Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	A General Comparison of Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptosystems for WSNs and an Overview of Location Based Encryption Technique for Improving Security
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Swapna B Sasi ||, Dila Dixon ||, Jesmy Wilson
Page No.	::	01-04
	::	10.9790/3021-04330104
	::	0.4/3021-04330104
		3021-0403-0304

a lot of advancements are being carried out in the field of wireless sensor networks in recent years. The wireless sensor networks are employed in a variety of fields such as military, health care, industry etc. Due to the increasing acceptance of this technology leads us to consider more about the security aspects of the WSNs. To ensure the integrity and to protect data from unauthorised accesses some method of cryptographic technologies must be employed. The symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques can be employed in the WSN architecture to provide security. The asymmetric key encryption techniques may provide a higher level of security but compared to the symmetric key encryption it causes more overheads to the sensor nodes. Another method of location based encryption which can be used along with these technologies provides an extra layer of security by restricting the cipher text to be decrypted only at a specified location. A review of all these systems is described in this paper.

 

Keywords: - symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, location based encryption, security, data transfer

[1] Yogesh Kumar, Lecturer in CSE Deptt, BPR College of Engg Gohana (Sonipat), Rajiv Munjal, lecturer in CSE Deptt., CBS Group of institution (Jhajjar), Harsh Sharma, Lecturer in CSE Deptt, BPR College of Engg Gohana (Sonipat), 2011, "Comparison of Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptography with Existing Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures", IJCSMS International Journal of Computer Science and Management Studies
[2] Manish Singh, Shailender Gupta and Bharat Bhushan, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, 2012, "Comparison of symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography: A study", Proceeding of the National Conference "Science in Media 2012" Organized by YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana (India)
[3] Lalit Singh, Dr. R.K. Bharti (C.S.E) BTKIT Dwarahat, 2013, "Comparative Performance Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper
[4] Logan Scott, GeoCodex LLC, LS Consulting, Dorothy E. Denning, GeoCodex LLC, Naval Postgraduate School, 2003, "A Location Based Encryption Technique and Some of Its Applications", proceedings of the 2003 National Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation
[5] Karimi, R. , Dept. of Comput., Islamic Azad Univ., Qazvin, Iran , Kalantari, M.,2011, "Enhancing Security and Confidentiality in Location-Based Data Encryption Algorithms", Roedunet International Conference(RoEduNet)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A novel approach for APNR & Vehicle categorization in camera pictures
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Satyam Srivastava ||, Kota Solomon Raju ||, Shashikant Sadistap
Page No.	::	05-14
	::	10.9790/3021-04330514
	::	0.4/3021-04330514
		3021-0403-0314

This paper addresses an improved version of Toll gate system comparative to existing system in market. There are several ANPR systems available in market. In all existing systems the major problems were there limitations as well as limited features. So presented system contains multiple features like one of the major feature is number plate recognition with improved performance, matching with data base etc as well as one other feature also installed in this system, which people already tried with different kind of arrangement and that is vehicle categorization means how system can categories the vehicles based on their weights. People tried this feature with pressure sensors but unfortunately this system didn't work due to less life of the pressure sensors as well as other environment related limitations. This kind of application will very help full in toll gate system applications. Presented system can be categorized in two major blocks first one is ANPR and second one is vehicle categorization based on their weights. This paper presented only simulation part as well as with proposed system. In these systems major sections are plate localization, plate recognition, vehicle categorization. These three are the major parts of this project in which vehicle categorization and plate recognition are the most complex blocks. About data base preparation, initially for trial purpose some vehicle pictures captured from the organization. It is observed that after required improvements system detects 96% pictures from the prepared data base.

 

Keywords: - APNR, Toll gate, vehicle categorization, plate recognition, plate localization, Hough transform

[1] R.A. Lotufo, A.D. Morgan, and AS. Johnson, 1990, "Automatic Number-Plate Recognition," Proceedings of the IEEE Colloquium On Image analysis for Transport Applications, V01.035, pp.6/1-6/6,February 16, 1990.
[2] Xiaojun Zhai, Faycal Bensaali and RezaSotudeh, 2012 "OCR-Based Neural Network for ANPR".
[3] Maged M. M. FAHMY, 1994 "Automatic Number Plate Reconition using neural network".
[4] Prathamesh Kulkarni (Student Member, IEEE), Ashish Khatri, Prateek Banga, Kushal Shah, 2009, Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) System for Indian conditions
[5] C. Arth, F. Limberger, H. Bischof, "Real Time Plate Recognition on an Embedded DSP Platform", in Proc. IEEE Conf. CVPR, Jun., 2007, pp. 1–8

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Aluminum as a Reference Element for the Elucidation of Pb Enrichment /Depletion in Selected Arable Soils of Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Uduma, A. U. ||, Jimoh, W.L.O.
Page No.	::	15-22
	::	10.9790/3021-04331522
	::	0.4/3021-04331522
		3021-0403-0322

Lead (Pb) concentration was assessed of the arable soils in the vicinity of mining and dumping sites in Nigeria. Its contents in the arable soils assayed by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, (AAS) ranged from 6.8 – 47.8 mg/kg. The enrichment factor (EF) calculated by using Aluminum as a reference element fell within a range of 8.3 – 83.9. The mean values of the enrichment factor of 30.8 classified the soil as very highly contaminated with lead. Anthropogenic activities contribute highly to the level of lead in the studied areas. This poses serious debilitating effects on the agro – ecosystems, since lead has no known essential functions in plants metabolism.

 

Keywords: - Zamfara, Arable soils, anthropogenic activities, lead, enrichment, depletion, Enrichment Factor.

[1] Reuters,T. Lead Poisoning from Mining Kills 163 in Nigeria. http://ukreuters.com/article.com/article/id UKTPRE 6535920100604. retrieved 4th June,2010 (2010).
[2] AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). (Committee on Environmental Hazards and Committee on Accident and Poison Prevention of the American Academy of Pediatrics). Statement on Childhood Lead Poisoning. Pediatrics, 79, 457 – 65 (1987).
[3] Ritz, E., J and Wiecek, A. Does Lead Play a Role in the Development of Renal Insufficiency? Contributions to Nephrology. 64, 43 – 48 (1988).
[4] Rice, D.C., and Karpinski, K.F. Lifetime Low Level Lead Exposure Produces Deficits in Delayed Alternation in Adult Monkeys. Neurotoxicology And Teratology. 10:207 – 214 (1988).
[5] UNEP (United Nation Environmental Protection). Lead Poisoning, Northern Nigeria, Outbreak, UNEP, Zamfara (2011).

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Performance Optimization of WSN Using Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol: A Review
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Rajesh Chaudhary ||, Dr. Sonia Vatta
Page No.	::	23-30
	::	10.9790/3021-04332330
	::	0.4/3021-04332330
		3021-0403-0330

DEC (Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering) protocol is dynamic, distributive, self-organizing and more efficient in terms of energy than any other of the existing protocols. DEC uses an easy approach which reduces computational overhead-cost to self-organize the sensor network.
A WSN is a specialized wireless network made up of large number of sensors and at least one base station in order to collect data or information from the fields where they are deployed. The foremost difference between WSN and the traditional wireless networks is that sensors are extremely sensitive to energy consumption. Energy saving is a vital issue while designing the wireless sensor networks [12]. The critical point of these sensor nodes is that they generally consume much energy while making communications and reduce the battery and network lifetime. So it is essential to design effective and energy aware protocols in order to enhance the life time of the network. In this paper, DEC (Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering) protocol is described in order to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor networks.

 

Keywords: - Wireless sensor network, clustering, heterogeneity, DEC, LEACH, energy.

[1] Wiley, 2010] Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks - Theory and Practice
[2] Harneet Kour and Ajay K. Sharma, "Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network", International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No.6, July 2010.
[3] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su*, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, "Wireless sensor networks: a Survey", Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
[4] Ossama Younis and Sonia Fahmy. 2004. Distributed Clustering in Ad-hoc Sensor Networks: A Hybrid, EnergyEfficient Approach. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, Hong Kong, an extended version appeared in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 3(4)
[5] W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan. 2000. Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '00).

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Clindamycin Resistance in PVL Positive Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Belgaum, North Karnataka (India)
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Harleen Kaur ||, Harbhajan Kaur
Page No.	::	31-37
	::	10.9790/3021-04333137
	::	0.4/3021-04333137
		3021-0403-0337

The widespread use of Macrolide Lincosamide Streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics has led to an increase in the resistant strains. Although Clindamycin is effective against MRSA but its use in the presence of Erythromycin can lead to induction of cross-resistance among members of the MLSB group which could limit the effectiveness of this drug. Furthermore, at times, some strains are also harbored with PVL genes which are encoded by two contiguous and co-transcribed genes viz., lukF-PV and lukS-PV. The results of a study conducted to find the prevalence of inducible Clindamycin resistance in PVL positive isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Belgaum, Karnataka, India. Method: More than 120 isolates of S.aureus were collected from hospital in Belgaum during the period 2010-2012, out of which, 72 isolates confirming S.aureus status were kept for further study at RMRC (ICMR), Belgaum. They were characterized as resistant/sensitive using various conventional, molecular and automated techniques. PVL genes LukS and LukF in these strains were detected by PCR. Phenotypic inducible resistance to clindamycin was detected by Double Disk Diffusion test. Result: Out of 72 isolates, 46 were MRSA and 26 were MSSA. In all, 50 isolates (69.44%) showed the presence of PVL genes. Out of these, 14 PVL positive S. aureus isolates (26.38%) showed iMLSB phenotype which included 13 MRSA and 1 MSSA. Conclusion- The cause of concern is the 13 isolates which are MRSA, PVL positive and show inducible clindamycin resistance. Such a combination can be a treatment challenge to the clinicians who are left with very few options.

 

Keywords: - Macrolide Lincosamide Streptogramin B (MLSB), PVL genes, PCR, iMLSB, cMLSB, Vitek 2 compact automated system

[1] A.L. Frank, J.F. Marcinak, P.D. Mangat and P.C. Schreckenberger, "Community-acquired methicillin and Clindamycin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children," Pediatric. Infect. Dis. J., vol.18, pp. 993-1000,1990.
[2] L. Saiman, M. O'Keefe, P. Graham, F. Wu, B. Said-Salim and B. Kreiswirth, , A. LaSala, P.M. Schlievert,. and P. Della-Latta, "Hospital transmission of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among postpartum women," Clin. Infect. Dis., vol 37, pp. 1313-1319, 2003.
[3] F.M. Hussain, S. Boyle-Varva, C.D. Bethel and R.S., "Daum Currents trend in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a tertiary care pediatric facility," Pediatr. Infect. Dis J., vol. 19, pp. 1163-1166, 2000.
[4] G. Supersac, G. Pre´vost and Y Pie´mont, "Sequencing of leucocidin R from Staphylococcus aureus P83 suggests that staphylococcal leucocidins and gamma- hemolysin are members of a single, two-component family of toxin," Infect Immun, vol. 61, pp. 580-7, 1993.

[5] G.Prevost, B. Cribier, P. Couppie´, P. Petiau, G. Supersac, V. Finck-Barbancon, Monteil, H. and Piemont, Y., "Panton-Valentine leucocidin and gamma-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 49775 are encoded by distinct genetic loci and have different biological activities," Infect. Immun., vol.63, pp. 4121-9, 1995.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Solar Refrigerator For Vaccines In Rural Areas
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr.V.V.Karthikeyan ||, L.Kalaivani ||, L.Naveena ||, B.Nivetha
Page No.	::	38-42
	::	10.9790/3021-04333842
	::	0.4/3021-04333842
		3021-0403-0342

Solar energy based temperature controlled chamber is presented in this paper. This technique is primarily concentrated in the medical arena.Using the Peltier module the temperature controlled chamber is utilized for the dual purposes i.e. cooling and warming.As the temperature controlled chamber is compact and easy to carry the vaccines to rural regions, it is mainly designed.This organization concentrates on solar energy in order to avert the environmental contamination. The existing system outlines the implementation of cooling and heating in an exclusive unit.The conflict between the existing and projected system is, both chilling and heating takes place in the individual unit.

 

Keywords: - Solar panel, Peltier module, Single chamber.

[1] Shun Chen, Jun Zuo and Dan Xie "Design of solar power semiconductor refrigerator" in the proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation July 6-9 2010, Jinan, China.
[2] Haidar. S, Isaac. I "Thermo-electric Cooling Using Peltier Cells in Cascade, "(2004).
[3] Sanjaykumar A Borikar and Uday S Wankhede "Experimental analysis of solar refrigeration system" in the proceedings of the International Conference at Purdue, July 14-17, 2008.
[4] Sort Nivas M, Vishnu Vardhan D, Raam Kumar PH, Sai Prasad, Ramya. K "Photovoltaic Driven Dual Purpose Thermo-electric Refrigerator for Rural India" in the InternationalJournal of Advancements in Research & Technology.
[5] WHO. (1999). "Epi Equipment Test Procedures: E3". E3:Refrigerators freezers for storing vaccines and freezing ice packs, Last Update: Febuary 18, 1999, Retrieved: July 18, 2005.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Automated Dynamic Alerts from Intensive Care Unit To Smart Phone using GPRS
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sundaramoorthy.K ||, Anand Kumar Sai.M ||, Arunprakash.N ||, Dr.S.Srinivasa Rao Madhane
Page No.	::	43-48
	::	10.9790/3021-04334348
	::	0.4/3021-04334348
		3021-0403-0348

An automated context aware dynamic alert system from an Intensive Care Unit to smart phones using GPRS was developed. The developed system collectively looks at all the available data on a patient before generating an alert. In order to achieve this, the system continuously monitors all the available vital signals before concluding the seriousness of the situation and generates an alert based on the conclusion and also a set of contexts. Setting up dynamic threshold values for vital signs based on the patient history and the current condition is another major challenge in such a system. An Internet interface allowed data inspection from a remote location and individual patient details for alert generation to be programmed through a web page. The smart alert generation system delivers the alert based on the current context of the recipient. This is made possible by continuously evaluating the various contexts of the recipients. We are implementing a smart phone based system for automation of the workflow in the ICU. This system can be made ubiquitous in the future. This paper presents the working of the smart alert system which is under development.

 

Index Terms: - Automation, cellular networks, Internet, Critical Care, Smart Alerts, Device interfacing, Decision Support, Hospital Information Management Systems (HIMS).

[1] Joaquín Gutiérrez; Juan Francisco Villa-Medina; Alejandra Nieto-Garibay; Miguel Ángel Porta-Gándara - "Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module. ", 2014.
[2] Joms Antony, Bichu Vijayan, Sudhin Joy, Santhosh Kumar G.S – " A Context Aware System for Generation and Propagation of Automated Alerts from an Intensive Care Unit. ", 2014.
[3] Mengling Feng; Zhtio Zhang: l-eng Zhang; Yu Ce; Liang Yu Loy; Vellaisamy, K.; Wenyuan. Guo; Pei Loon Chin; King, N.K.K.; Beng 'Ti Ang; Cuntai Guati. – " iSyNCC: An intelligent system for patient monitoring and clinical decision support in Neuro-Critical-Care.", 2011.
[4] Khedo, K.K. ; University of Mauritius – " Context-Aware Systems for Mobile and Ubiquitous Networks. "
[5] Fischer, N. ; Smolnik, S. – " The Impact of Mobile Computing on Individuals, Organizations, and Society - Synthesis of Existing Literature and Directions for Future Research."

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Alkaline Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching Of Cloned Eucalyptus Wood 2012 and Its Environmental Impact
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sankaralingam .P ||, Sankar.A
Page No.	::	49-58
	::	10.9790/3021-04334958
	::	0.4/3021-04334958
		3021-0403-0358

The bleaching chemistry indicates that pH affects the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide treatment and the standard recommendations has been to maintain a final stage pH range for brightening with chlorine dioxide between 3.5 and 4.0. But we used 16% & 17% TAA cooked Clone EH2012 of kappa number 18.7 & 17.4 without Oxygen Delignification (ODL), were bleached in Acidic and Alkaline pH initial chlorine dioxide (DO) stage, followed by Caustic reinforced Hydrogen peroxide (Ep) and final Chlorine dioxide (D1) stage of bleaching. At constant bleaching condition both EH2012 pulps show these alkaline pH bleaching methods can improve the pulp bleachability without affecting pulp strength properties, optical properties, and physical properties and improved effluent characteristics. The Alkaline pH bleached pulp final brightness 84.72 %ISO (16% TAA) and 85.8%ISO (17% TAA) are well compared to Acidic pH final brightness 83.6 %ISO (16% TAA) and 84.6%ISO (17% TAA) initial chlorine dioxide bleaching and followed by extraction reinforced Hydrogen peroxide and final Chlorine dioxide bleaching. Both 16&17% TAA cooked pulps filtrate analysis of the Alkaline pH Do stage, shows lower Colour (14.6 & 15.4%), Total Dissolved Solids (10.7 & 17.9%) and COD (14.2 & 18.0%) than Acidic pH Do bleaching filtrate. Based on results from the Acidic and Alkaline pH bleaching of EH2012 pulp , we found that the optimum pH for initial Do and final D1 chlorine dioxide bleaching stage should be operated with a final pH close to alkaline, when a typical chlorine dioxide charge is applied and its effluent characteristics shows lesser inorganic load when compared to acidic effluent .

[1] Axegard, P., "Improvement of Bleach Plant Effluent by Cutting Back on C12." Pulp and Paper Canada, Vol.90, 1989, pp. 78-81.
[2] Basta, J., et al. "Low AOX, Possibilities, and Consequences." 1989 Pulping Conference, Tappi Press, Atlanta, 1989, pp. 427-436
[3] Carruthers, George. , In the Paper Making. Garden City Press Coop., Toronto, 1947, p.712.
[4] Hart, P.W., The Chemical Versus energy tug of war: a Pulp mill perspective.TAPPIJ, 10 (7), pp. 37 -42, 2011.
[5] Runge, T., Ragauskas, A., Froass, P., Advances in Understanding the Basics of the First Alkaline Extraction Stage in Bleaching. 1997 Pulping Conference, San Francisco. TAPPI PRESS, Atlanta, 1997, pp.603-608.