Acute lack of financial resources in Nigeria have compelled governments to implement various public private partnerships (PPP) projects to address current urban housing shortages. Such projects have not always met residents‟ satisfaction especially in terms of defective construction, with PPP Institutional capabilities emerging as a critical issue. This paper analyses issues of residents‟ perceptions of the link between institutional arrangements and outcomes of PPP urban housing projects in Nigeria, in the context of the Sunshine Garden Estate (SGE), Oba-Ile, Ondo State. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data from a survey of 185 SGE residents, we show that one of the major predictors of residents‟ resistance toward accepting PPP urban housing stocks was explained by perceptions of deficient institutional arrangements.................

Keywords: Defective construction, institutional arrangements, public private partnerships, sustainable urban housing

[1] W.R. Scott, Institutions and Organizations: Ideas and Interests. (Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 2008).
[2] D. Grimsey and M.K. Lewis, Public Private Partnerships: the Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance (Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, 2004).
[3] Public Works Financing, International Survey of Public-Private Partnerships. Westfield, NJ: Public Works Financing, 2010.
[4] G. Hodge, C. Greeve and A. Boardman, International Handbook on Public Private Partnerships. (Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011).
[5] A. Pessoa, Public-Private Sector Partnerships in Developing Countries: Prospects and Drawbacks. FEP working paper no. 228, 2006. Available online http://www.fep.up.pt.

A new era where terrorist use Audio File steganographysocial media. In this research paper region-adaptive steganography algorithm which will be used for the novel technic to detect steganography attacks. We propose the major advantages of the proposed steganography detection technique is Spread Spectrum. A combination of Echo Hiding discrete wavelet transform and least significant bit (LSB) coding technique is also a steganography embedded technique on different regions of the host Audio File. In addition, there is a novel use the Echo Hiding discrete wavelet transform and least significant bit (LSB) coding technique steganography technique as a means to detect if certain types of attack have occurred in audio file media using WhatsApp. The severity of these attacks can be adjusted by modify their corresponding parameter values and easily transmitted in WhatsApp or other social media. In this paper a new algorithm proposed for detection hidden data from the original Audio Filetransmitted through WhatsApp and haslittle relation with secret message file. It was providing more security to the information.

Keywords: Echo Hiding discrete wavelet transform and least significant bit (LSB) coding technique, Audio Filesteganography, Audio Fileencryption, Linear Classifier,Message Encryption

[1] Mazdak, Z., A.M. Azizah, B.A. Rabiah, M.Z. Akram and A., Shahidan‖ A Secure audio steganography approach‖, World Acad. Sci. Eng., Technol., 52: 360-363, 2009.
[2] Deborah Radcliff ―Computer World‖ URL: http://www.computerworld.com/securitytopics/security/story/0,10801,71726,00.html
[3] G. Voyatzis, N. Nikolaidis and I. Pitas, ―Digital steganography: An overview‖, EUSIPCO, vol. 1, pp. 9-12, 1998.
[4] Petitcolas, F.A.P., Anderson, R.J., Kuhn, M.G., Information Hiding—A survey, Proceeding of the IEEE, Special Issue on Protection of Multimedia Content, 1062-1078, July 1999.
[5] A. Nikolaidis and I. Pitas, "Region-based Audio File steganography," Audio File Processing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1726-1740, 2001.

In the current age the major issues in wireless sensors node for Generation is life time which is totally depend on supervision of the energy saving in each sensor Node. The lively research in this field for improving network lifetime with free mode in which is vital of (WSN) wireless sensor networks. Numerous algorithms have been developed but best is only one which is clustering base algorithms were increase lot of significance in increasing the network sensor lifetime of each sensor Nodes. In many studies have tried to increase clustering protocols, and all researchers tried to evade the weakness of randomly clustering of LEACH algorithm. In this research paper a new algorithm Energy Sensitive Energy Alert Hierarchical Protocol" (ESEAHP)is developing with using two different protocols advantage property with removing disadvantage of each node..................

Keywords: Efficiency and Throughput, IEEE 802.11, unicast and broadcast packet, network, L-LEACH, Quality of Service, W-LEACH, routing protocol, LEACH-C, Energy Sensitive, DE-LEACH.

[1]. O. Shagdar, K. Nakagawa and B. Zhang, "Achieving Per-Flow Fairness in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks", Elec. Comm. in Japan, Part 1, vol. 89, no. 8, (2006), pp. 37–49.
[2]. Georgios Smaragdakis Ibrahim Matta Azer Bestavros, "SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks", Computer Science Department,Boston University Boston, MA 02215, USA
[3]. Kusum Lata, Kusum Dalal, "Performance Analysis of LEACH and M-GEAR Routing Protocols for WSN", International Journal of Electronics, Electrical and Computational System, IJEECS, ISSN 2348-117X Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2017
[4]. Farhad Rad, Zahra Moghtaderinasab, and Hamid Parvin, "An Improved W-LEACH Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network" Journal of Advances in Computer Research Quarterly pISSN: 2345-606x eISSN: 2345-6078, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, I.R.Iran (Vol. 8 No 2, Page 41-51, May 2017 www.jacr.iausari.ac.ir

A field study was undertaken to assess the effect of genotype and intra-row spacing on the performance of cowpea. This study was conducted during the 2013 and 2014 rainy seasons at the Teaching and Research of Adamawa State University Mubi (10o 08' – 10o 30'N and 13o 10' – 13o 25'E) in the Northern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three genotypes (Iron, Kanannado and IAR- 00 – 1074) in the main plots at five intra-row spacings (75 x 15cm, 75 x 30cm, 75 x 45cm, 75 x 60cm, 75 x 75cm) in the sub-plots. These were replicated three times. Results showed that at P ≤ 0.05, iron produced the longest vines (189.7cm) at 9 weeks after sowing, while IAR-00-1074 recorded the shortest vines (164.3cm). IAR-00-1074 exhibited the longest pods (18.3cm) and Kanannado the highest shelling percentage (79.4cm) In the combined analysis.................

Keywords: Cowpea, Genotype, Spacing, Spreading habit.

[1]. Ahmed, M. El Naim, Abdelrhim A., Jebereldar, Selaheldeen E. Ahmed, Feisel M. Ismaeil, Elsheikh A. Ibrahim (2012). Determination of Suitable Variety and Plants per Stand of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculta L. Walp) in the Sandy Soil, Sudan. Scientific & Academic Publishing 2(10):1 – 5.
[2]. Amgad M. Hagelsheep, Muatasim S. Abdelmushin and Abdu E. Abdallah (2010). Effect of Intra-row Spacing on Growth and Yield of Three Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Varieties under rainfed. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 6(5) 623 – 629

[3]. Anonymous (2011). Production Guidelines for Cowpea Published by Directorate for Agricultural Information Services South Africa. Pa
[4]. Bationo A. Ntare, B.R. Tarawali, S.A. and Tabo R. (2002). Soil Fertilizer Management and Cowpea Production in Semi-Arid Tropics. Pp. 265 – 77. In Challenges and Opportunities for enhancing sustainable Cowpea Production Fatukon C. A., Tarawali S.A., B.B. Singh Kormawa P.M. and Tano M. II7A Ibadan
[5]. Blader l. (2002) Foreword p iv. In Challenges and Opportunities for enhancing sustainable Cowpea Production Fatukon C. A., Tarawali S.A., B.B. Singh Kormawa P.M. and Tano M. II7A Ibadan

Increasing oil prices and global warming activates the research and development of substitute energy resources to maintain economic development. The methyl esters of vegetable oil, known as biodiesel are becoming popular because of their low ecological effect and potential as a green substitute for compression ignition engine. Diesel engines are more efficient and cost-effective than other engines. Vegetable oils can be used in the diesel engine by pure form or by trans-esterified form. In this paper pure mustard oil blending with kerosene at different proportion like m20, m30, m40, m50 and M100 (pure mustard) has been used in different load condition in 4 stroke single cylinder diesel engine mounted on a hydraulic dynamometer bed..................

Keywords: Bio-diesel, Blend of bio-diesel, Mustard, bsfc, bhp.

[1] Srivasata, A. and Prasad, R. ―Triglyceride based diesel Fuels‖, Renewable and sustainable Energy Reviews 4: 111-11, 2000.
[2] A. Forhad, A.R. Rowshan, M.A. Habib, M.A. Islam, ―Production and Performance of Biodiesel as as Alternative to Diesel‖, ICME-2009. TH-30.
[3] Yosimoto, Y. Onodera.M and Tamaki.H (2001), ―Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled by Vegetable Oils‖, SAE paper no. 2001-01-1807/4227.
[4] Otera J., Transestrification Chem. Rev, 1993; 93 (4) : 1449-70.
[5] Freedom B, Pyre EH, Mounts TL, ―Variable affecting the yield of fatty asters from tranesterification vegetable oils‖, J Am oil Chem soc 1984;61 (10) : 1638 43.

Cement concrete is a building material which consists major portion of hard inorganic materials called aggregates such as crushed stone aggregate. After few minutes of mixing, the various materials undergo a chemical combination and the mixture solidifies, the concrete hardens and attains greater strength with age. Due to continuous usage of natural resources within short length of time these natural resources get depleted and it will be left nothing for future generations. Hence there is a necessity for preparing artificial aggregates making use of waste materials from industrial wastes. This concrete withstands the conditions for which it has been designed, without much deterioration years together. In this process the concrete may face a variety of physical and chemical attacks due to the external causes or internal causes. The external causes may be due to the weathering, occurrence of extreme temperature, attack by natural or industrial liquids and gases, electrolytic action, abrasion etc. After reviewing briefly in this aspect, an attempt has been made to study the strength properties along with brief temperature studies of M20 concrete modified with pelletized artificial light weight aggregate made from an industrial waste i.e fly Ash...................

Keywords: Pelletization, cold bonding, light weight aggregate, fly ash aggregate

[1] Bijen J. M. J. M., (1986), "Manufacturing processes of artificial lightweight aggregates from fly ash", The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp. 191-199.
[2] W.C. Piasta, Z.Sawicz and J.Paista, (1989), "Sulphate durability of Concrete under constant sustained load", Cement and Concrete research, Vol. 19, Issue 2, March 1989, pp. 216-227.
[3] Min-Hong Zhang and Odd E. Gjorv, (1991), "Characteristics of Light weight Aggregate for High strength Concrete", ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 88, Issue No. 2, pp. 150 -158.
[4] K.D. Hertz., (1992), "Silica Fume Concrete at Elevated Temperatures", ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 89, Issue No. 4, pp. 345-347.
[5] K.I.Harikrishnan and K.Ramamurthy (2006), "Influence of Pelletization Process on the Properties of Fly Ash Aggregates". Waste Management, Vol 26, Issue 8, 2006, pp. 846-852

Medical ultrasonic is widely used in several medical applications for both diagnostic and physiotherapy as a result of its non-invasive and non-ionizing nature. The output power level of ultrasonic radiation must be well-known for both human being safety considerations and performance assessment of employed equipment. Before this work there was no primary level ultrasonic power measurements system to be used as a reference standard in Egypt, therefore, ultrasonic power measurement system based on the radiation force balance method (RFB)is developed and realized inthe National Institute of Standards (NIS) in Egypt. NIS is the Egyptian National Metrology Institute (NMI) that is responsible to develop and offer such kind of measurement and calibration services..................

Keywords: Ultrasound; Acoustic power; measurement; radiationforce

[2] Tsuyoshi Shiina, S. Umchid, Frequency dependentultrasonic attenuation coefficient measurement, in the 3rd International Symposium on Biomedical Engineering (ISBME 2008),Bangkok, Thailand, P.P.234-238, (2008).
[3] S. Umchid, Directivity pattern measurement of ultrasound transducers, The International Journal on Applied Biomedical Engineering (IJABME), vol.2, P.P.39-43, (2009).
[4] S.Umchid, R.Gopinath, K.Srinivasan, P.A. Lewin,A.S.Daryoush,L.Bansal and M. El-Sherif, Development of calibration techniques for ultrasonic hydrophone probes in the frequency range from 1to 100MHz, Ultrasonics, vol.49, P.P.306-311, (2009).
[5] S. Umchid and K. Jaksukam, Development of the primary level ultrasound power measurement system in Thailand, in IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Engineering (IEEE 2009),Bangkok, Thailand, (2009).

Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) is one of the highly photo sensitive and good semiconductor material of II-VI group elements. Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) have different applications in optoelectronic devices like solar cells, photo detectors etc. In the present work CdS thin films were deposited on ultrasonically cleaned glass substrates using sol-gel spin-coating technique. The structural, optical and surface morphologies of CdS thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, UV-Visible Spectrum analysis, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).................

Keywords: Sol-gel, Spin Coating, CdS thin Films, UV-Visible, XRD, AFM, SEM.

[1] T. Peng, H.yang, k.dai, x. Pu and k. Hirao,.Chemical Physics letters 379 (2003)432-436.
[2] Y. Kashiwaba , J. Sato , T. Abe ,. Applied surface science 212-213 (2003).
[3] M.A. Mahdi, J.J. Hassan, N.M. Ahmed, S.S. Ng, Z. Hassan,.Super lattices and Microstructures 54 (2013) 137-145.
[4] N.S Kozhevnikova, A . Rempel, F. Hergert and A. Magrel,.Thin Solid Films517 (2009) 2586-2589.
[5] H.C. Chou and A.R. Ohatgi,.Journal of electronic Materials 23 (1994) 31.
[6] L.S. Pedrotti and D.C. Reynolds,. Physical Review(1960) 1897.

Exceptional resembling the all around requested utilization of world oil spares, rise the jatropha oil cost and results for normal defilement of extending vapor outpouring there is a desperate prerequisite for sensible alternate fuel for diesel engines. The present examination covers the stage I, these tests are driven on a four stroke single barrel water cooled organize implantation diesel engine with reliable speed by using diesel and basic data is made through fluctuating weights. In second stage, test examination has been done on a comparable engine with same working parameters by using the Jatropha oil methyl esters blend with a degree J30 by extension of Die Ethyl Ether with Ignition improver of 5ml, 10ml to find the output and discharge.................

Keywords: Biodiesel, Emissions, Performance, Jatropha oil Methyl Ester Blends, Die Ethyl Ether

[1] M. Gumus .‖Evaluation of hazelnut kernel oil of Turkish origin as alternative fuel in diesel engines‖. Renewable Energy 33 (2008) 2448–2457 Cengiz Oner a, S_ehmus Altun. ―Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine‖.
[2] M. Mani, C. Subash , G. Nagarajan.―Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine using waste plastic oil‖ Applied Thermal Engineering 29(2009) 2738–2744
[3] T. Venkateswara Rao , G. Prabhakar Rao and K. Hema Chandra Reddy. ―Experimental Investigation of Jatropha, Jatropha and Neem Volume 2,Number 2 (ISSN 1995-6665)
[4] Jayant Singh, T. N. Mishra, T. K.Bhattacharya, and M. P. Singh. ―Emission Characteristics of Methyl Ester of Rice Bran Oil as Fuel in Compression Ignition Engine‖. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol no: 36 2007