Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effect of Maturity and Drying Methods on Rheological and Physico-Chemical Properties of Reconstituted Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Flour.
Country	::	Nigeria.
Authors	::	Famurewa, J.A.V. || Esan, Y.O. || Pele, G.I. || Arewa O. A.
Page No.	::	01-09
	::	0.4/3021-05210109
	::	3021-0502-0109

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional staple crop grown for its starchy fruit throughout Oceania. This study therefore investigated the effect of maturity and different drying methods on some rheological and physicochemical properties of reconstituted breadfruit flour (Artocarpus altilis) (amala). Freshly harvested breadfruits (mature and immature) were washed in clean water to remove adhering latex and dirt, peeled, rewashed, drained and sliced. The sliced fruits were divided into three portions, each portion was dried in oven, sun, biomass fuelled dryer at 60 ºC for some hours respectively until constant weights were observed. All the samples were milled with attrition mill, sieved with 0.35 mm aperture and each packaged in a 0.5mm thick plastic container, each sample was reconstituted, and the following analyses were carried out on the reconstituted breadfruit flour: proximate, compression, softness index, antinutritional, colour and sensory evaluation using standard methods. The result of proximate analysis showed (17.77, 14.50 and 13.82), (68.08, 75.45 and 78.03%) and (0.71, 0.45 and 0.46%) for protein, carbohydrate and crude fibre for matured sun, biomass fuelled and oven dried samples respectively and, (16.44, 12.38 and 7.54), (77.95, 78.26 and 84.30), (0.28, 0.50 and 0.47) for protein, carbohydrate and crude fibre for immatured sun, biomass fuelled and oven dried samples respectively. The Sun dried sample showed the highest protein content for both matured and immatured samples. Generally, it was observed that drying and reconstitution reduced the antinutritional content of breadfruit flour, while maturity and drying methods have little effect on the softness Index of the reconstituted breadfruit flour. The overall acceptability for sun and oven dried samples are the most acceptable. For production of high quality breadfruit flour, biomass drying of matured fruits is recommended because of its high protein content and low antinutritional factors though sun dried sample has higher protein content but past research works showed that sun drying method is susceptible to high microbial load. *

 

Keywords: - Breadfruit, Drying, Rheological, Physico-chemical, Reconstitution, Antinutritional Softness index.

[1] Abulude, F.O., and Ojediran, V.O. (2006). Development and quality evaluation of fortified'amala' Acta Sci. Pol.Technical Aliment. 5(2): 127-134.
[2] Akpobome, J.; Bolanle, A.; Osuntogun, M.O.; Falade, and Steve, R.A. (2003).Chemical Analysis Breadfruit (Artocarpus communis forst) from South-western Nigeria. Journal of Food Technology, 1: 29-35.
[3] A.O.A.C. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Agricultural Chemist. 15th Ed.
[4] Akissoe, N.; Mestres, C.; Hounhouigan, J.; and Nago, M. (2004). Prediction of the sensory texture of yam thick paste amala using instrumental and physicochemical parameters. Textural studies, 6:393-403.
[5] Boiln, H. R., and Salunkhe, D. K. (2002). Food Dehydration by Solar Energy, CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, pp:327-354.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Neural Network for external devices control (finger print entry)
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	Mussab Elamien Abd Elmaggeed || Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi
Page No.	::	10-12
	::	0.4/3021-05211012
	::	3021-0502-0112

Neural networks are composed of simple elements operating in parallel. These elements are inspired by biological nervous systems. As in nature, the network function is determined largely by the connections between elements. We can train a neural network to perform a particular function by adjusting the values of the connections (weights) between elements. Commonly neural networks are adjusted, or trained, so that a particular input leads to a specific target output. The network is adjusted, based on a comparison of the output and the target, until the network output matches the target. Typically many such input/target pairs are used to train a network. This paper takes the finger print as an input to the neural network .Once the finger print is recognized by the neural network , the output will be used to activate an external device giving access permission , welcome words and issuing a paper. In case of denial of the finger print by the neural network an alarm occurs and a denial message get displayed. A Matlab package is used for accomplishing the neural network algorithm plus an interface circuit is designed to drive the external devices.

 

Keywords:. neural network , finger print , external devices , Matlab ,interface.

[1] Panos J. Antsaklis, Kevin M. Passino, eds.,"An Introduction to Intelligent and Autonomous Control",Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1993.
[2] Ayala Botto M.; Sa da Costa J.,"A comparison of nonlinear predictive control techniques using neural network models" ,Source: Journal of Systems architecture, Volume 44, Number 8, April 1998, pp. 597-616(20).
[3] MICHAEL I. JORDAN,Massachusetts Institute of Technology ,CHRISTOPHER M. BISHOP,"Neural Networks" , Aston Universit ,1996, CRC Press
[4] Martin T. Hagan, School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University,Howard B. Demuth,Electrical Engineering Department,University of Idaho Neural Networks for Control, 2001.
[5] Manuel CARCENAC ,Computer Engineering Department,Eastern editerranean University,Gazimagusa, via Mersin 10-TURKEY,"An Implicit Surface Modeling Technique Based on a Modular Neural Network Architecture",Turk J Elec Engin, VOL.12, NO.1, 2004

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	M/M/C Bulk Arrival And Bulk Service Queue With Randomly Varying Environment
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sandhya. R, || Sundar.V || Rama.G, || Ramshankar.R, || Ramanarayanan.R
Page No.	::	13-26
	::	0.4/3021-05211326
	::	3021-0502-0126

This paper studies two stochastic bulk arrival and bulk service C server queues (A) and (B) with k varying environments. The arrival and service times are exponential random variables and their parameters change when the environment changes. The system has infinite storing capacity and the arrival and service sizes are finite valued random variables. Matrix partitioning method is used to study the models. In Model (A) the maximum of the arrival sizes M in all the environments is greater than the maximum of the service sizes N in all the environments, (M > N), and the infinitesimal generator is partitioned as blocks of k times the maximum of the arrival sizes for analysis. In Model (B) the maximum of the arrival sizes M in all the environments is less than the maximum of the service sizes N in all the environments, (M < N), where the generator is partitioned using blocks of k times the maximum of the service sizes. Five different cases associated with C, M and N due to partitions are treated. They are namely, (A1) M >N ≥ C, (A2) M >C >N (A3) C >M >N, which come up in Model (A); (B1) N ≥ C and (B2) C >N, which come up in Model (B) respectively. For the cases when C ≤ M or N Matrix Geometric results are obtained and for the cases when C > both M and N Modified Matrix Geometric results are presented. The basic system generator is seen as a block circulant matrix in all the cases. The stationary queue length probabilities, its expected values, its variances and probabilities of empty queue levels are derived for the models using Matrix Methods. Numerical examples are presented for illustration.

 

Keywords: Block Circulant, Bulk Arrival, Bulk Service, C servers, Infinitesimal Generator, Matrix methods.

[1] Rama Ganesan, Ramshankar.R and Ramanarayanan. R (2014) M/M/1 Bulk Arrival and Bulk Service Queue with Randomly Varying Environment, IOSR-JM, Vol.10,Issue 6, Ver III, Nov-Dec, 58-66
[2] Ramshankar.R, Rama Ganesan and Ramanarayanan.R (2015) PH/PH/1 Bulk Arrival and Bulk Service Queue ,IJCA, Vol. 109,.3, 27-33..
[3] D. Bini, G. Latouche, and B. Meini. 2005. Numerical methods for structured Markov chains, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
[4] Chakravarthy.S.R and Neuts. M.F.2014. Analysis of a multi-server queueing model with MAP arrivals of customers, SMPT, Vol 43, 79-95,
[5] Gaver, D., Jacobs, P., Latouche, G, 1984. Finite birth-and-death models in randomly changing environments. AAP. 16, 715–731

Paper Type	::	Reveiw Paper
Title	::	Concrete Made for Energy Conservation Using Recycled Rubber Aggregates of Multiple Sizes and Shapes
Country	::	Jordan
Authors	::	Moayyad Al-Nasra
Page No.	::	27-36
	::	0.4/3021-05212736
	::	3021-0502-0136

Many studies have been performed about adding used rubber tires in concrete, but most of these studies remained as scattered efforts without leading to any standardized procedure or process. This study uses two different types of conditioned rubber aggregates; rubber blocks, and shredded rubber. The focus of this study is mainly to produce concrete for better energy conservation, providing a practical solution to many environmental issues related to discarded used rubber tires, and lay the foundation for future studies in this area. Two different batches of concrete mixed with each type of rubber aggregates were prepare. In the first batch 10% of the mineral aggregates are replaced by rubber aggregates by volume and in the second batch 20% of the mineral aggregates are replaced by the rubber aggregates by volume. Out of each batch, three groups of samples were prepared to study the compressive strength of concrete, splitting strength of concrete, and the thermal properties of concrete. New well insulated hot box is built to study the concrete thermal conductivity. Slabs of concrete with and without rubber aggregates were prepared and placed in the center of the hot box. Several thermal sensors were installed to measure the temperature increase, in addition to a constant heat source. The hot box is divided into two compartments separated by the concrete slab. The results of these experimental tests are presented in terms of graphs and charts. The results also show that the new modified concrete can be used as structural and non-structural components in concrete structures. The increase in the amount of rubber in concrete improves the insulating properties of concrete and decreases the concrete strength. The tests of concrete strength mixed with rubber aggregates as well as the control samples are conducted at room temperature and the results are expected to change at high temperature.

 

Keywords:- Rubber aggregates, Robber blocks, Shredded rubber, Thermal conductivity, Energy conservation, Concrete insulation.

[1]. Asan, H. and Sancaktar, Y. (1998). "Effects of Wall's thermophysical properties on time lag and decrement factor." Energy and Buildings Journal, Elsevier, Vol. 28, No. (2), page 159-166, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(98)00007-3.
[2]. Benazzouk, A., Douzane, O., et al. (2008). "Thermal conductivity of cement composites containing rubber waste particles: Experimental study and modelling." Construction and Building Materials Journal Elsevier, Vol. 22 No. (4) pages 573-579, www.sciecedirect.com
[3]. Biel, T. D. and Lee, H. (1996). "Magnesium oxychloride cement concrete with recycled tire rubber." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board No. 1561, Tranportation Research Board, Washington DC, pages 6-12.
[4]. Frankowski, R. (1995). Rubber-crumb-reinforced cement concrete, US Patents # 5,391,226.
[5]. Hernandezolivares, F. (2004). "Fire performance of recycled rubber-filled high-strength concrete." Cement and Concrete Research Vol. 34 No. (1) pages: 109-117, www.sciecedirect.com

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Syrup powder bottling control system
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	Omer Mohamed Adem Adlan || Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi
Page No.	::	37-41
	::	0.4/3021-05213741
	::	3021-0502-0141

Pharmacy is the art of preparing dispensing drugs. This is done by series of processes including the chemical processes for preparation of the drug and other ones dealing with its manufacturing such as: cleaning, filling, tableting , labeling and packing etc. The production starts in the old ages with grinding some medical plants and mixing them to be given for people suffering from illness . After the industrial revolution the drugs factories started to be built. These factories are controlled with electromechanical systems. Here relays, contactors, mechanical timers , hydraulic systems and motors are used . This control system needs many people to monitor the production processes which will add cost and it is time consuming .To solve this, a computerized control system is needed to speed up the processes, reduce the faults and manpower. This is done by introducing sensors, feedback circuits and microcontrollers and robotic systems. This paper introduces a design based on using microcontrollers for the drug production process. A production flow is build to automate the whole operations

 

Keywords: drugs , robotic , control system , sensors , microcontroller

[1] "An Efficiency Analysis of the Kirby Lester KL16df Automatic Tablet and Capsule Counting System". Pharmacy Automation. The ThomsenGroup Inc. 2004. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
[2] Christopher J Thomsen (9 November 2004). "Pharmacy Automation-Practical Technology Solutions for the Pharmacy". Business briefing : US Pharmacy review 2004. The Thompson Group. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
[3] W.Bequette, Process control, publisher, Prenthhall, 2002.
[4] James Daily introduction to e Engineering Design, publisher College House Enterprises 2002.
[5] Richard Dorf, Modern Control systems, publisher Magraw-Hill third edition 2004.

Paper Type	::	Reveiw Paper
Title	::	Characteristic Behaviour of Carbon Steel Exposed to Na2CO3, and Nacl Solutions of Different Concentrations.
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	I. S. Anyanwu || L. O. Agberegha
Page No.	::	42-52
	::	0.4/3021-05214252
	::	3021-0502-0152

The goals of this study were to assess the influence of different salt concentrations on the corrosion resistance of carbon steel. API 5L X42 steel coupons were totally immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 ) environments maintained at different concentrations. The weight loss technique was used in which sample coupons with known weight were totally immersed in a non flowing media of NaCl and Na2CO3 for a total exposure time of 1008 hours. Experimental results showed that 1.0M solution medium of Na2CO3 had the highest corrosion effect on carbon steel, which was mainly a function of its higher concentration based on the fact that no film was formed on the coupon. This was closely followed by the medium containing 0.5M solution of NaCl. Conclusively it was proven that the lower the concentration in media capable of forming oxide film round the coupon like in NaCl media, the higher the corrosion rate. While for environments which do not aid in film formation such as Na2CO3, the higher the concentration, the higher the corrosion rate. As such carbon steels would fail fastest in an environment where the concentration of Na2CO3 solution is high.

 

Keywords: - Corrosion, Coupon, Immersion, Environment, API 5L X42 carbon steel.

[1] S. Syed, Atmospheric Corrosion of Materials. Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 11 (1), 2006, 1-24.

[2] H. Fang, B. Brown and S. Nesic, Effects of Sodium Chloride Concentration on Mild Steel Corrosion in Slightly Sour Environments. NACE International, 2011, 015001-1.

[3] R. Andi, A. Muhammad, F. Enriko and S. Norman, Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel for Flow line and Pipeline as Transmission Pipe in Natural Gas Production with CO2 Content. Makara, Teknologi, (16)1, 2012, 57-62

[4] W.B. Wan Nik, F. Zulkifli, M.M. Rahman and R. Rosliza, (2011). Corrosion Behaviour of Mild Steel in Seawater from Two Different Sites of Kuala Terengganu Coastal Area. International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS (11), 2011, 06 75

[5] A. A Zenati, A. Benmoussat and O. Benali, Corrosion study of C-Mn steel type API 5L X60 in simulated soil solution environment and inhibitive effect. Journal of Material and Environmental Science 5 (2), 2014, 520-529

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Data encryption using Field Programmable Logic Controller
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	Motea Abdul Aziz Mohammed Noman || , Saifeldeen Fatooh || , Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi
Page No.	::	53-56
	::	0.4/3021-05215356
	::	3021-0502-0156

Data Encryption is the process of protecting the privacy and confidentiality of data. To provide this protection, professionals frequently look to commonly accepted technologies and methodologies to safeguard the data while at rest and in transit. One technology capable of providing this type of protection is encryption. Security rule has long identified encryption as a mechanism to safeguard electronic protected information. More recently, the standards and certification criteria for electronic security of data must be able to encrypt and decrypt the information in order to qualify for stage 1 of the meaningful use incentive program. Similarly, a rule identified encryption as one technology that can render protected information "unusable, unreadable, or indecipherable to unauthorized individuals." Protected information that is encrypted in accordance with this guidance is not subject to breach notification requirements. The guidance discusses encryption as a mechanism to protect data in transit and at rest. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) will be used in the design to perform the real time encryption processing.. Verilog Hardware Description Language (VHDL) will be used to program the FPGA. A data logger is used as a media of data storage .The data stream is generated by a personnel computer (PC) using Turbo C++ language. The paper adopts an embedded system design dedicated for a real time data encryption.

 

Keywords: encryption, data, information, FPGA, VHDL, data logger, PC, TC++.

[1] William Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2011.
[2] Volnei A. Pedroni, Circuit Design with VHDL, MIT press, Massachusts, 2004.
[3] ISE Simulator (ISim), UG682(v1.0), 2009.
[4] Deming.C, Jason.C, and Peichan. P, " FPGA Design Automation: A Survey", now Publishers In, (2006).
[5] Stephen .B and Zvonko.V,"Fundamental of Digital logic with VHDL Design",McGrow Hil,(2005)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Use of Plastic Waste in Pavement Construction: An Example of Creative Waste management
Country	::	INDIA
Authors	::	Anzar Hamid Mir
Page No.	::	57-67
	::	0.4/3021-05215356
	::	3021-0502-0156

Plastic which is toxic in nature is found to be nearly 5% in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). A major problem nowadays is the disposal of plastic wastes. These wastes are non biodegradable in nature causing environmental pollution and hygiene problems. The experimentation at several institutes indicated that waste plastic can be utilized in Asphalting of roads. The use of these wastes in road construction is based on Economic, Technical and Ecological criteria. Taking an example of INDIA (Authors native land) several million metric tons plastic wastes are produced every year. If these wastes can be suitably utilized in road construction, the disposal and pollution problems can be minimized to a large extent. In road making process bitumen is used as binder. The bitumen can be modified with plastic waste pieces forming a mix which can be used as a top layer of flexible pavement, showing better binding property, stability, density and which is more resistant to water.

 

Keywords: Asphalting, Bitumen, Non biodegradable, Plastic waste

[1]. S. Kumar and S. A. Gaikwad, Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indian Urban Centres: An
[2]. Approach for Betterment", in K. R. Gupta (Ed): Urban Development Debates in the New Millennium,
[3]. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi (2004) pp. 100-111.
[4]. Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, Table 3, 6 (2000).
[5]. Priya Narayan, Analyzing Plastic Waste Management in India: Case study of Polybags and PET bottles, IIIEE, Lund University, Sweden (2001) pp. 24-25.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Software development of Supplementary control of generating Systems network.
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Olumuyiwa Oludare FAGBOHUN
Page No.	::	68-77
	::	0.4/3021-05215356
	::	3021-0502-0156

Power systems networks usually consist of many generating units operating in parallel to supply electricity into a transmission system, some of these units are working at rated capacities while others are either working at no -load or inbetween. The power outputs from the generating stations and the frequency are made available to the generation control system for system control. At the control center, supplementary control of power system generation is implemented. This paper discuss the use of supplementary control information given by control Engineers on the allocation of generation, unit commitment, economic dispatch and other necessary parameters needed to make decisions on how the power balance on the system can be achieved. The software implementation of the information is developed, on a generalized system consisting of N generating units, for overall supplementary control of the whole system network at once. The software operates on an automated generating controller supervising the system stability. The supplementary control software program performs well in the computation of the change in power demand by consumers and in allocating demands with the use of the stations participation factors as required, and makes sure that allocation of power demands to generating stations does not exceed the available spinning reserves. The developed software in the event of a large load change (i.e> 1000MW) without enough spinning reserves, gives information about the magnitude of the demand to be shed at the load centers before the unit commitment problem is solved at the generating station, and also ensure the load change are distributed among the fast (i.e Gas fired stations) and low (Hydro stations) responding units, according to the pre-determined criteria.

 

Keywords: Demand, economic dispatch, frequency change, generation allocation, spinning reserves, synchronizing capacity, participating factors.

[1] Fagbohun, 0.0. (1990), Development of an Automatic Generation Controller for a Practical Electric Power Generating System
M.Sc. Thesis, O.A.U. Ife.
[2] Astrom K.T. (1972), Modeling of Power System Components. Real time control of Electric Power Systems., Elsevier Pub. Co.,
ew York. Proc. I.E.E. 115, No.8, p 1190.
[3] IEEE Committee Report.(1971), In: Present Practices in the Economic Operation of Power System, IEEE Transactions on Power
Apparatus and Systems. Vol. PAS - 90, July/ August, pI968-1975.
[4] Fagbohun ,O.O. (2006) " Hardware design of an Area multi-generating units power balance Controller" , Nigerian
Journal of Engineering Research and Development;Volume 5, No. 3 Pp 7 -17
[5] Cohn, N. et al, (1970), On -line computer applications in the Electric Power Industry, Proc. IEEE, 58, No.l,p78.