Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Analysis And Modeling Of GSM/EDGE Mobile Communication System
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Osama Ali Abdullah || Asaad M. Jassim Al-Hindawi
Page No.	::	01-14
	::	10.9790/3021-041203010014
	::	0.4/3021-041203010014
		3021-0412-0314

In this study, Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) mobile communication system is analyzed and modeled assuming to operate in both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and Rayleigh fading channel. A MATLAB software package is developed to simulate extensively the EDGE system. The system analysis takes into account channel coding, modulation type, interleaving and burst building, multipath channel effect, channel estimation, and detection process. The modeled system is simulated and tested for AWGN channel and 6-path of Rayleigh fading channel and the simulation results indicate clearly that the eye opening of the received signal decreases as the Signal to Noise Ratio SNR decreases and this effect is more pronounced in the presence of fading channel. It is also noted that, to obtain the same eye diagram for both transmitted and received signals, the SNR values needed at the receiver are 40 dB and 60 dB when the system is operating in AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel respectively.

Index Terms: EDGE, GMSK, GSM, MCS.

[1] Mikko Sa¨ily, Guillaume S´ebire and Eddie Riddington, GSM/EDGE Evolution and Performance, (A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication 2011).
[2] A. Fursukar, J. Naslund, and H. Olofsson, Edge – Enhanced Data Rates for GSM and TDMA/136 Evolution, Ericsson Review, No.1, PP. 28-31,1999.
[3] H. Wolfgang and R. Schober, Equalization Concepts for EDGE, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 1, No. 1, PP. 190-200, January 2002.
[4] H. Arslan and D. Hui, Soft Bit Generation for Reduced-State Equalization in EDGE, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking, Vol. 2, N0. 23, PP.234-244, March, 2003.
[5] G. Atdo, M. Mauricio, and C. Des, Channel Estimation Using Implicit Training, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 52, No.1, PP. 666-672, January, 2004.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	New Laboratories Design of Solar Collectors Suitable for Basrah City 30.50 N
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Kawther K. Mankhi || Noori H.N. Al-Hashimi || Jassim M. Al-Asadi
Page No.	::	15-19
	::	10.9790/3021-041203015019
	::	0.4/3021-041203015019
		3021-0412-0319

Since Iraq go through a shortage of electricity production due to numerous factor, so this study aimed to reduce the consumption of electrical energy used for the purpose of obtaining hot water in the winter season where the temperature may be drops below zero degrees Celsius on some days. We design and study a number of solar systems that are fit for work in the atmosphere of the city of Basra, which lies at a latitude of 30.50N. The study demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining temperatures in these systems may sometimes up to 90 degrees Celsius even in the coldest days. The cost of the manufacture of this solar tank is very low and easy which make every house in the city can be used it.

Keywords: Optical efficiency; ICSSWH; Thermal performance; Technological development

[1] D. Frier, R.G. Cable, An overview and operation optimisation of the kramer junction solar electric generating system, ISES World Congress, Jerusalem (1999) 241–246.
[2] Budihardjo, I., Morrison, G.L., 2009. Performance of water-in-glass evacuated tube solar water heaters, Solar Energy, vol.83, pp. 49-56. [3] Duffie, A., Beckman, W.A., 2006. Solar engineering of thermal processes, 3rd ed., Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.

[4] G. Francia, Pilot plants of solar steam generation systems, Solar Energy 12 (1968) 51–64.

[5] D.R. Mills, G.L. Morrison, Compact linear fresnel reflector solar thermal power plants, Solar Energy 68 (2000) 263–283.

[6] Smyth M. , Eames P.C. , Norton B. (2006); "Integrated collector storage solar water heaters"; Volume 10, Issue 6, PP 503–538
[7] Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W.A. (1991), Solar engineering for thermal processes, 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Dynamic Voltage Stability Analysis of the Kenya Power System Using Decision Trees
Country	::	Kenya
Authors	::	Njoroge S. N || Muriithi C. M || Ngoo L. M
Page No.	::	20-24
	::	10.9790/3021-04120302024
	::	0.4/3021-04120302024
		3021-0412-0324

Dynamic Voltage stability analysis of any system is studied by considering load changes within the system and how voltage magnitudes at the load buses within the system are affected by the load changes. The analysis can be deepened further by considering probable contingencies within the system that could be line or generator outages. The dynamic nature of the load can be considered by using dynamic load models and evaluating the changes, with time, of the bus voltages. However, the model-driven voltages take time to compute which the system operator may not have as voltage collapse can be triggered within a very short period. Another way to analyse voltage stability is to consider many instances of system configuration in terms of varying loads and probable contingencies and then evaluating the bus voltages. This gives many snapshots of the dynamic load from which the dynamic tendency of the system can then be derived using artificial intelligence methods which can then build a time-sensitive model for online voltage stability estimation. This paper uses multiple iterations of system load configurations and a single contingency to simulate dynamic load conditions in the Kenyan system. The variables which are used to calculate the Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator (VCPI) are captured for each load-contingency configuration. The resulting data is used to construct a Classification and Regression Trees (CART) for each bus which can then be used for online voltage estimation. The Decision Trees show the relationship between a particular bus's voltage magnitude and the contingency and power demand at other buses

Keywords: Voltage Stability, Online, VCPI, CART

[1] G. Balamurugan and P. Aravindhababu (2010), ANN Based Online Estimation of Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(7), 2010, pp 2869-2875
[2] L. M. Ngooet al, A Neuro Fuzzy Model of an Induction Motor for Voltage Stability Analysis using Continuation Load Flow, Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research, Vol. 3(4), pp. 42-51, ISSN - 2141 - 2367, 2011
[3] R. A. Alammari, Fuzzy System Applications for Identification of Weak buses in Power Systems, The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, King Fahd University, Vol. 27, October 2002, pp. 165-178.
[4] G. M. Haung and N. Kumar (2002), Detection of Dynamic Voltage Collapse, Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, IEEE 2002, ISBN 0-7803-7518-1
[5] S. N. Njoroge, et al, Dynamic Voltage Stability Analysis of the Kenya Power System Using VCPI Stability Index and Artificial Neural Networks, European International Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 3(7) September, 2014, pp. 23-30

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effect of Bleaching on Some Quality Attributes of Crude Palm Oil
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Okolo, J. C|| Adejumo, B. A
Page No.	::	25-28
	::	10.9790/3021-041203025028
	::	0.4/3021-041203025028
		3021-0412-0328

Oil bleaching is usually done to improve colour, remove impurities and improve taste. The effect of bleaching on some quality attributes of crude palm oil was investigated. Crude palm oil was obtained from a local oil processing mill in Ika North East LGA, of Delta State Nigeria. The crude palm oil sample was divided into sample A, B and C. Sample A was unbleached, while sample B and C were bleached with heat only and bleached using Activated Coconut Pod Ash (ACPA) respectively. The physical and nutritional properties of the samples were evaluated using standard methods. The result shows that sample A had 4.93% moisture content, 7.45% crude protein, with a refractive index of 1.47, viscosity of 10.50 centipoises and was orange red, while sample B had 2.86% moisture content, 6.07% crude protein with a refractive index of 1.40, viscosity 10.08 centipoises and was pale red in colour. Sample C had 2.74% moisture content, 4.21% crude protein, with a refractive index of 1.06, viscosity 5.21 centipoises and was orange yellow in colour. Sample C had a lower Free Fatty acid (FFA) content with a higher saponification value (SV) content. The free fatty acid, peroxide value, iodine value, density, refractive index and viscosity decreased with bleaching while the saponification value increased with bleaching. It is concluded that bleaching will increase the shelf life of crude palm oil and make it more suitable for soap making.

Keywords: Bleaching, crude palm oil, temperature, quality attributes

[1] Ekwenye, U. N. (2006). Chemical characteristics of palm oil biodeterioration. BIOKEMISTRI 18(2):141-149 (December 2006) Available online at http://www.bioline.org.br/bk

[2] DeGreyt, W. and Kellen, M. (2000). Refining Practice. In "Edible Oil Processing" ed. W.Hamm and R. J. Hamilton. Sheffield Academic Press Ltd, Sheffield, (pp 79-128).

[3] Ogwu, F.M., Odo M, and Osborne O. (2012). The quality of locally processed palm oil from Ebonyi and Enugu states. Proceedings of the 26th Annual NIFST conference, 4th - 8th Nov. 2012: 47-48.

[4] Analava, M. and Sutapa, M. (2009). Health Effects of Palm Oil. Journal of Human Ecology, 26(3):197-203 (2009)

[5] Puah, C. W., Choo Y. M., Ma, A. N. and Chuah, C. (2004). Deguming and Bleaching: Effect on selected Constituents of palm oil. Journal of Oil Palm Research 16 (2) 57 – 63.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Control Prototype Excitation Laser Diodes Using Differencial Pair Transistor Configuration And Interface.
Country	::	México D.F
Authors	::	Ríos Medellín Manuel Alfonso|| Jaime Hugo Puebla Lomas|| José Luis Hernández Aguilar
Page No.	::	29-33
	::	10.9790/3021-041203029033
	::	0.4/3021-041203029033
		3021-0412-0333

This paper describe the design and construction of a electronic prototype of system control power of laser diodes, specifically the design mainly on the laser diode whose wavelength is 532 nm and the beam is visble spectrum, and the use a photodiode in the same wavelengh. Mainly the power stability of the laser diode this based on the If current flowing through the photodiode, and likewise: If the transmission power of the laser diode increased o viceversa. The power control by the user will be monitored by an interface with a microcontroller together will be used to maintain the required power using the configuration Par Differential of the bipolar transistors. Finally to through this configuration we can power control of the diode laser, varying the voltage of one of the transistors of the array

Keywords: Control, Diode Laser, Excitation, Transistor.

[1] E. Kannatey-Asibu, Principles of laser materials processing, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p. 174.

[2] Bueno Gimeo, Enrique." Diseño de un Convertidor Analógico-Digital de Aproximaciones Sucecivas de bajo consumo y area reducida. Austria microsystems. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

[3] J.Baggio,J.M. Rainsant, C D`hose P. Lalande, O.Musseau. J.L. Leray" Comparison of Laser Diode Response to Pulsed Elcetrical and Radiactive Excitations". IEEE Transaction on nuclear science, vol.43, no.6, december 1996.

[4] Plimmer, M.D.; du Colombier, D. Iraqui Houssani, N." Apparatus to measure adsorption of condensable solvents on technical surfaces by photothermal deflection".Review of Scientific Instruments. Vol. 83. Issue:11.IEEE.

[5] V ; Chirtoc, M. ; Wubbenhorst, M.R. ; de Wit, J.H.W." Photothermal imaging of localized delamination between organic coatings and metallic substrates using a scanning photopyroelectric microscope" Journal of Applied Physics Vol.93, Issue:4. IEEE.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Evolution of the Quality of Service (QOS) Parameters for the Short Message Service (SMS): Review Paper
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	TarigShawgiAbdelrahma|| Amin Babiker A. Mustafa|| Ismail El-Azhary
Page No.	::	34-38
	::	10.9790/3021-041203034038
	::	0.4/3021-041203034038
		3021-0412-0338

The widespread usage of SMS services in cellular systems and increasing number of service providers necessitates concerning of SMS QoS in these systems. This paper proposed six groups of telecommunication QoS and SMS QoS studies, groups are classified according to the objective, the objective of each group is as followes :group AQoS definitions, parameters and parameters computations, group BTelecommunication QoS monitoring systems, group C Setting target values of telecommunication QoS parameters, group DNon-utilization QoS of ICT services, group EImproving SMS QoS and group FMeasurements of SMS QoS parameters. A number of SMS QoS studies conducted since 2003 and appeared in literature are fully assessed.

[1] Communications Quality of Service: A framework and definitions, ITU Recommendation ITU-T G.1000, 2001.

[2] ITUAbdalkerim Amara: QoS for wireless/fixed communication systems.2010.

[3] Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects (STQ); QoSaspects for popular services in GSM and 3G networks; Part 2:Definition of Quality of Service parameters and their computation.Technical Specification TS 102 250-2 , ETSI, 2011.

[4] Definition of QoS parameters and their computation, GSMA ,2011.

[5] Measurement of QoS for GSM international Roamer, Optiwave Technologies, 2007. [6] GRQ Measurement Implementation, GSMA, 2011

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Prevalence of Domestic Violence against Second Trimester Pregnant Women Admitted For Premature Uterine Contraction
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Inas Taha Ahmed Alhamdani || Lamia Hussien Mahmood
Page No.	::	39-42
	::	10.9790/3021-041203039042
	::	0.4/3021-041203039042
		3021-0412-0342

Background: Violence against women during pregnancy in the Arab region is a complex problem that cannot be attributed to a single cause but to diverse set factors; including demographic, socioeconomic or cultural one.. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of domestic violence among second trimester pregnant women (13-26weeks gestation). Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2010 to June 2011, on pregnant women (13-26 weeks gestation) admitted to Elwiyah Maternity Teaching Hospital; for conservative management of premature uterine contractions. Eight hundred cases were included forty-five of them were excluded from the study; as they refused to participate. Results The prevalence throughout the study period was 39.7%. There was statistical significance between domestic violence and variables related to socio demographic, reproductive characteristics and social habits of both the study sample and their husbands. The physical violence shows that the highest grade (223) at low level of relative sufficiency of physical domestic violence, which refers to throwing, objects. The lowest grade (228) at the low level of relative sufficiency, which refers to calling her with bad names in front of her children. Conclusions It was concluded that physical, social, psychological and sexual form of domestic violence between all second trimester pregnant women who were admitted to Elwiyah Maternity Teaching Hospital was 39.7%.

Keywords: Domestic Violence, Pregnant Women and Premature Uterine Contractions

[1] American Psychiatric Association. Let Talk Facts about Domestic violence, 2005 : 1-2, Retrieved 20/12/2005 from http:mailto:MWI@mwlusa.org.
[2] Weiss Robin Elise LCCE. Domestic Violence in Pregnancy, Available: http://pregnancy.about.com/cs/domesticviolence/a/domesticviol.htm. Last accessed 2011.
[3] Robinson GE. International perspective on violence against women – introduction. Arch Women Ment. Health;2003, 6: 155-156.
[4] Fikree F., Bhatti L. Domestic violence and health of Pakistani women. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet.;1999, 65:195-201.
[5] Diop-Sidibe' N, Campbell JC, Becker S. Domestic violence against women in Egypt: Wife-beating and health outcome Soc. Sci. Med;2006, 62: 1260-1277.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Characterization of Aliwal North Hotspring in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, using Magnetic, Electromagnetic and Radiometric Methods
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	C. Baiyegunhi|| N. W. Mupandawana|| T. L. Oloniniyi|| O. Gwavava
Page No.	::	43-58
	::	10.9790/3021-041203043058
	::	0.4/3021-041203043058
		3021-0412-0358

Magnetic, electromagnetic and radiometric survey were conductedalong two profilelines that traverses Aliwal North spa using two G-859SX portable cesium vapor magnetometer, EM34-3 terrain conductivity meter and a RS-125 spectrometer, respectively. This was undertaken in order to characterise Aliwal North hot spring by revealing magnetic signatures, buried conductive bodies and determine the concentration/relative abundance of radioactive elements, like U, K and Th (in cpm, ppm and %). The magnetic result reveal signature with amplitude of about 0.4 nT,which is inferred to be a real feature extending to depth. The EM result showsmajor anomaly in the southeastern part of the studyarea. This anomaly is associated with rocks with highconductivity and occurring to a depth of about 30 m through which the highly mineralized hot water could have migrated to the surface. There is no traceable recent volcanic activity in the area and due to the deep seated faults in the survey site, it was inferred that Aliwal thermal spring is of meteoric origin and the source of the heat is due to the deep circulation along the major fault zones. The radiometric result reveals that thorium is the most abundant radioelements with concentration that isless than the world average hazardous threshold (7.4 ppm).The concentration of the radioactive elements is relatively low and acceptable for groundwater; however it could be harmful to humans'health, as well as animals when exposed to the radiation or consumed over a long period of time.

Keywords: Magnetic, electromagnetic, radiometric, hot spring, groundwater, Aliwal North

[1] Adele, M., (1994). Geophysical methods in geothermal exploration. Italian National Research Council International Institute for Geothermal Research Pisa, Italy.
[2] Baiyegunhi, C., (2012). Geophysical investigation of Aliwal North Spa in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Honours Project, University of Fort Hare. P.1-60.
[3] Boekstein, M., (1998). Hot Springs Holidays: Visitors' Guide to Hot Springs and Mineral Spa Resorts in Southern Africa. Mark Boekstein and Logo Print, Cape Town.
[4] Catuneanu, O., and Elango, H.N., (2001). Tectonic control on fluvial styles: the Balfour Formation of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Sedimentary Geology. vol. 140, p. 291- 313.