Increasing industrialization and motorization has lead to a significant rise in demand of petroleum products. As these are the nonrenewable resources it is difficult to predict availability of these resources in future, resulting uncertainty in its supply and price and is impacting growing economies like Bangladesh. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. This work includes a process of production of bio-diesel from pyrolysis of TPO. The crude TPO(tire pyrolytic oil) has a higher viscosity and sulphur content compared to diesel fuel. In the present work, the crude TPO was de sulphurised and then distilled through vacuum distillation. In order to reduce the high sulfur content of the fuel, CaO, activated Bentonite catalysts were used. Different properties of oil are compared before and after purification. Purified oil has a light yellowish color as compared to dark redish color of the raw oil. Blends of purified oil and diesel are made as B10,B20,B30 and B50 and are used to run a single cylinder diesel engine. Results are compared between the different groups of blended fuels as well as with diesel fuel. From the experimental result the blend B10 has almost similar performance as compared with diesel fuel.

 

Keywords: - Tire pyrolytic oil; Distillation; Diesel engine performance, Pyrolytic oil properties

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine (November 2013)
[2] Scrap tyre markets in the United States, 9th biennial report, Rubber Manufacturers Association, May 2009. <http://www.rma.org/scrap_tires/>[accessed 09.04.11]
[3] Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA), Scrap Tire Markets in The UnitedStates; 2005. http://www.rma.org/publications/scrap_tires/index.cfm?PublicationID=11453
[4] Mastral AM, Murillo R, Callen MS, Garcia T. Optimisation of scrap automotivetyres recycling into valuable liquid fuels. ResourConservRecycl2000;29:263–72.7.
[5] Cunliffe AM, Williams PT. Composition of oils derived from the batch pyrolysisof tyres. J Anal ApplPyrol 1998;44:131–8.

In cooperative manipulation, more than one robots deal with a single payload. The load distribution of one robot depends on the configuration and motion of the other robot. For successful cooperation, the two manipulators need to operate under a single controller. A number of software such as MSC.ADAMS is popular for the dynamic simulation of mechanical systems. The software also allows co-simulation with control system software such as MATLAB. In the present work, it is proposed to simulate the motion and dynamics of cooperative manipulators using MSC.ADAMS and MATLAB. The primary aim of the work will be to consider an industrial robot manipulator from KUKA or FANUC as manipulators involved in a cooperative task. While MSC.ADAMS will be used for estimation of forces and motion simulation, MATLAB will be used for generation of feasible trajectories for successful cooperative manipulation.

[1] F. Cheraghpour., S.A.A Moosavian, and A. Nahvi, "Multiple Aspect Grasp performance index for cooperative object manipulation tasks", IEEE/ASME Int. Conf. on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, pp 386- 391, 2009
[2] M. Eslamy, S.A.A Moosavian, "Dynamics and Cooperative object Manipulation Control of Suspended Mobile Manipulators", J Intell Robot Syst Springer Science+Business Media B.V, pp. 1-19, 2010
[3] K. Harada, K. Kaneko, F. Kanehiro, "Fast Grasp Planning for Hand/Arms Systems Based on Convex Model", IEEE International Conference onRobotics and Automation, pp. 1-7, 2008
[4] F. Cheraghpour., S.A.A Moosavian, and A. Nahvi, "Robotic grasp planning by multiple aspects grasp index for object manipulation tasks", 18th Iranian Conf. on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), pp 635-640, 2010
[5] M. Strandberg, B. Wahlberg, "A Method for Grasp Evaluation Based on Disturbance Force Rejection", IEEE transactions on robotics, pp. 1- 9, 2006

Recent studies performed on hydrocarbon source rocks of Golpayegan area in the central Iran led to the identification of significant biomarkers. This article is the first report of biomarkers including steranes and triterpanes present in the cretaceous carbonaceous shales from Golpayegan.Data obtained from analysis of saturated – hydrocarbons using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry(GC – MS) with m/z=191 and m/z=217 show that distribution of normal c27, c28 and c29 steranes is in the order of c27>c28<c29 indicating that organic matter was deposited in open marine environment. Pristane and phytane ratio(pr/ph) which is commonly used as an indicator of oxic and anoxic environment ranges from 0.93 to 1.1 suggesting that organic – rich carbonaceous shales were deposited in anoxic and suboxicenviroments. Maturity of these sediment using c29 sterane ratio 20s/20s+20r is equivalent to 0.93 – 0.95% virinite reflectance indicating that late – mature or final stages of oil generation has surpassed. Bacterial input and bacterial reworking during early diagenesis is inferred from hopane to steraneratio(0.86 to 1.11). Ts/(Ts+Tm) ratio which is lithology and facies dependent and decreases in anoxic carbonate environment ranges from 0.31 to 0.42. Due to the fact that samples contain considerable amounts of carbonate minerals the above valuses are in an expected range.Moretane to hopane ratios of 0.10 to 0.34 confirm a maturation level of late oil – window. An example of extensive biodegradation is clearly represented by a shaly sample where all normal alkanes < 30 even isoprenoids have been removed by bacteria in mass chromatograms(m/z=217 and m/z=191) all normal steranes are gone and only hopane occur in minimal concentrations. Finally diasterane/sterane ratio of 1.28 to 1.68 indicate that all reactions responsible for transformation of unstable regular steranes to stable diasteranes have already reached equilibrium.

[1] Darvishzadeh, a, 1992; geology of iran, neda publication, p.193,561,562.
[2] Grantham,p.j., 1986; the occurrence of unusual c27 and c29 sterancpredominances in two types of oman crude oil, organic geochemistry, pp.9,1-10
[3] Huang, w.and meinschein,w.g.,1976; sterols as source indicators of organic materials in sediment. Geochim. Etcosmochim. Acta 40, pp.323-330.
[4] Kamali,m.r.,1995; sedimentology and petroleum geochemistry of the ouldburra formation, eastern officer basin, Australia, phd.thesis,university of Adelaide(unpublished 359p.)
[5] Mckird,d.m.,aldride,a.k.,and ypma,p.j.m,1983;a geochemical comparison of some crude oils from pre-ordovician carbonate rocks. In:bjoroy,m.et al.(eds.), advances in organic geochemistry 1981,wiley,new York,pp.99-107.

Many problems having single or multiple objectives are routinely solved using GA methodologies. This paper is devoted to the simultaneous weight and deflection optimization of cantilever beam by using a modified Non-Dominated sorting Genetic Algorithm, subjected to maximum stress and maximum deflection constraints. The multi-objective optimization algorithm used in this paper has better sorting, incorporates elitism and no sharing parameter needs to be chosen a priori.

 

Keywords: - Multi-objective Optimization, cantilever beam, Genetic algorithm, Pareto optimal set, non-dominated sorting, Genetic operators.

[1] B. Hassani and S.M.Tavakkoli, "A Multi-Objective structural optimization using optimality criteria and cellular automata" Asian journal of civil engineering; Vol.8, No.1, 2007, pp.77-88.

[2] Walker M, Smith RE, "A technique for the multi-objective optimization of laminated composite structures using genetic algorithms and finite element analysis", Composite structures; Vol.62, No.8, 2003, pp.123-128.

[3] Kumar N, Tauchert TR, "Multi-objective design of symmetrically laminated plates", Journal of mechanical design; Vol.114, No.4, 1992, pp.620-625.

[4] Kalyanmoy Deb and R. B. Agarwal, "Simulated Binary Crossover for Continuous Search Space". Complex Systems, Vol.9, April 1995, pp. 115-148.

[5] Deb K, Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2001.

Maximum spatial-frequency diversity can be achieve by combining bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM), orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in frequency selective multi-path fading channels, provided that perfect channel state information (CSI) is available to the receiver. In view of the fact that perfect CSI can be obtained only if a sufficient amount of resource is allocated for training or pilot data, this paper investigates DF relay based technique for the distributed BICM-OSTBC-OFDM system. Our focus is mainly on noncoherent diversity analysis. We study a class of carefully designed transmission schemes, called perfect channel identifiability (PCI) achieving schemes, and show that they can exhibit good diversity performance. Specifically, we present a worst-case diversity analysis framework to show that PCI-achieving schemes can achieve the maximum noncoherent spatial-frequency diversity of distributed BICM-OSTBC-OFDM. Simulation results are presented to confirm our theoretical claims and show that the proposed noncoherent schemes can exhibit near-coherent performance.

 

IndexTerms: - Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM), orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), noncoherent decoding, diversity.

[1] G. Caire, G. Taricco, and E. Biglieri, ―Bit-interleaved coded modulation,‖ IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 927–946, May 1998.
[2] A. Guill´en i F`abregas, A. Martinez, and G. Caire, ―Bit-interleaved coded modulation,‖ Found. Trends Commun. Inf. Theory, vol. 5, no. 1-2, pp. 1–153, Jan. 2008.
[3] Z. Hong and B. L. Hughes, ―Bit-interleaved space-time coded modulation with iterative decoding,‖ IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1912–1917, Nov. 2004.
[4] M. Teimouri, A. Hedayat, and M. Shiva, ―Concatenated bit-interleaved coded modulation and orthogonal space-time block codes over fading channels,‖ IET Commun., vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 1354–1362, Aug. 2009.
[5] E. Akay and E. Ayanoglu, ―Achieving full frequency and space diversity in wireless systems via BICM, OFDM, STBC, and Viterbi decoding,‖ IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 2164–2172, Dec. 2006.

The increasing cost and scarcity of portland cement has impacted negatively on the delivery of affordable housing and infrastructural development in many parts in Sudan, especially in Darfur. This paper focused on the evaluation of the pozzolanic characteristics of the volcanic ash obtained from Jebel Marra (mountains) west of Sudan as potential Supplementary Cementitious Materials for use in blended cement and concrete. The study investigated the chemical, physical, and mineralogical characteristics of the volcanic ash and its reactivity toward lime and cement, in addition , the compressive strengths of blended mortar containing volcanic ash in percentage addition were tested at 7, 28, and 90 days. X-Ray Fluorescence and X-ray diffraction techniques were used for chemical and mineralogical analysis respectively. The results of the chemical analysis showed that the sum oxides of Silica, Alumina and Iron were 83.75%. The strength reactivity with lime was 4.2Mpa, while the 28-days compressive strengths for the replacement level with cement 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% were 38.9, 35, 29.33, 28.64, and 25 Mpa respectively, against 41.33Mpa., for the control mix. These results indicated that the Jebel Marra Volcanic Ash possesses pozzolanic characteristics and is thus potential cementitious material for use in blended cement.

 

Keywords: - Blended cements, Cementitious material , compressive strength , pozzolanic reactivity, volcanic ash.

[1] Muller C.J. (2005), Pozzolanic activity of natural clay minerals with respect to environmental geotechnics doctoral diss., Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
[2] Jebel Marra Investigation, Report on Phase 1 Studies for Ministry of Irrigation ,Sudan.( Hunting Technology Services Ltd .London 1958)
[3] ASTM C618-(2005), Standard Specification for Fly Ash or Raw or Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland cement Concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials,
[4] LEA, F.M. (1970), The chemistry of Cement and Concrete, (3rd. Edition, Edward Arnold, London)
[5] Rafat, S. Khan, M.I. (2011). "Supplementary Cementing Materials ". Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

The interest in alternative fuels increases continuously in order to meet the growing demand for energy and protect the environment. A successful alternative fuel meets the environmental and energy security needs without operational performance. One of the most successful alternative fuels is biodiesel, which is always attention in today's world. Operationally, biodiesel blends perform very similar to conventional diesel in terms of performance and emissions without major changes in the engine, because the properties of biodiesel and conventional diesel are similar. In the present work, biodiesel is made from sesame oil and short-term tests were conducted with various mixtures of diesel and biodiesel in a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine and power and rated emissions and engine operation.

[1] Ando B Baglio S, S and Graziani Pitrone N ( 2000) models for Luftqualitätsmanagementund assessment . IEEE Trans. on Systems , Man and Cybernetics - Part C : Applications and Reviews. 30 (3), 358-363 .

[2] Allen, CAW , Watts , KC, Ackman , RG , Pegg , MJ predict the viscosity of biodiesel from their ester composition. Fuel 1999 78 1319-1326 .

[3] Bajpai , D.; Tyagi , U.K. Biodiesel : Source , production, composition, properties and its benefits. J. Oleo Sci . 2006 , 55, 487-502 .

[4] CJ Smith , J. Ross, treatment of fatty materials , U.S. Patent No. 2,383,580 (1945) .

[5] Chapman L (2007) Transport and climate change : a review . J. Transport Geography . 15 , 354-367 .

This paper presents a robust compartmental mathematical model of (SVEIR) which incorporated area only. Where this area is the size of the environment where the study is being investigated. It shows that model has a disease free equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable (GAS). There exists a unique endemic equilibrium point which is locally stable whenever the association threshold quantity (R0) exceeds unity i.e. R0 > 1. We solved the model numerically using Runge-kutta of order four (4). It is shown that as the area is increasing the total number of infected individual is decreasing. This implies that to reduce the spread of measles, measles patients are to be kept separately for treatment so as to reduce the effective contract rate. The results were presented graphically.

 

Keywords: - Measles, Reproduction Number, Equilibrium Point, Habitat Area and Stability.

[1] Adeoye I.A, Dairo M.D, Adedokun H.O, and Makanjuola J, (2010): Investigation of a meales outbreak in a Rural Nigerian community – The Aladura experience. African journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 4(5), pp. 360-366.
[2] Adewale S.O, Plodder C.N, and Gumel A.B (2009): Mathematical Analysis of a TB Transmission Model with DOTS. Canadian Applied Mathematical Quarterly Volume 17, number 1, spring 2009.
[3] Adewale S.O. Olarenwaju P. O. Taiwo S.S. Anake T.A. and Famewo M.M. (2012): Mathematical Analysis of the effect inmmunization on the dynamical spread of measles.
[4] Annual Report of the National Diseases Surveillance Centre, 2000. Dublin, Health Protection Surveillance Centre; 2001.ISSN: 1649. Available from: http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/ AboutHPSC/ Annual Reports/File, 520, en.pdf.
[5] Ca ceres VM, Strebel PM, Sutter RW (2000): Factors determining prevalence of material antibody to measles virus throughout infancy: a review. Clin Infact Dis 2000; 31: 110-19.