Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Gamma-Rays Absorption Studies of Garnet series of Gemstones at 1 Kev to 100 GeV: Theoretical Calculation
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sandeep Gupta ||, Gurdeep Singh Sidhu
Page No.	::	01-08
	::	10.9790/3021-04270108
	::	0.4/3021-04270108
		3021-0402-0708

Mass attenuation coefficients and partial photon interactions have been calculated theoretically at incident photon energy 1 Kev to 100 GeV for garnet series of gemstones (Grosaularite (GS1), Pyrope(GS2), Spessarlite(GS3), Almandine(GS4), Uvarovite(GS5) and Androdite(GS6) using XCOM software [1]. The values of these parameters have been found to change significantly with incident photon energy and composition of the garnet series of gemstones. Half value layer (HVL) and tenth value layer (TVL) has also been calculated; whose lower value reveals the good shielding ability for gamma rays. Hence it is concluded that GS4 shows the maximum shielding effectiveness and also GS6 and GS3 seem to have good radiation shielding. It is also analyzed that our calculated mass attenuation coefficient of NBS concrete by the present method are in excellent agreement with standard values given by ANSI/ANS-6.4.3 data.

 

Keywords: - Gemstones, Half value layer, Mass attenuation coefficients, and Tenth value layer.

[1] M. J.Berger and J.H. Hubbell, XCOM: Photon Cross-Sections Database, Web Version 1.2, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899, USA, 1987/1999, http://physics. nist.gov /xcom (Originally published as NBSIR 87-3597"XCOM: Photon Cross Sections on a Personal Computer").
[2] Gemstone Treatments Heating and Irradiation Article by A.M. Zagoritis GG 4th November 2011, Lapigems Gem company (1974).
[3] Vipan Kumar, Kulwinder Singh Mann, S. R. Manohara, Gurdeep Singh Sidhu Investigations on some low Z alkali minerals as gamma ray shields, International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology ISSN (Online):2278-5299,Vol.1,Issue 4 :Page No.324-333 ,November-December (2012)
[4] Shivraj G. Gounhalli, Anil Shantappa, S. M. Hanagodimath, Studies on mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic numbers and electron densities of some narcotic drugs in the energy range 1KeV -100GeV. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume 2, Issue 4 (Nov. - Dec. 2012), PP 40-48.
[5] Shivalinge Gowda, S Krishna veni, T Yashoda, T Kashoda, T K Umesh and Ramakrishna Gowda. Photon mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers and electron densities of some thermoluminescent dosimetric compounds. PRAMANA,Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 63, No. 3 journal of physics, September 2004, pp. 529-541.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effect of Injector Opening Pressure and Injection Timing on Exhaust Emissions and Combustion Characteristics of Rice Bran Oil in Crude Form and Biodiesel Form in Direct Injection Diesel Engine
Country	::	India
Authors	::	N. Durga Prasada Rao ||, M.V.S.Murali Krishna ||, B. Anjeneya Prasad ||, P.V. K. Murthy
Page No.	::	09-19
	::	10.9790/3021-04270919
	::	0.4/3021-04270919
		3021-0402-0719

Investigations were carried out to determine exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a conventional diesel engine with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of rice bran oil in crude form and in biodiesel form with varied injection timing and injector opening pressure. Exhaust emissions [smoke and oxides of nitrogen] and combustion characteristics [peak pressure, time of occurrence of peak pressure and maximum rate of pressure] were determined at full load operation of the engine fuelled with diesel, crude rice bran oil and rice bran oil based biodiesel. Comparative studies on exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics were made among diesel, crude vegetable oil and biodiesel operation on diesel engine with varied engine parameters. Smoke levels decreased and NOx levels increased with biodiesel operation. Exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics improved with increase of injector opening pressure, advanced injection timing and preheating of vegetable oil(s).

 

Keywords: - Need for Alternate Fuels, Vegetable Oil, Biodiesel, LHR combustion chamber, Performance.

[1] Matthias Lamping, Thomas Körfer, Thorsten Schnorbus, Stefan Pischinger, Yunji Chen : Tomorrows Diesel Fuel Diversity – Challenges and Solutions, SAE 2008-01—1731.

[2] A.K.Agarwal, Bio-fuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. International Journal Energy Combustion Science, 33, 2006, 233-271

[3] T.Murayama, Y. Fujiwara and T.Noto, Evaluating waste vegetable oils as a diesel fuel. Proceedings of Inst. of Mech. Engineers, Part-D, J. Automobile Eng. 214(2), 2000, 141-148.

[4] A.K.Babu, and G.Devarajane,., Vegetable oils and their derivatives as fuels for CI engines: an overview.SAE Paper No.2003-01-0767, 2003.

[5] P.K.Devan, and N.V.Mahalakshmi, Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of poon oil and its blends in a DI diesel engine. Fuel, 88, 2009, 861-870.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Preparation, Characterization, Viscosity and Thermal Analysis of a Schiff-Based Resin derived from 2-Methoxy-1-Napthaldehyde
Country	::	Pakistan
Authors	::	MoinaAkhtar Mughal ||, Akhtar H. Mughal ||, Zeenat M. Ali ||, GhulamZuhraMemon ||, Mohammad Yar Khuhawar ||, Hussain Saleem
Page No.	::	20-27
	::	10.9790/3021-04272027
	::	0.4/3021-04272027
		3021-0402-0727

A New Schiff based resin Poly-methylene bis (2-methyoxy-1-napthaldehyde) 1, 2-propylenediimine (PMBMNPn) was synthesized by reacting with Formaldehyde (HCHO). The synthesized resin was categorized through elemental micro-analysis and Fourier transformation.The infrared, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopic analysis TGA/DTAand Viscometric studies were also carried out. The results of Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen (CHN) Analysis were in good agreement with the considered values and reinforced the formation of the prepared resin. The resin indicated more strong absorption around 16 to35 cm-1 of 𝑪𝒗=𝑵stretching vibration than the Schiff base, confirming the structure of synthesized resin. A shift of absorption maxima towards longer wavelength within 10 to 34nmperceived in the initial 3 bands of compound PMBMNPn in comparison with BMNPn. A significant elevation in for resin was seen as compared to Schiff base.

 

Keywords: -Characterization, Resin, Synthesis, Thermo-gravimetery, Viscosity.

[1] AK Shah, ZM Ali, AR Memon, AJLaghari, MA Mughal, SFA Shah, Hussain Saleem, "Exploitation of Low Cost Coal Fly Ash Adsorbent with Coagulants for the Treatment of Industrial Complex Nature Dyes Wastewater", International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 9, (September-2013).
[2] Bhavna Shah, Ajay Shah, Nayan Patel, Pathik Shah, "Synthesis, Characterization and Analytical Applications of Chelating Resin containing Orcinol", Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 14, Issue 2, pp.88–96, (2012).
[3] E Ispir, S Serin, "New Immobilized Schiff bases", Journal of Thermal Analysis, Vol 94; 1, 281 (2008).
[4] El-Sayed M.E. Mansour, A. A. Kaseem, H. Nourel-Din, A. A. El-Toukhy, "Synthesis and Properties of some Schiff base Polymers containing Sulfur", Macromolecular Reports, 28, 103, (1991).
[5] MA Mughal, AH Mughal, ZM Ali, GZMemon, MY Khuhawar, Hussain Saleem, "New Antimicrobial Schiff base Polymers derived from 6, 6-Methylenebis (1-Napthaldehyde)", International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 9, (September-2013).