Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Comparative Study of Bisection, Newton-Raphson and Secant Methods of Root- Finding Problems
Country	::	Delta
Authors	::	Ehiwario, J.C. ||, Aghamie, S.O.
Page No.	::	01-07
	::	10.9790/3021-04410107
	::	0.4/3021-04410107
		3021-0404-0107

The study is aimed at comparing the rate of performance, viz-aviz, the rate of convergence of Bisection method, Newton-Raphson method and the Secant method of root-finding. The software, mathematica 9.0 was used to find the root of the function, f(x)=x-cosx on a close interval [0,1] using the Bisection method, the Newton's method and the Secant method and the result compared. It was observed that the Bisection method converges at the 52 second iteration while Newton and Secant methods converge to the exact root of 0.739085 with error 0.000000 at the 8th and 6th iteration respectively. It was then concluded that of the three methods considered, Secant method is the most effective scheme. This is in line with the result in our Ref.[4].

 

Keywords: - Convergence, Roots, Algorithm, Iterations, Bisection method, Newton-Raphson method, Secant method and function

[1] Biswa Nath Datta (2012), Lecture Notes on Numerical Solution of root Finding Problems. www.math.niu.edu/dattab.
[2] Iwetan, C.N, Fuwape,I.A, Olajide, M.S and Adenodi, R.A(2012), Comparative Study of the Bisection and Newton Methods in solving for Zero and Extremes of a Single-Variable Function. J. of NAMP vol.21pp173-176.
[3] Charles A and W.W Cooper (2008), Non-linear Power of Adjacent Extreme Points Methods in Linear Programming, Econometrica Vol. 25(1) pp132-153.
[4] Srivastava,R.B and Srivastava, S (2011), Comparison of Numerical Rate of Convergence of Bisection, Newton and Secant Methods. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences. Vol 2(1) pp 472-479.
[5] Ehiwario, J.C (2013), Lecture Notes on MTH213: Introduction to Numerical Analysis, College of Education Agbor. An Affiliate of Delta State University, Abraka.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	An Overview of Image processing for traffic applications
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Nikita Sankhe ||, Poonam Sonar ||, Deven Patel
Page No.	::	08-14
	::	10.9790/3021-04410814
	::	0.4/3021-04410814
		3021-0404-0114

The frequent traffic jams at major junctions call for an efficient traffic management system in place. The resulting wastage of time and increase in pollution levels can be eliminated on a city-wide scale by these systems. In this paper we present an overview of image processing and analysis tools used in these applications and we relate these tools with complete systems developed for specific traffic applications. More specifically, we categorize processing methods based on their input data as feature-driven, area-driven, or model-based and the domain of processing as spatial or temporal frames.The image sequences from a camera are analyzed using various edge detection and object counting methods to obtain the most efficient technique. Subsequently, the number of vehicles at the intersection is evaluated and traffic is efficiently managed. The paper also proposes to implement a real-time emergency vehicle detection system. In case an emergency vehicle is detected, the lane is given priority over all the others.

 

Keywords: - Traffic monitoring, automatic lane finding, Object detection, Emergency vehicles, Image Processing.

[1] V. Kastrinaki, M. Zervakis, K. Kalaitzakis "A survey of video processing techniques for traffic applications" Image and Vision Computing 21 (2003) 359–381. K.Compton, S.Hauck,
[2] Benjamin Coifmana, David Beymerb, Philip McLauchlanb, Jitendra Malikb"A real-time computer vision system for vehicle tracking and traffic surveillance" Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 3 (1995) 325–348.Volume 6, Issue 4, August 1998, Pages 271–288..
[3] B.D. Stewart, I. Reading, M.S. Thomson, T.D. Binnie, K.W.Dickinson, C.L. Wan, Adaptive lane finding in road traffic image analysis, Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Road Traffic Monitoring and Control, IEE, London (2003).

[4] Vikramaditya dangi by, Amol Parab, Kshitij Pawar & S.S Rathod "Image processing based intelligent traffic controller", Undergraduate Academic Research Journal (UARJ), ISSN : 2278 – 1129, Volume-1, Issue-2, 2012.
[5] M. Fathy and M. Y. Siyal "A window-based image processing technique for quantitative and qualitative analysis of road traffic parameters"

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Influence of continuos plastic fibers reiforcement arrangement in concrete strengthened
Country	::	México
Authors	::	F.J. Baldenebro-Lopez ||, J.H. Castorena-Gonzalez ||, J.I. Velazquez-Dimas ||, J.E. Ledezma-Sillas ||, C.D. Gómez-Esparza ||, R. Martinez-Sanchez ||, J.M. Herrera-Ramirez
Page No.	::	15-23
	::	10.9790/3021-04411523
	::	0.4/3021-04411523
		3021-0404-0123

Many studies have been done using waste short plastic fibers to reinforce concrete. The objective of this investigation is the development of a novel arrangement of reinforcement with continuous recycled PET fibers, to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete beams. The novel arrangement consists of continuous PET fibers of the same length as concrete beams, placed in the mold, fixed and prestressed prior to casting the concrete. Due to the fact that in previous investigations on concrete reinforced with PET fibers, these fibers have been used in a short, dispersed way; it is of interest to compare the effect of the novel arrangement of continuous fiber reinforcement with the typical short, discontinuous fiber reinforcement. Thus, in this paper concrete beams were reinforced using both fiber arrangements. The mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete samples were evaluated and compared by bending tests. The results showed a better performance of the continuous PET fiber reinforcement than that of the short, discontinuous one; the continuous PET samples presented a great increase in the concrete properties in 150% the maximum load in bending. Before testing the concrete composites, recycled PET fibers were mechanically and structurally characterized by FTIR, DSC and tensile tests.

 

Keywords: - Deformation, Fiber-reinforced concrete, Mechanical properties, Recycled PET fibers.

[1] Kim SB, Yi NH, Kim HY, Kim J-HJ, Song Y-C. Material and structural performance evaluation of recycled PET fiber reinforced concrete. Cement Concrete Comp, 32, 2010:232-240.
[2] Dora F. Preliminary analysis of concrete reinforced with waste bottles PET fibers. Constr Build Mater, 25, 2011:1906-1915.
[3] Batayneh M, Marie I, Asi I. Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes. Waste Manage, 27, 2007:1870-1876.
[4] Juárez C, Guevara B, Valdez P, Durán-Herrera A. Mechanical properties of natural fibers reinforced sustainable masonry. Constr Build Mater, 24, 2010:1536-1541.
[5] Siddique R, Khatib J, Kaur I. Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A review. Waste Manage, 28, 2008:1835-1852.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Passenger Car Equivalents for Vehicles at Signalized Intersections within the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana
Country	::	Ghana
Authors	::	A. A. Obiri-Yeboah ||, Y. A. Tuffour ||, M. Salifu
Page No.	::	24-29
	::	10.9790/3021-04412429
	::	0.4/3021-04412429
		3021-0404-0129

Passenger car equivalents (PCEs) used in Ghana have been adopted from other countries and, therefore, cannot be said to capture the impact of local conditions in signalized intersection analysis. In this study, passenger car equivalents were evaluated for three vehicle categories; cars, medium vehicles, and trucks, which use signalized intersections within the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. The objective was to develop PCEs which truly reflect the prevailing traffic mix, flow conditions and the effect of roadside friction at the intersections. Data was collected on discharge headways at eleven signalized intersections controlled by pre-timed signals,and using the headway ratio method, PCEs of the three categories of vehicles were estimated. PCE values were higher at intersections with roadside friction than those at intersections devoid of such friction. In comparison, the values obtained from the study are larger than those adopted from elsewhere and probably reflect more accurately the impact of local conditions on discharge at the intersections. This underscores the need to develop PCEs appropriate to local conditions rather than adopt from other standards.

 

Keywords:-Headway, Passenger Car Equivalent, Saturation Flow Rate, Signalized Intersections

[1] K.M. Kochelman, and R.A. Shabih, Effect of Light-Duty Trucks on the Capacity of Signalized Intersections, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 126, Issue 6,November, 2000, pp 506-512.
[2] M. Rahman, and F. Nakamura, Measuring passenger car equivalents for non-motorized vehicle (Rickshaws) at mid-block sections,Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, 2005, pp 119-126.
[3] L. Vien, Ibrahim, W.H.W., and A.F. Mohd, Passenger Car Equivalents and Saturation Flow Rates for Through Vehicles at Signalized Intersections in Malaysia,22nd ARRB Conference -Research into Practice, 2006, Canberra, Australia.
[4] Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2010. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
[5] N. Webster, andL. Elefteriadou, A simulation study of truck passenger car equivalents (PCE) on basic freeway sections,Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 33, Issue 5, June 1999, pp 323-336.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Topping Process Using Different Methodologies
Country	::	Argentina
Authors	::	J. Martínez ||, L.Ale Ruiz ||, J.M. Vega ||, M.C. Carrera ||, E. Erdmann ||, y E.E. Tarifa
Page No.	::	30-40
	::	10.9790/3021-04413040
	::	0.4/3021-04413040
		3021-0404-0140

The first process which crude oil undergoes in a refinery is the atmospheric distillation o topping, whose aim is to fraction the crude oil in their products: naphtha, kerosene, gas oil, etc. The stages involved are: process analysis, carrying out laboratory analysis, identification of parameters, determination of operating conditions and analysis of operating procedures, data processing, stationary simulation and development of results. The column to simulate consists of a rectification column with three side separators and a condenser. For modeling this process a conventional procedure was performed using the Excel spreadsheet. And for simulating stationary was used HYSYS software. First the crude was characterized by laboratory analysis. Starting from these analyses, the TBP curve was built and global properties of crude were defined. Resolved the crude oil physicochemical, a model of the column was built. The stationary states found from simulation were compared with the results of the conventional procedure; the comparison had an acceptable degree of consistency. Finally, a series of alternatives were studied for the design and operating conditions. By resolving the designing process of the topping column, the advantages and disadvantages of a simulator can be compared with a conventional resolution method.

 

Keywords: - Atmospheric Distillation, Crude Oil Plant, HYSYS, Model, Simulation

[1] R.N. Watkins, Petroleum Refinery distillation. (Gulf Publishing Company. Houston Texas. 1981).
[2] R.N. Watkins, How to design crude distillation. (Special Report. Hydrocarbon Processing. December 1969).
[3] Ojeda, A.L. et al. Destilación Aplicada a Sistemas de Hidrocarburos (YPF-PGM. 1978. Tomos I y II).
[4] P. Wuithier, Refino y Tratamiento Químico: el petróleo. Cepsa S.A. and Marcel Dekker Inc. Madrid, Spain. 1971.
[5] A Cerutti,. La Refinación del petróleo (Ed. IAPG. Buenos Aires, Argentina.2002. Tomo I).

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Generation of an Annual Typical Meteorological Solar Radiation for Armidale NSWAustralia
Country	::	Australia
Authors	::	Yasser Maklad
Page No.	::	41-45
	::	10.9790/3021-04414145
	::	0.4/3021-04414145
		3021-0404-0145

The most common data for describing the local solar climate is through what is called Typical Meteorological Year data (TMY). Typical solar radiation data is very important for the calculations of many solar applications. In this study, typical solar radiation years for Armidale town in New South Wales in Australia are generated from the daily global solar radiation data measured for 23 years, utilising the Finkelstein-Schafer statistical method. The study outcome is expected to show how solar irradiance is potential in Armidale NSW and would be a real help for solar energy generation systems' designers in this region for all building applications varying between residential, educational, administrative and commercial for sizing and maximising efficiency of such systems by using the tabular TYR outcome for the each day of the year.

 

Keywords:- Armidale NSW, solar radiation, test meteorological year, test reference yea

[1] A. Argiriou, S. Lykoudis, S. Kontoyiannidis, C.A. Balaras, D. Asimakopoulos, M. Petrakis, and P.Kassomenos. Comparison of methodologies for TMY generation using 20 years data forAthens, Greece. Solar Energy 66(1), 1999, 33–45.
[2] W. Marion and K. Urban. User's Manual for TMY2s. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA, 1995.
[3] H. Bulut. Generation of typical solar radiation data for Istanbul, Turkey. International Journal of Energy Research 27(9), 2003, 847–855.
[4] H. Bulut. Typical Solar Radiation Year for South-eastern Anatolia. Renewable Energy 29(9), 2004, 1477–1488.
[5] R.L. Fagbenle. Generation of a test reference year for Ibadan, Nigeria. Energy Conversion andManagement 30(1), 1995, 61–63.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Unsteady MHD flow of a visco-elastic fluid along vertical porous surface with fluctuating temperature and concentration
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Arpita Mohanty ||, Pravat Kumar Rath ||, G. C. Dash
Page No.	::	46-57
	::	10.9790/3021-04414658
	::	0.4/3021-04414658
		3021-0404-0158

An unsteady magneto-hydrodynamics flow of an incompressible visco-elastic fluid [Walters' fluid (Model B)] along an infinite hot vertical porous surface with fluctuating temperature and concentration has been studied. The governing equations of motion, energy and concentration are solved by the successive perturbation techniques. The expressions for the skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also derived. The variations in the fluid velocity, temperature and concentration are shown graphically whereas numerical values of skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are presented in a tabular form for various values of pertinent flow parameters.

Keywords: - MHD flow; porous medium; chemical reaction/heat source

[1] V.M. Soundalgekar and P.D. Warne, Unsteady free convection flow past an infinite vertical plate with constant suction and Mass transfer. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 20, 1977, 1363-1373.
[2] K.D. Singh, Unsteady free convection flow past a hot vertical porous plate with variable temperature. Proc. Indian Nat. Set. Acad. 58, 1992, 537-544.
[3] K. Anwar, MHD unsteady free convection flow past a vertical porous plate. ZAMM 78, 1998, 255-270.
[4] H. Poonia, and R.C. Chaudhary, MHD free convection and mass transfer flow over an infinite vertical porous plate with viscous dissipation. Theo Appl., Mech., 37, 2010, 263-287.
[5] M. Acharya, , G.C. Dash and L.P. Singh, Magnetic field effects on the free convection and mass transfer flow through porous medium with constant suction and constant heat flux. Indian J. Pure Appl. Maths. 31, 2000, 1-18.