Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	The Effects Of Matrix Mixing On The Properties Of Castor Oil- Based Polyurethane Foams
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Gideon Majiyebo Adogbo ||, Valadaticha Elam Atiwurcha
Page No.	::	01-06
	::	10.9790/3021-04810106
	::	0.4/3021-04810106
		3021-0408-0106

Mixing of materials above the required speed in foam production leads to energy loss and affects foam properties such as: foam rise height, density, compressibility, resilience and openness of foam thus; this study was done to analyze the effect of matrix mixing on the properties of castor oil based polyurethane foams. By using the one sheet technique, castor oil based polyurethane foams were prepared from two formulations at different stirrer speed ranging from 120 – 1180 rev/min. The formulation consisted of castor oil as polyol, Toluene diisocyanate, Water, Dimethyl ethanol amine (DMEA), Silicone oil and stannous octoate. Foam properties like Foam height, Density, Tensile strength, Elongation at break and Compression set were tested, it was observed that these properties of the polyurethane foams were very sensitive to mixing; with increase in stirrer speed, strong turbulence at the gas-liquid interface created bubbles which were broken by the stirrer which led to formation of finely dispersed bubbles enhancing the mass transfer rate, a physical examination of the foams revealed that for both foam formulations A and B at low stirrer speeds, big sized cells were formed because the polymerization reaction was not encouraged. But at higher stirrer speeds, smaller cells were formed.

 

Keywords: Castor oil, Toluene diisocyanate, Dimethyl ethanol amine, Polymerization, Stannous octoate, Polyurethane, Mixing.

[1] O.O Ogunleye, F.A Oyawale and E. Suru, "Effects of Castor Oil on the Physical Properties of Polyether Based Flexible Polyurethane Foam" Global Journal of Biotechnology & Biochemistry 2(1), 2007, 28-32.
[2] I.Javni, Z.S Petrovic, A.Guo & R. Fuller, "Thermal Stability of Polyurethanes Based on Vegetable Oils", Journal of Applied Polymer Science 77(8), 2000, 1723-1734.

[3] S. Husic, I. Javni and Z.S Petrovic, Z.S, "Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Glass Reinforced Soybased Polyurethane Composites", Composites Science and Technology (65), 2005, 19-25
[4] M.C José, M.S Antonia, C.N Salvador, O.C Gilberto, "Biodegradation of polyurethane derived from castor oil" Polimeros: Clencla e Technologia 18 (3), 2008, 201-206.
[5] V.B Veronese, R.K Menger, M.M Forte and C.L Petzhold, "Rigid polyurethane foam based on modified vegetable oil" Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 120, 2011, 530–537.

 

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Analysis And Capacity Based Earthquake Resistant Design Of Multi Storeyed Building
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Amit Kumar ||, Anant Kumar ||, Shyam Kishor Kumar ||, Krishna Murari
Page No.	::	07-13
	::	10.9790/3021-04810713
	::	0.4/3021-04810713
		3021-0408-0113

Earthquakes in different parts of the world demonstrated the disastrous consequences and vulnerability of inadequate structures. Many reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures located in zones of high seismicity in India are constructed without considering the seismic code provisions. The vulnerability of inadequately designed structures represents seismic risk to occupants. The main cause of failure of multi-storey reinforced concrete frames during seismic motion is the soft storey sway mechanism or column sway mechanism. The seismic inertia forces generated at its floor levels are transferred through the various beams and columns to the ground. The failure of a column can affect the stability of the whole building, but the failure of a beam causes localized effect. Therefore, it is better to make beams to be the ductile weak links than columns. This method of designing RC buildings is called the strong-column weak-beam design method. If the frame is designed on the basis of strong column-weak beam concept the possibilities of collapse due to sway mechanisms can be completely eliminated. In multi storey frame this can be achieved by allowing the plastic hinges to form, in a predetermined sequence only at the ends of all the beams while the columns remain essentially in elastic stage and by avoiding shear mode of failures in columns and beams. This procedure for design is known as Capacity based design which would be the future design philosophy for earthquake resistant design of multi storey reinforced concrete frames.

 

Keyword: - Seismic analysis, Capacity based design, Staad pro., Modification factor, G+6.

[1] I.S. 1893, "Criteria for Earthquake Res Provisions and BuildingsBureauofIndian Standards(Fifth,2002. Revision)
[2] I.S.456, "Plain - Codeand ReinforofBureauPracoftice",edIndianConcre Standards, 2000.
[3] I.S 13920, "Ductile Detailing of Reinforcement and Seismic Forces-Code of BureauPractice",of IndianStandards, 1993.
[4] SP 16, "Design AidsBureauforofIndianReinforcedStandards,1980. Con
[5] Agarwal Pankaj and Shrikhande Manish, "Ear structures", Prentice Hall of India.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	The Effect of Cloudy Days on the Annual Typical Meteorological Solar Radiation for Armidale NSW, Australia
Country	::	Australia
Authors	::	Yasser Maklad
Page No.	::	14-20
	::	10.9790/3021-04811420
	::	0.4/3021-04811420
		3021-0408-0120

The most common data for describing the local solar climate is through what is called Typical Meteorological Year data (TMY). Typical solar radiation data is very important for the calculations of many solar applications. Previously, the calculation TMY for solar radiation has been already conducted for Armidale NSW, Australia, as typical solar radiation years for Armidale were generated from the daily global solar radiation data measured for 23 years, utilising the Finkelstein-Schafer statistical method. By all means, TMY of solar radiation showed the how solar radiation is potential in Armidale and would be a real help for solar energy generation systems' designers in this region for all building applications varying between residential, educational, administrative and commercial for sizing and maximising efficiency of such systems by using the tabular TMY outcome for the each day of the year. However, in this study, cloudy days are considered, a revised TMY of solar radiation for Armidale is generated. It has been found that, the consideration of cloudy days has significant impacts on the potential of solar radiation in Armidale which is directly related to forming a real picture of this potential. Such impacts are affecting inversely the expected amount of energy generated and/or heat from solar radiation in Armidale.

 

Keywords:- Armidale NSW, clear days, cloudy days, solar radiation, test meteorological year, test reference yea,

[1] A. Argiriou, S. Lykoudis, S. Kontoyiannidis, C.A. Balaras, D. Asimakopoulos, M. Petrakis, and P.Kassomenos. Comparison of methodologies for TMY generation using 20 years data for Athens, Greece. Solar Energy 66(1), 1999, 33–45.
[2] W. Marion and K. Urban. User's Manual for TMY2s. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA, 1995.
[3] H. Bulut. Generation of typical solar radiation data for Istanbul, Turkey. International Journal of Energy Research 27(9), 2003, 847–855.
[4] H. Bulut. Typical Solar Radiation Year for South-eastern Anatolia. Renewable Energy 29(9), 2004, 1477–1488.
[5] R.L. Fagbenle. Generation of a test reference year for Ibadan, Nigeria. Energy Conversion and Management30(1), 1995, 61–63

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	An Approach to Extract Feature using MFCC
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Parwinder Pal Singh ||, Pushpa Rani
Page No.	::	21-25
	::	10.9790/3021-04812125
	::	0.4/3021-04812125
		3021-0408-0125

Speech is the most natural and efficient way of communication between humans. Lots of efforts have been made to develop a human computer interface so that one can easily interact and communicate in an unskilled way. Speech recognition systems find their applications in our daily lives and have huge benefits for those who are suffering from some kind of disabilities. This paper presents an approach to extract features from speech signal of spoken words using the Mel-Scale Frequency Cepstral Coefficients .It is a nonparametric frequency domain approach which is based on human auditory perception system. Firstly, all the voice samples of isolated words are taken as the input and by using praat tool denoise all these samples. Then coefficients are extracted by using MFCC as these coefficients collectively represent the short term power spectrum of sound. All this implementation is build in Matlab.

 

Keywords: - Speech Recognition, Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC), cepstrum

[1] S. Dhingra, G. Nijhawan and P. Pandit, Isolated Speech Recognition using MFCC and DTW, International journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering,8(2), 2013.

[2] C. Poonkuzhali, R. Karthiprakash, S. Valarmathy and M. Kalamani, An Approach to feature selection algorithm based on Ant Colony Optimization for Automatic Speech Recognition, International journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 11(2), and 2013.

[3] V. Sharma and P. Sharma, Discrete and continuous Mouse Motion using Vocal and Non-Vocal Characteristics of Human Voice, International journal of Computer Science and Engineering Technology,4,2013.

[4] C. Ittichaichareon, S. Suksri and T. Yingthawornsuk, speech Recognition using MFCC, International Conference on Computer Graphics Simulation and Modeling, 2012.

[5] N.N. Lokhande, N.S. Nehe and P.S. Vikhe , MFCC based Robust features for English word Recognition, IEEE, 2012.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Comparison of yam storage techniques to reduce post Harvest losses with regard to effective storage structures in Ganye local Government Adamawa state – Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	I.G. Adamu ||, D.A. Mada ||, H.U. Kabri
Page No.	::	26-31
	::	10.9790/3021-04812631
	::	0.4/3021-04812631
		3021-0408-0131

T he objective is to study the effective techniques in reducing the physiological induce post – harvest losses in white yam (D.rotundata) in Ganye local Government of Adamawa State – Nigeria. The comparative techniques is to asses weight losses in interval of length of storage using the two method s; wooden box and excavate pit. Fresh sample of yam tubers were weighed and store in both techniques intermittently for duration of 16 weeks. At the end of every month the yam tubers in both methods were weighed and observation recorded. The duration of natural dormancy fluctuates with weight losses between 4 weeks to 16 weeks of storage length. Some of these losses are endogenous i.e. physiological and induced transpiration, respiration and germination. Available information from the experimental result shows that the percentage weight loss of yam tubers stored in wooden box increase to 4 months before sprouting, compare to the pit, which increase to 3 months before sprouting. The loss of fresh yam tuber reduces continuously during length of storage to average of 20 percentage due to ambient temperature and relative humidly during storage. Therefore, yam tubers stored in wooden box prolong the dormancy period for five months before sprouting. Experimental result revealed that yam tubers storage in wooden box is effective than in pit.

 

Keywords: - Yam, storage, techniques, post harvest, losess, storage structures

[1] Ganguli, S. (2002). Neem a thera peutic for all season, curr. Sci. June p.1340, 82 (ii)
[2] Geradin, O. Nindjin, C Faraz, Eschet,F. Samp. And Otokore, D. (1998) Effect of storage system and sprout Removal on post harvest yam (Diascorea spp). Fresh weight loss. J. Agric science combridge pp. 130, 329, 335.
[3] I I T A (2007) yam research for development.
[4] I I T A publication, Ibrahim, M. H. Williams, J.O. Abidun, M.O (1987) Assessment of parts neem tree for yam tubers storage Rep. Nig. Stored prod. Res. Inst. (4). 37-41.
[5] Knoth, J.(1993).Traditional storage of yam and cassava and its improvement.Deustche Gisellshfat for Technische Zusanment Monenabit (GTZ) Post harvest project. Hamburg, Germany, pp 9-43

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	The Effect Of Meta-Cognitive Strategy Training And Its Effect On Writing Skills Of The 5th Standard Boy And Girl's Students Of India
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Seyfollah Gholami Karahroudi ||, Prof. Sulochana Reddy
Page No.	::	32-36
	::	10.9790/3021-04813236
	::	0.4/3021-04813236
		3021-0408-0136

Research shows that training in Mata-cognition Strategies that are used to Improve Writing Disabilities have been successful or conclusive. The purpose of the present study was to study of effect of meta-cognitive strategy training and its effect on Writing performance of the 5th Standard Boy and Girl's Students of India . We have investigated the effect of Meta-cognitive strategy training through the use of explicit strategy instruction on Improve Writing Disabilities in 5th Standard students. To reach the goal of the study two groups of Writing Disabilities in 5th Standard students were randomly assigned to a control and an experimental group. The experimental groups received instruction on Meta-cognitive strategy training through a 16-week period of instruction. However, only the experimental group received Meta-cognitive strategy training during the course of training. The result of the study showed that explicit Meta-cognitive strategy training has a significant positive effect on Improve Writing Disabilities in 5th Standard students. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software.

 

Keywords: 5th Grade Students, Learning Difficulties, Mete-Cognition, Writing Disorder, Student

[1] Flavell, J. H. (1979). Mata-cognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive- Developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906-911.

[2] Flavell, j. H. (1992). Cognitive deveiopment: Past, present, and future. Developmental Psychology, 28, 998-1005.
[3] INTRODUCTION Akın, A., Abaci, R., & Çetin, B. (2007). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Meta-cognitive awareness inventory, Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 7(2), 671-678
[4] Moseley, D., Baumfield, V., Elliot, J., Gregson., M., Higgins., S., Miller, J., & Newton, D. P. (2005). Frameworks for thinking: A handbook for teaching and learning, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
[5] Payne, T., & Turner, E. (1999). Dyslexia: A parents' and teachers' guide. Clevedon, North Somerset, UK: Multilingual Matters.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	The Effectiveness of Snail Shell as Adsorbent For The Treatment of Waste Water From Beverage Industries Using H3 Po4 As Activating Agent
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Udeozor S. O ||, Evbuomwan B. O
Page No.	::	37- 41
	::	10.9790/3021-04813741
	::	0.4/3021-04813741
		3021-0408-0141

The effectiveness of Snail Shell as adsorbent for the treatment of wastewater from beverage industries, using Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as activating agent has been investigated. The snail shells were pyrolysed at 500oC and partitioned into two parts; one part as sample A and the other further treated with the activating agent as sample B. The samples were characterized for some important properties such as porosity, surface area, organic content, moisture content, and pH; and sample B was used in all further experimental works. Wastewater from beverage industry was treated with the activated snail shell sample B, with a view to determining the extent of treatment with time. Some of the important wastewater parameters analyzed include: Biological oxygen Demand (BOD); Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Turbidity; Dissolved oxygen (DO); and Phosphate. The results obtained from the characterization of the snail shell adsorbent samples are: for sample A (Porosity, 48%; Surface area, 2567.32m2; Organic content, 12.5%; Moisture content, 0.32%; pH, 8.76); and for sample B (Porosity 72%; Surface area, 2987.69m2; Organic content, 7.3%; Moisture content, 0.27%; pH, 7.04). Also, the results of some of the physicochemical parameters of the waste water before and after treatment respectively, at a maximum time of 40mins are: 48mg/l and 16mg/l for BOD, 146mg/l and 37mg/l for COD, 41FAU and 1 FAU for turbidity, 1.8mg/l and 4.98mg/l for dissolved oxygen, 0.066mg/l and 0.0001mg/l for phosphate. In conclusion, this study has shown that activated carbon produced from snail shells can compete favorably with the conventional activated carbons in treating wastewater from beverage industry, using H3PO4 as an effective activating agent.

 

Key words: Snail shell, Activating agent, Characterization, Wastewater and Beverage

[1] Aluyor, E.O. and Badmus, O.A.M. (2008): "COD Removal from Industrial Waste Water using Activated Carbon prepared from Animal horns", African J of Biotech, Vol.7, pp 3887-3891.
[2] Vedula (2011): Flexible Nano-feeds of Carbide-derived Carbon
[3] Michal K, Bruno, D and Ewa C.B (2005); J.Phys. Chem. B. 109, 9216-9225
[4] An-Hui Ru and Jing-Tang Zheng (2001): Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 236, 369-
[5] Junichi Hayashi, Atsuo Kazehaya, Katsuhiko Muroyama, Paul Watkinson A. (2000): Carbon 28, 1873-1

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Engineering Properties of African Mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis) Seeds Relevant To Processing
Country	::	Adamawa
Authors	::	Usman, D. D ||, Ibrahim, M. E ||, Yakubu, I. T ||, Jahun, B. G
Page No.	::	42-46
	::	10.9790/3021-04814246
	::	0.4/3021-04814246
		3021-0408-0146

Khaya Senegalensis (African mahogany) seeds have been discovered to be a rich source of oil that can be used for domestic and industrial purposes. As a first step in developing processes and machine for the extraction of oil from the seeds, some physical properties namely: size, sphericity and roundness, surface area, weight, volume and density, bulk density, porosity, angle of repose and coefficient of friction (on wood and steel) and specific heat capacity were determined . The seeds which are commonly found in Adamawa state were sampled and subjected to physical property test at a moisture content of 12.20% wet basis. Major, intermediate and minor diameter varied from 14.49 to 20.59 mm, 9.47 to 13.58 mm and 0.79 to 2.60 mm respectively, while sphericity and roundness varied from 0.34 to 0.48 and 0.43 to 0.75. Volume and density values varied from 0.20 to 0.24 cm3 and 0.56 to 1.34 g/cm3 while the weight varied from 0.10 to 0.259. Surface area, bulk density and porosity varied from 31.41 to 66.42 mm2, 0.40 to 0.45 g/cm3 and 0.42 to 0.56 respectively, while the values for coefficient of friction and angle of repose for wood and plywood varied from 0.466 to 0.601 (for plywood), 0.510 to 0.554 (steel) and 250 to 320 (plywood) and 270 to 290C steel respectively. Specific heat value varied from 20.77 to 32.85 KJ/Kg0C. These results are necessary as design parameters when designing equipment for processing the seed.

 

Keywords: - Physical property, Specific heat, bulk density, Sphericity, coefficient of friction.

[1] Roger, A., Khaya senegalensis – current use from it's natural range and it's potential in Sri-Lanka and elsewhere in Asia. CSIRO and Forest Research, Kingston. ACT 2604. 2004.
[2] Dorthe, J. and Sylvie, G. Khaya senegalensis (Desr)-Taxonomy and nomenclature. Seed leaflet, No 66, 2003. http://74.125.45.132/search?q=cache:t2k8gDE7YAJ.
[3] Food Security:info/food-security.inf.
[4] Michael, A. Trees, shrubs and lianas of West Africa dry zones. (CIRAD Muggraf Publishers GMBH. MNHN.Pp 355, 2004)
[5] Lea, P.J. and Leegood, R.C. , Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Chister John Willey, P. 269. 1993)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Experimental Investigation of PCBN Cutting Tool Insert When Hard Turning Hardened 42CrMo4 Steel
Country	::	China
Authors	::	Musonda Emmanuel Kabaso ||, Chen Yongjie
Page No.	::	54-61
	::	10.9790/3021-04814761
	::	0.4/3021-04814761
		3021-0408-0161

The goal of this experimental analysis was to observe the behavior of a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride(PCBN) tool during hard turning of chromium-molybdenum alloy hardened steel (42CrMo4).Individual cutting parameter influences on the general tool wear patterns were quantitatively evaluated on the basis of appropriate physical and mathematical modeling approaches. The outcomes indicated that PCBN tool suggests good wear resistance regardless of the aggressiveness of the 42CrMo4 at 62HRC. At 200 m/min, the machining system became uneven and resulted in significant sparks and vibrations just after a few minutes. At higher speeds roughness (Ra)was stabilized due to a reduction in the cutting forces. Surface quality attained with PCBN tool considerably compares with that of grinding. Even when the tool wear VB reached 0.3 mm, the majority of the recorded Ra values did not exceed 1𝛍m at the various speeds tested. The correlation of tool wear VB and surface roughness Ra established allows obtaining experimental empirical data on the cutting tool wear from measured surface roughness for practical use in industry.

 

Keywords: -Hard Turning, Tool Life, Tool Wear, Surface Roughness, Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy Steel, Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride.

[1] Dawson, T. G., & Kurfess, T. R., Modeling the Progression of Flank Wear on Uncoated and Ceramic-Coated PCBN Tools in Hard Turning, ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 128(1), 2006, 104-109.
[2] Haron, C., Ginting, A., & Arshad, H., Performance of alloyed uncoated and CVD-coated carbide tools in dry milling of titanium alloy Ti-6242S, Journal of material Processing Technology, 185, 2007,77-82.
[3] Tonshoff, H. K., Wobker, H. G., & Brandt, D., Tool Wear and Surface Integrity in Hard Turning, Production Engineering, 3 (1), 1996,19-24.
[4] Choudhury, I. A., & El-Baradie, M. A., Surface Roughness Prediction in the Turning of High Strength Steel by Factorial Design of Experiments, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 67, 1997, 55-67.
[5] Azouzi, R., & Guillot, M.. On-Line Optimization of the Turning Using an Inverse Process Neuro Controller Translation,ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 120, 1998,101-107.