Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Overview Of EDFA for the Efficient Performance Analysis
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Anuja Dhokar ||, S.D.Deshmukh
Page No.	::	01-08
	::	10.9790/3021-04340108
	::	0.4/3021-04340108
		3021-0403-0408

Fiber loss is a fundamental limitation in realizing long haul point–to-point fiber optical communication links and optical networks. One of the advanced technologies achieved in recent years is the advent of Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) it is an essential element in DWDM networks. This all-optical amplifier enables instantaneous amplification of multiple wavelengths in regard of electronic regeneration; direct optical amplification using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers offers many advantages for long haul repeater transmission. First, the repeater can be quite simply configured regardless of the line signal bit rate. This feature becomes more significant as the line signal bit rate exceeding 1 Tb/s at which speed electronic regeneration requires high-speed electronic circuits, thereby resulting in increase in hardware cost and power consumption.In this paper EDFA has been studied to characterize Gain, Noise Figure of a forward pumped EDFA operating in C band (1525-1565 nm) as functions of Er+3 fiber length, injected pump power, signal input power and Er+3 doping density.

 

Keywords: - Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM), Dence Wavelength Division Multiplexing(DWDM), Gain, Noise Figure (NF)

[1] Keigo Iizuka, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier, advanced Labs for especial Topic in Photonics, Faculty Of
Applied Science and Engineering University Of Toronto Canada, April 2003.
[2] Emmanuel Desurvire "Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers" Principles And Applications, Republished in
New York by Colombia University 1994.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/optical_fiber.
[4] C.Giles, and Emmanuel Desurvire "Propagation of Signal and Noise in Concatenated Erbium-Doped
Fiber Optical Amplifiers" J. Lightwave Te- chnol ., vol. 9. NO. 2. FEBRUARY 1991
[5] Optiwave Corporation "OptiAmplifier5.0 Component Library"2006.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	MIHOP: Energy Efficient Scheme in Wireless Sensor Network
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Nisha Patil ||, Shivom Tiwari
Page No.	::	09-14
	::	10.9790/3021-04340914
	::	0.4/3021-04340914
		3021-0403-0414

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as an effective solution for a wide range of applications. Most of the traditional WSN architectures consist of static nodes which are densely deployed over a sensing area. Various radio applications in the wireless sensor networks consist of nodes which operate on batteries, so that energy consumption must be minimized while satisfying given throughput and delay requirements. It is critical to prolong the network lifetime by minimizing the energy consumption of each node. In this paper, various energy efficient schemes are analyzed. Also new method which gives improved performance than existing schemes is proposed called MIHOP technique. The MIHOP (MIMO and Multi-hop) method combines cluster-based virtual MIMO and multi-hop technologies. The multi hop mode is employed in transmitting data when the related sensors are located within a specific number of hops from the sink, and the virtual MIMO mode is used in transmitting data from the remaining sensor nodes. A controllable mobile sink that reduces the energy consumed in sensor transmission is also adopted for data collection.. The theoretical analysis shows that the MIHOP scheme significantly outperforms individual virtual MIMO, multi-hop schemes in terms of energy efficiency when energy consumption in transmission and circuitry are considered.

 

Keywords: - Energy efficiency, Mobile sink, multi-hop network, MIHOP, virtual MIMO, Wireless sensor network.

[1] Yong Yuan, Zhihai He, and Min Chen "Virtual MIMO-Based Cross-Layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks" 2006, IEEE.
[2] CUI Shuguang, GOLDSMITH A J, BAHAI A. "Energy Efficiency of MIMO and Cooperative MIMO Techniques in Sensor Networks' [J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2004, 22(6): 1089-1098.
[3] Yi Gai, Lin Zhang and Xiuming Shan "Energy Efficiency of Cooperative MIMO with Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks"
[4] SUSHANT JAIN, RAHUL C. SHAH et al. "Exploiting Mobility for Energy Efficient Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks". Mobile Networks and Applications 11, 327–339, 2006.
[5] TANG Qiuling, SUN Changyin, WEN Huan, et al. "Cross-Layer Energy Efficiency Analysis and Optimization in WSN"[C]// Proceedings of the International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control: April 10-12, 2010. Chicago, USA, 2010: 138-142.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	New Technology for Fabric Defect Detection Based on K-means Algorithm
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sheetal Thorave ||, Prof.M.S.Biradar
Page No.	::	15-20
	::	10.9790/3021-04341520
	::	0.4/3021-04341520
		3021-0403-0420

There are various existing computer-based researches available in fabric defect detection but various problems like inaccuracy exists in these techniques. So in this paper, we have introduced the new technique for fabric defect detection using automatic visual analysis. In this paper we used the clustering algorithm for fabric defect detection. Clustering methods is also used for image segmentation. The main focus of this paper is to use the K-means clustering technique to achieve highly accurate and reliable fabric defect detection within reasonable computing time.

 

Keywords: - Fabric defect detection, Preprocessing, Clustering, K-mean algorithm, Thersholding.

[1] O. Miljkovi´c . Image Pre-processing Tool. Kragujevac J. Math. 32 (2009) 97-107.
[2] T. ˇ Cervinka, and I. Provazn´ık. Pre-processing for Segmentation of Computer Tomography Images. The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2007.
[3] S. ANITHA, and V. RADHA. "Comparison of Image Preprocessing Techniques for Textile Texture Images". International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2(12),2010, 7619-7625.
[4] Mark Grundland*, Neil A. Dodgson" Decolorize: fast, contrast enhancing, color to grayscale conversion"
[5] Raymond H. Chan, Chung-Wa Ho, and Mila Nikolova" Salt-and-Pepper Noise Removal by Median-Type Noise Detectors and Detail-Preserving Regularization".

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Approach to Harmonic Mitigation Study in Wind Turbine Energy Conversion Systems Using Three Phase Boost Rectifiers
Country	::	Bangladesh
Authors	::	M. A. Hossain ||, N. Afrin ||, M. Feroz Ali
Page No.	::	21-26
	::	10.9790/3021-04342126
	::	0.4/3021-04342126
		3021-0403-0426

Wind energy is an important source of electrical power in recent years. d summarize the content of the paper. Its main advantage comes from the fact of being a renewable and environmental-friendly energy. Permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) applied to wind energy conversion system (WECS) using variable speed operation is being used more frequently in wind turbine application. Variable speed systems have several advantages over the traditional method of operating wind turbines, such as the reduction of mechanical stress and an increase in energy capture. To allow the variable speed operation of the PMSG WECS a conventional three-phase bridge rectifier (BR) with a bulky capacitor associated with a voltage source current controlled inverter (VS-CCI) is used. This paper presents a comparative simulation study between three different approaches applied to harmonic mitigation in PMSG WECS. The studied techniques are single-switch three-phase boost rectifier and three-phase boost type PWM rectifier.

 

Keywords: - Harmonic mitigation, PMSG, WECS, Bridge rectifier, Boost rectifier

[1] K. Tan and S. Islam, "Optimum Control Strategies in Energy Conversion of PMSG Wind Turbine System Without Mechanical Sensors", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 19, No. 2, June 2004, pp. 392-400.
[2] Phipps, J.K.;"A transfer function approach to harmonic filter design", Industry Applications Magazine, IEEE , Volume: 3 , Issue: 2 , March-April 1997, pp.:68 – 82.
[3] A. R. Prasad, P. D. Ziogas, and S. Manias, "An active power factor correction technique for three-phase diode rectifiers," in PESC'89 Rec., pp. 58–65.
[4] Robert W. Erickson, "Some Topologies of High Quality Rectifiers" Keynote paper, First International Conference on Energy, Power, and Motion Control, May 5-6, 1997, Tel Aviv, Israel, pp. 1-6.
[5] Kaboli, Sh.; Zolghadri, M.R.; Homaifar, A., "Effects of sampling time on the performance of direct torque controlled induction motor drive", IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2003. ISIE '03, Volume: 2 , June 9-11, 2003, pp.:1049 – 1052

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Study of Various Location Tracking Techniques for Centralized Location, Monitoring & Control System
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Priya Gupta ||, S.S.Sutar
Page No.	::	27-30
	::	10.9790/3021-04342730
	::	0.4/3021-04342730
		3021-0403-0430

Location tracking and control system require efficient resource management as well as reduction in their GSM network service cost. The data is transferred through GSM network by using SMS. This increases the system capability by efficiently managing tracking devices which could increase in number as time goes by (GPS) has become a common functionality in handheld devices, and therefore, several location-tracking applications have been developed like GPS, GPRS, IMEI number, etc.,. Some techniques consume more time, less efficiency and more error rates. Location prediction is performed by using the current location, moving speed, and bearing of the target to predict its next location. When the distance between the predicted location and the actual location exceeds a certain threshold, the target transmits a short message to the tracker to update its current location. This paper presents a various tracking Techniques for Centralized location, Monitoring & Control System.

 

Keywords: - Global Positioning System (GPS), Location Tracking, Mobile Phones, Prediction Algorithms, Short Message Service (SMS)..

[1] H. H. Lee, I. K. Park, and K. S. Hong, "Design and implementation of a mobile devices-based real-time location tracking," in Proc. UBICOMM, 2008, pp. 178–183.
[2] a Michael, Andrew McNamee, MG Michael, "The Emerging Ethics of Humancentric GPS Tracking and Monitoring", Mobile Business, 2006. ICMB'06. International Conference on, pp. 1-10 , 2006.
[3] I. Lita, I. B. Cioc, and D. A. Visan, "A new approach of automobile localization system using GPS and GSM/GPRS transmission," in Proc. ISSE, 2006, pp. 115–119.
[4] P. Perugu, "An innovative method using GPS tracking, WINS technologies for border security and tracking of vehicles," in Proc. RSTSCC, 2010, pp. 130–133.
[5] S. A. Hameed, O. Khalifa, M. Ershad, F. Zahudi, B. Sheyaa, and W. Asender, "Car monitoring, alerting, and tracking model: Enhancement with mobility and database facilities," in Proc. ICCCE, 2010, pp. 1–5.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Modulation in Frequency of a Laser Diode with a low power bipolar transistor
Country	::	México
Authors	::	Fátima Itati Lara Valadez ||, Jaime H. Puebla L. ||, José Luis Hernández Aguilar
Page No.	::	31-35
	::	10.9790/3021-04343135
	::	0.4/3021-04343135
		3021-0403-0435

For industrial applications it is necessary that the test systems are portable, for example measuring the concentration of pollutants in water or characterization of processes that occur in plants or other organisms be developed in situ and in vivo. The need to make the system portable, leads us to develop a driver that automatically controls the intensity of power and modulation in frequency of the Laser, measuring the temperature of the respective material to be analyzed. Presents the implementation of the characteristics of a low power bipolar transistor as a tool for modulating in frequency the Laser Diode. The result is a hardware and free software of the cost effective that can be used in various photothermal phenomena.

 

Keywords: - Driver, Frequency, Laser Diode, Modulation, Portable

[1] Akiyuki Minamade; Yoshiaki Tokunaga Material Evaluation with New Modulation Method in Photoacoustic Technique. 10.1109/ULTSYM.2009.0632.
[2] Zoltán Bozóki; Miklós Szakáll; Árpad Mohácsi, Gábor Szabó; Zsolt Bor Diode Laser Based Photoacoustic Humidity Sensors. Sensors and Actuators B 91 219-226 (2003)
[3] V. Horká; S. Civis, Li-Hong Xu; R.M. Lees Laser Diode Photoaouctic detection in the infrared and near infrared spectral Ranges. The analyst PAPER DOI: 10.1039/b503838c 2005.
[4] Thomas J. Allen; Paul C. Beard Dual wavelength laser diode excitation source for 2D photoacoustic imaging. Biomedical Thermoacoustics Proc. Of SPIE Vol. 6437 64371U-1.
[5] Thomas J. Allen; Paul C. Beard Pulsed near-infrared Laser Diode Excitation System for Biomedical Photoacoustic Imaging. Optics Letters. Vol.31,No. 23. 2006.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	A Journey of Digital Storage from Punch Cards to Cloud
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Ranjit Kaur ||, Parveen Kumar ||, Raminder Pal Singh
Page No.	::	36-41
	::	10.9790/3021-04343641
	::	0.4/3021-04343641
		3021-0403-0441

Various data storage devices have been developed till now to serve the increasing demand of mankind to store data. In today‟s modern world of technology people have become so familiar to the storage and backup devices such as CDs, DVDs, and USB key etc. The trend of floppy disks, cassette tapes have vanished from the current basket of storage devices. Such obsolete devices as punch cards, magnetic tapes, floppy, etc have been forgotten by the ensuing generations, which provided a broad way for the innovation of current available storage devices that are being used by everyone. Although the existing storage media provide a good storage option but still they do not ensure the data security and the cost of data loss therefore some other mechanism is needed which can deal with data storage, its security and backup facility. Cloud is the most suited and remarkable technology towards these issues. Nowadays cloud storage is gaining popularity amongst all other devices as it is capable of storing BIG DATA (both structured and unstructured) of almost any size over cloud service provider‟s premises and provides excellent backup quality.

 

Keywords: - Cloud, Hard Disk, DVD, Compact Flash, Dropbox, Hacking.

[1] Atlantic, Encyclopedia of information technology (Atlantic Publishers, 2007).
[2] Ranjan Parekh, Prinicples of multimedia (Tata McGrow-Hill, 2006).
[3] Rajmohan Joshi, Introduction to computers (Gyan Publishing, 2006).
[4] Bajorek, C.H., and C.D. Mee, Trends in storage technology through the year 2000 (McGraw-Hill Professional, 1996).
[5] Cone, Patricia Barnes Svarney, Patricia Barnes Svarney, How the New Technology Works (Universities Press, 2nd ed., 1998)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Interactive Dictionary for Visually Impaired
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Reena Atul Panchal ||, Rachana Papewar ||, Chaitali Gawli ||, Khushboo Hotchandani
Page No.	::	42-46
	::	10.9790/3021-04344246
	::	0.4/3021-04344246
		3021-0403-0446

There is a growing awareness among parents, teachers, blind youth, and the adult blind community that the education which blind children are receiving is failing them. They are not learning to use and trust the alternative techniques which blind persons must have if they are to be successful. In this paper we are presenting interactive learning tools for visually impaired people. It is an innovative technique that helps the blind people to overcome the problems which they face during their educational training. It is an audio dictionary which gives synonyms of words spoken by the user through microphone. It is step ahead of the speech synthesis technology where the speech is not only synthesized but also gives the synonyms of the words in the form of audio output. We aim at developing a dictionary of up to 60 words. Mobile applications will also increase the scope. For other physically disabled people it can be further modified.

 

Keywords: - Visually impaired, interactive learning, audio dictionary, synonyms, speech synthesis.

[1] AnuradhaSen, K SamudravijayaSadhana" Indian accent text to speech system for wed browsing"Vol. 27, Part 1, February 2002, pp. 113–126.

[2] E. Darren Ellis May 2001 "Design of Speaker recognition code using MATLAB" Tennessee 37996

[3] UmezKheradia, AbhaKondwilkar International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012 ISSN 2250-3153

[4] Gunashekaran K, Manikandan R. "Sign language to speech translator system using PIC microcontroller" International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) Volume 5 No.2 April-May 2013

[5] C. Duran Ultimate "Trends in Integrated Systems to Enhance Automatic Speech Recognition Performance"

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Excess properties of acetonitrile + methanol binary mixtures at microwave frequency
Country	::	India
Authors	::	A.P. Jogdand ||, Dr. P.L. Kadam
Page No.	::	47-55
	::	10.9790/3021-04344755
	::	0.4/3021-04344755
		3021-0403-0455

Values of dielectric constant (' ) and dielectric loss (") have been experimentally determined for binary liquid mixtures of acetonitrile + methanol at 10.75 GHz microwave frequencies at 300C. The values of ' and " have been used to evaluate the loss tangent ( tan ), molar polarization (P12), apparent polarization (P2), the excess permittivity (' ), the excess dielectric loss (") and excess molar polarization ( 12 P ). The calculated values of excess dielectric constant (' ), excess molar polarization ( 12 P ) suggest that the structural behavior and dipolar rotation of the binary liquid mixtures. From the studied system indicates that the solute-solvent type of interaction taking place. Density, viscosity and refractive index measurement of binary liquid mixtures were carried out at 300C. The values of viscosity have been used to evaluate the activation energy (Ea). The surface tension has been experimentally determined for pure liquid and binary liquid mixtures at 300C.In this paper we also report the range of physical properties includes density, refractive index, viscosity and surface tension. The excess refractive index ( D n ), Excess square of refractive index ( 2 D n ) and Excess value of apparent viscosity ( ) of the viscous flow have also been estimated. These parameters have been used to explain the formation of 1:1 complex in the system.

 

Keywords: - Binary mixture, Dielectric parameters, Excess parameter, Molecular interaction

[1] A.P.Jogdand and Dr. P.L.Kadam , Dielectric behavior of Acetonitrile + Methanol binary mixtures at microwave frequency. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics , feb,2014 vol. 6issue:1(version-2) ,e-ISSN: 2278-4861 Pg. 14-22
[2] S.V. Kumara Sastry, S. SreehariSastry and VRK Murthy, Excess dielectric and thermodynamical studies on hydrogen bonded binary mixtures of propan-1-ol with methyl and ethyl benzoates, Chem. Sci. Trans. 2012, 1 (3), 638-652.
[3] RekhaPande& G.M. Kalamse, Asian J. Chemistry Vol. 17, No. 1 (2005), 283-288.
[4] Ch. V.V. Ramana, A.B.V. Kirankumar, M. Ashok kumar and M.K. Moodley Dielectric and excess dielectric constant of acetonitrile + Butyl amine + Ethylamine and methylamine at 303, 313, and 323 K
[5] Journal of chemistry volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 687106

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Computer Simulations In Buildings: Implications For Building Energy Performance
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Nimlyat, P. S ||, Dassah, E. ||, and Allu, E. L. A.
Page No.	::	56-62
	::	10.9790/3021-04345662
	::	0.4/3021-04345662
		3021-0403-0462

The goals for achievingbetter performance of buildings need more innovative use of computers than a subjective assessment. This paper is a review of the literature about the use of computer simulation in building design and construction. This study examines the types and good examples of computer simulation. The literature review indicated that although computer simulations cannot completely replace the building fabric and components, they offer several benefits both for the building and its environmental performance. This study suggests that the successful use of computer simulation in assessing the energy performance of buildings depends on how, professionals integrate and use it in the design phase and building lifespan. Computer simulation can be employed at the building design phase and also on building in use. The appropriate role of computer simulation is its use to optimize the design of building components and service systems. This is applied according to their requirements for indoor air quality while achieving energy savings in the building. Computer simulations in buildings make it possible to examine in detail a number of solutions for the building geometry and construction, as well as its design and operation. This study also implied that computer simulations have high potentials of significantly increasing the energy efficiency of a building while also providing enhanced human comfort. Computer simulation has, therefore, become a necessary tool that should be integrated into the architectural curriculum in order to achieve sustainable building performance measurement.

 

Keywords: - Computer Simulation, Energy Performance, Energy Saving, Energy Efficiency, Performance of Buildings

[1] Fishwich PA(1995).Simulation Model Design and Execution. Prentice Hall Inc.: 1995.
[2] Laurillard D (1993). Rethinking University Teaching a Framework for effective use of Educational Technology. Routledge.
[3] Tasli S, Ozguc B (2001). Dynamic Simulation in Virtual Environments an Evaluation Tool for Architectural Design. Architectural Science Review, 44 (2): 139-144.
[4] Richard P (2010). Energy Analysis Tools. Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG). A Program of the National Institute of Building Sciences 2010.Available via www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php. Retrieved 14/06/2012
[5] Vital Engineering.The Case for Computer Simulation of Buildings.Vital Engineering Corporation Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada. Available via, www.vitaleng.com, Retrieved 03/06/2012