Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A Realistic Estimate of Annual Typical Daily Solar Photovoltaic Power in Urban Armidale NSW, Australia
Country	::	Australia
Authors	::	Yasser Maklad
Page No.	::	01-08
	::	10.9790/3021-04910108
	::	0.4/3021-04910108
		3021-0409-0108

Solar energy is one of the common sources of renewable and clean energy. It is really difficult to know exactly the solar radiation at any specific moment at a specific location as clouds are moving simultaneously. Clouds decays solar radiation dramatically. It is astonishingly that in different solar radiation observations are recorded in the same location or town or city due, at the same moment of time, due to the clouds' effect. Such effect has a great influence on solar photovoltaic energy can be generated at any place during the daytime. Generally, manufacturers and suppliers of solar photovoltaic energy system considers the global solar radiation known and published for each town or city as metrological data. However, this led to and overestimation of the solar photovoltaic produced energy and represents a misleading to customers as such estimate it doesn't consider cloudy days.
Armidale is a regional city in New South Wales (NSW) in Australia, as well it is the highest town all over Australia. This study aims to provide a justified realistic/creditable/ reliable estimate of annual typical daily solar photovoltaic power. The reason of this justification that this study depends on an accurate estimate of cloudy global solar radiationfor urban Armidale. Such estimate would be a great benefit of solar energy specialists and non-specialists households to obtain an estimate of daily potential solar photovoltaic power would likely be generated in Armidale.

 

Keywords: - Armidale NSW, solar Photovoltaic power, test meteorological year, test reference year, solar radiation, micro-scale energy generation

[1] Natural Resources Canada, 2001). Photovoltaics for Buildings: Opportunities for Canada. Catalogue Number M39-76/2001E, ISBN 0-662-30106-4.
[2] W. Schmidt, B. Woesten, 2000. Proceedings of the 16th European PV Solar Energy Conference, Glasgow, 1083.
[3] H. Sakata, T. Nakai, T. Baba, M. Taguchi, 2000. Proceedings of IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists 'Conference, 7–12.
[4] J. Szlufcik, S. Sivoththaman, J. Nijs, R. Mertens, R., Van Overstraeten, 1997. Low-cost Industrial Technologies of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. Proceedings of the IEEE 85:711–730.
[5] R. Kawamura, K. Sasatani, T. Onizuka, K. Kameko, 1996. Proceedings of the International PVSEC-9, Miyazaki, Japan, 75–78.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A Realistic Estimate of Annual Typical Daily Wind Power of different heights in Urban Armidale NSW, Australia
Country	::	Australia
Authors	::	Yasser Maklad
Page No.	::	09-32
	::	10.9790/3021-04910932
	::	0.4/3021-04910932
		3021-0409-0132

Wind is one of the common sources of renewable and clean energy. It is really difficult to predict wind performance at any specific moment. In addition to the very intermittent nature of wind, wind behaviour and speed are directly affected by several factors, specifically the nature of the environment and the height that wind blows at. Wind behaviour at urban large city areas and urban suburban areas is completely different than such behaviour at open terrain and flat unobstructed areas. Wind performance in urban and areas are completely different from either open areas or capital cities with huge high rise buildings. Wind is more disturbed and turbulent and wind speed decreases due to the existence of several obstructions, mostly buildings either single storey or medium rise or high rise buildings in addition to trees. Moreover, wind speed at different heights is directly affecting win energy can be generated from using wind turbines. Thus, it is never an easy task to provide a reliable realistic estimate of wind energy at a specific urban location or city. Many trials based on using meteorological announced wind speed which is a clear overestimation and misled non-specialists due to the fact that meteorological observations are conducted on specified heights (mostly 10 meters) in an open place with no restriction, this would provide a wind speed much higher than wind speed would occur in the urban environment of the same town. Armidale is a regional city in New South Wales (NSW) in Australia, as well it is the highest town all over Australia. This study aims to provide a justified realistic/creditable/ reliable estimate of annual typical daily wind power. The reason of this justification that this study depends on an accurate estimate wind speed at different heights calculated specifically for urban Armidale. Such estimate would be a great benefit of wind energy specialists and non-specialists households to obtain an estimate of daily potential wind power in Armidale.

 

Keywords: - Armidale NSW, wind power, test meteorological year, test reference year, wind speed, micro-scale energy generation, micro-wind turbines

[1] Arens, E. A., 1981, Designing for an Acceptable Wind Speed, Transportation Engineering Journal 107, 127-141.
[2] Ansley, R. M.; W. Melbourne & B. J. Vickery, 1977, Architectural Aerodynamics, London, applied science publishers Ltd.
[3] ASREA Handbook, 1997, Fundamentals, Chapter 15.
[4] Gandemer, 1977, Wind Environment around Buildings: Aerodynamic Concepts, Pro. Wind Effects on Buildings & Structures, Cambridge University Press. 423-433.
[5] Givoni, Baruch, Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1998.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Investigating the Effects of some Geotechnical Properties on Exploitation of some selected Laterite Deposits in South West, Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Olaoye, J.O. ||, Olaleye, B.M ||, and Saliu, M.A.
Page No.	::	33-43
	::	10.9790/3021-04913343
	::	0.4/3021-04913343
		3021-0409-0143

Investigation was carried out on the slope stability of lateritic soil due to effects of some geotechnical properties in selected burrow pits in Akure, Ibadan, Ewekoro and Iperu areas, south western, Nigeria. The geotechnical properties were determined in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards. The conventional slope stability analysis was based on the linear Mohr – Coulomb failure criterion utilizing the notion of safety factors with respect to shear strength, where their average results of cohesion, angle of friction, bulk density and moisture content from the locations are 82 kPa, 18 degree, 1700 kg/m3, and 22 % respectively. The average specific gravity for locations was 2.73. The degree of permeability was very low except for location 6 in Ibadan area which is medium. The grain size distribution for the locations was classified into SC – SM (silt clayey sand). From compaction test, average moisture content, average wet density and dry density for the locations are 23 %, 1849 kg/m3 and 1512 kg/m3 respectively while the average compaction curve deduced 24 % optimum moisture contents and 1639 kg/m3maximum dry density. The Atterberg limits test results indicate that locations 1 – 5 were recorded as plastic soil while location 6 non-plastic soil. Also, the linear shrinkage degree of expansion for location 1 – 5 indicates critical while location 6 indicates non-critical. Finally, statistical mathematical model equations were developed. The factor of safety for locations 1 – 5 was satisfactory for routine extraction and loading operations while location 6 was unsafe due to loading conditions of the terrain.

 

Keyword: - Laterite, Geotechnical properties, Slope stability, Factor of safety, and Mathematical model.

[1] ASTM (2002).D 854-00 - Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 2
[2] ASTM (2003a).D 2850-30- Standard Test Method for Unconsolidated – UndrainedTriaxial Compression Test on Cohesive Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, United State, pp. 1-7.
[3] ASTM (2003b).D 2216 - Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, United State, Vol. 04.02 - 09, pp. 1-14.
[4] ASTM (2007a).D 422-63 - Standard Test Methods for Particle – Size Analysis of Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 1-8.
[5] ASTM (2007b).D 698 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbs/ft3 (600 KN-m/m)). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United States, pp. 1-14.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Production bio-diesel from fat tail and internal organs of Iraqi sheep's in Kirkuk city
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Dr. Hussein H. Hamed
Page No.	::	44-50
	::	10.9790/3021-04914450
	::	0.4/3021-04914450
		3021-0409-0150

This study was performed on production process of bio-diesel from fats and internal organs of sheep's in Kirkuk city, Northern of Iraq. It revealed that great proportions of the productivity of these fats in conjunctions with using different ratios of ethanol at each production process with varying temperature. The first stage was production small samples of bio-diesel by using different parameters and conditions (the ethanol percentage additive and temperature changes) to obtain practically the largest proportion of production.

 

Keywords: - bio-diesel, Iraqi sheep's in Kirkuk city.

[1] The Royal Society (January 2008). Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges, ISBN 978-0-85403-662-2, p. 61.
[2] Gordon Quaiattini. Biofuels are part of the solution Canada.com, April 25, 2008.
[3] EPFL Energy Center (c2007). Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels Retrieved December 23, 2009.
[4] The Royal Society (2008). p. 2.
[5] Oliver R. Inderwildi, David A. King (2009). "Quo Vadis Biofuels". Energy & Environmental Science 2: 343. doi:10.1039/b822951c.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	An Analytical Approach is Developed to Estimate the Values of Range of Alpha Particles Emitted from Radon Gas
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Ali Farhan Nader ||, Abdul R.H. Subber ||, Noori.H.N. Al-Hashimi
Page No.	::	51-55
	::	10.9790/3021-04915155
	::	0.4/3021-04915155
		3021-0409-0155

Numerical assessments of radon exhalation from soil samples together with the detection probability of alpha particles by CR39 and LR115 detectors were the first objective of this work with demonstration of how radon propagates in various media using SRIM2013 software. The analytical approach was developed to estimate the values of range and detection probabilities by SSNTDs of alpha particles emitted from radon gas and progenies. It was found that the new version of SRIM2013 produced a deviation in stopping power, alpha range and detection probability of both alpha detectors.

 

Keywords: alpha energy, alpha range, detection probability, SRIM, CR39, LR115

[1] D.Nikezic, K.N. Yu, (2004),"Formation and groth of tracks in nuclear track materials", Materials Science and Engineering R46,51-123.
[2] J.F.Ziegler (1999),"The stopping of Energetic Light ions in elemental matter",J.Appl. Phys/Rev.,85,1272.
[3] Thomson, 1906] J. Thomson (1906). Conduction of electricity through gases , pp. 370382. Cambridge University Press 2nd rev. edition.
[4] J. F. Janni (1982) Atomic Data and Nuclear
[5] C. Tschalär (1968) Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 64, 237.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Optimization for an Anaerobic Reactor for Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
Country	::	India
Authors	::	P.Teli ||, Prof P.Raut
Page No.	::	56-60
	::	10.9790/3021-04915660
	::	0.4/3021-04915660
		3021-0409-0160

In any dairy plant, the quantity and characteristics of effluent is depending upon the extent of production activities, pasteurization to several milk products. Water management in the dairy industry is well documented, but effluent production and disposal remain a problematic issue for the dairy industry .To enable the dairy industry to contribute to water conservation, an efficient and cost-effective treatment technology has to be developed. The anaerobic reactors in the first phase of treatment, which is followed by high rate aerobic treatment, remain as the most common effluent treatment scheme for dairy plants. The dairy industries require large quantity of water for the purpose of washing of cans, machinery and floor, the liquid waste in a dairy originates from manufacturing process, utilities and service section. So there is every need to reuse the waste water generated with proper and efficient treatment methods. The present study, thus initiated, for evaluating a need of experimental work on anaerobic reactor incorporated with fixed and floating film system for treating dairy wastewater with four weeks of harvesting. The kinetic parameters are estimated using the experimental data to develop model. Empirical relations were generated for the characteristics like COD, BOD, and TSS using modeling equations

[1] Dwaraka K., Meena V.2010, "Kinetic Studies on Dairy Wastewater Using Immobilized Fixed Bed Anaerobic Digester" International Journal of Chemical Environment and Pharmaceutical Research Vol-1(1) No.1,1-5

[2] Dwaraka K., JayaRaju.K 2010 "Municipal Wastewater Treatment And Kinetic Studies Using Immobilized Fixed Bed Anaerobic Digester" IJABPT Vol I 921-925.

[3] Sagar A., V.S.Kore., S.V.Kore., Prof G.S.Kulkarni and Prof S.V.Ranade 2011 "Optimization Of Reaction Kinetics For Anaerobic Filter With Reference to distillery Condensate Treatment" International Journal of Emerging Technology and Applications in Engineering,Technology and Sciences Vol.4(2) 380-383.

[4] G Srinivasan., R.Suramaniam and V.Nehrukumar., "A Study on Dairy Wastewater Using Fixed Bed Anaerobic Diphasic Digester" American Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research,2009 Vol.4(2) 89-92.

[5] Sumi S., Mathew L., 2009, "Influence of Media Packing Depth and HRT on Performance of Anaerobic Hybrid Reactors", 10th National Conference on Technology Trends, College of Engineering Trivandrum, pp. 38 – 41.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A Mathematical Model for Finding Bivariate Normal distribution in normal women for Luteinizing Hormone and Progesterone
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dr.S.Lakshmi ||, and M.Agalya
Page No.	::	61-65
	::	10.9790/3021-04916165
	::	0.4/3021-04916165
		3021-0409-0165

A very important property of jointly random normal variables and which will be starting point for our development, is done zero correlation implies independent .This property can be verified by using multivariate transform .suppose U and V are independent zero mean normal random variables and that X = aU+bV and Y = cU+dV, so that X and Y are jointly normal. The exponent term q(x,y) is the quadratic form of x and y is obtained .The more general case when x and y are dependent a typical contour is described by an ellipse and it is utilized for our application part. The original definition of LPD is a corpus luteum defective in progesterone secretion ,which in turn was a cause of infertility or early spontaneous abortion. Here we have considered Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Progesterone as Bivariate normal and corresponding quadratic function q(x,y) is obtained when they are correlated.

 

Keywords: - LH, FSH, Bi- Variate Normal Distribution Mathematical Classification: 60GXX, 60E05

[1] Hinney B, Henze C, Kuhn W, Wuttke W: The corpus luteum insufficiency: A multifactorial disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 81:565, 1996.
[2]. Hsu CC, Kuo HC, Wang ST, Huang KE: Interference with uterine blood flow by clomiphene citrate in women with unexplained infertility. Obstet Gynecol 86:917, 1995.
[3]. Jobanputra K, Toner JP, Denoncourt R, Gibbons WE: Crinone 8% (90 mg) given once daily for progesterone replacement therapy in donor egg cycles. Fertil Steril 72:980, 1999.

[4]. Kotz, S.; Balakrishnan, N.; and Johnson, N.L."Bivariate and Trivariate Normal Distributions".Ch 46 in Continuous Multivariate Distribution,Vol.1:Models and Aplications,2nd ed.New York: wiley,PP.251-348,2000.

[5]. Lakshmi,S. and Agalya,M."The Mathematical Model on Degradation of Progesterone in Luteal Phase Deficiency Women".IJAMMS, Vol.2, No.1 (Jan-June 2013),pp.1-9.