodium and potassium as major cations whereas no presence of toxic metals lead cadmium and mercury was detected. Comparative assessment of data indicated that P.cineraria gum was of better quality as compared to that of P. glandulosa and that the application of classification procedure has marked effect on gum quality and potential to make p. cineraria gum as suitable substitute of gum arabic.

Key words: Chemical characterization, Prosopis gum, prosopis glandulosa, prosopis cineraria

[1]. N. Amos, Plant gum exudates of the world, (Taylor Francis Group Boca Raton, London, 2010).
[2]. R. Whistler, J. BeMiller, Industrial Gums (Ed), Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives, 3, (Academic press, San Diego,1993) 339- 355.
[3]. D. Verbeken, S. Dierckx, & K. Dewettinck, Exudate gums: Occurrence, production and applications, Appl
[4]. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 63,2003, 10 – 21. M. Islam, G. O. Phillips, A. Sljivo, M. J. Snowden, & P. A. Williams, A review of recent developments on the regulatory structural and functional aspects of gum Arabic, Food hydrocolloids, 11,1997, 493-505..

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Radar Echo Signal Multipath Fading
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	Nadir M. Abd Elaziz || Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi || Mustafa A. Hassan
Page No.	::	61-66
	::	10.9790/3021-0412261066
	::	0.4/3021-041226106
		3021-0412-0266

Abstract: Multipath propagation is a fact of life in any terrestrial radio scenario. While the direct or line of sight path is normally the main wanted signal, a radar receiver will receive many signals resulting from the signal taking a large number of different paths. These paths may be the result of reflections from buildings, mountains or other reflective surfaces including water, etc. that may be adjacent to the main path. Additionally other effects such as ionosphere reflections give rise to multipath propagation as does tropospheric ducting .The multipath propagation resulting from the variety of signal paths can give rise to interference in a variety of ways including distortion of the signal, loss of data and multipath fading. This paper deals with the processing of the received signals in the radar receiver in order to minimize the effects of the multipath signals. The line-of-sight (LOS) echo is considered the main signal to represent the target.

Key words:Radar , multipath propagation , fading , line of sight path , target

[1]. Barnett, \LT., "Multipath Propagation at 4, 6 and 11 GHz", HSTJ,51,2, pp.321-361, Feb. 1972.. [2]. Skolnick, M.I., Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
[3]. Balanis, C.A., Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, John Wiley & Sons, 1989. Template:Author= SciTech Publishing.
[4]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation (2008). "A Method to Measure Radar Cross Section Parameters of Antennas".. [5]. Francesco Bandiera, Danilo Orlando, and Giuseppe Ricci, Advanced Radar Detection Schemes Under Mismatched Signal Models, Morgan & Claypool, 2009. [6]. .Fred E. Nathanson and J. Patrick Reilly, 1999, Radar Design Principles, McGraw-Hill.