Multicasting is an effective technique to save network bandwidth for low data rate wireless system, but there is no proper mechanism to detect the communication errors. In order to detect an error occurred at receiving part, a new ACK mechanism for multicasting is proposed in this paper. Instead of an ACK packet that takes long period of time, short ACK mark is used in this work. For the system proposed in this paper, 45 devices can send their ACK mark simultaneously in an ACK time slot as a reply for a multicasting message from the hub.

Keywords: ACK, acknowledge, multicasting, wireless

[1] J Yu, Y Xu, W Xie, and Z Shen, Wireless multicast scheduling with packet loss and delay constraints, Proc. International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing, Nanjing, China , 2009, 1-4.
[2] T Sheu and S Lin, A Multicast Retransmission Scheme Using Negative ACK in Wireless Networks, Proc. IEEE 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Barcelona, Spain, 2013, 1144-1149.
[3] J Vella and S Zammit, A Survey of Multicasting over Wireless Access Networks, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials ,15(2), 2013,718-753.

[4] Y Park , S Jeon, K Kim, K Kim, and Y Suh, Reliable and Adaptive Multicast Over IEEE 802.11n WLANs, IEEE Communications Letters, 20(7),2016, 1441-1444.

Although commercial mining activities has been carried out for decades on Gura-Top soil. Metal and radionuclides pollution of the environment as a result of abandoned mining activities is an acute problem nowadays as a result of continuous artisanal and small scale mining activities still going on. Twelve soil sampleswithin the range of 0-10cm from the study site were collected using random sampling technique and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence technique. The findings revealed that Uranium-238 and thorium-232 are the only two radionuclides found in all the soils samples with mean activity concentration higher than the average values of soil in Nigeria and other countries. One of the recommendations is that further research beyond the scope of this research be conducted to ascertain the pollution level of these radionuclides.

Keywords: Radionuclides,Soil Samples ,Gura –Topp, XRF

[1] Abubakar Sadiq Aliyu, Timothy Alexander Mousseau, Ahmad Termizi Ramli,and Yakubu Aliyu Bununu (2015). Radioecological impacts of tin mining, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13280-015-0677-1#main-content
[2] Adewale M.B., Adesina M.A. (2011). "Impact of marble mining on soil properties in a part of guinea savanna zone of southwestern Nigeria"; Ethiopian J. Environ. Studies Manage,4: 1-8 (http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v412.1)
[3] Eva Margui Grabulosa (206). Analytical Methodologies on X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Inductively Couple Plasma Spectroscopy for the Assessment of Metal Dispersal around Mining Environments, A Dissertation Presented to Department of Chemistry, University of Girona.
[4] Grace J.J.(1982). Tin Mining on the plateau before 1920 I the isichei E(ed). Studies in the History of Plateau State, Nigeria Chapter 11

Fine sand is not readily suitable for construction of road embankments but when stabilised with appropriate materials, it is very useful for construction purposes. Large quantity of plastic cement bags strip is available annually widespread in Rajasthan, India and bulk utilization of this waste produced is possible in geotechnical engineering applications like construction of road embankments etc. This research paper includes the design of slope for road embankment with the help of software by utilization for fine sand with plastic cement bags strips. Different laboratory experiments were performed on fine sand with direct mixing of fine sand of different dry densities 1.51 gm/cc, 1.54 gm/cc and 1.58 gm/cc (M.D.D.) with different percentage 0%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.25% by weight of polybags having square strips of size 5 mm..................

Keywords: Direct shear test, road embankment, factor of safety, plastic cement bags strip, slope stability analysis, geo-technical software.

[1] Ameta N.K., Wayal A.S., Puneet Hiranandani, "Stabilization of Dune Sand with Ceramic Tile Waste as Admixture". A.J.E.R., Vol. 02, Issue-09, 2013.
[2] Bishop, A.W., "The Use of the Slip Circle in the Stability Analysis of Slopes", Geotechnique, Vol. 5, pp. 7–17, 1955.
[3] Dutta R.K., Venkatappa Rao G., "Ground Improvement with Waste Plastic". Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
[4] E Spencer, "A Method of Analysis of the Stability of Embankments Assuming Parallel Inter-Slice Forces",Geotechnique, 17(1), pp. 11-26, 1967.
[5] Gopal R., Singh Y. P., Bhati O. P., Singh Jeevan, Bhati J., Singh Inder, Ghosh P. K., Parihar M. S. and Das Ghanshyam, "Chemical Stabilisation of Sand : Part* II Construction and Studies of 50m x 4m Road". Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur-342001, 1980

This paper focusses on the use of homomorphic encryption schemes in solving data security in cloud computation. We started by acknowledging Gentry's contribution on partial homomorphic encryption schemes where he constructed a somewhat homomorphic encryption based on ideal lattices using both additive and multiplicative Homomorphisms. We also noted improvement made on his construction by Dijkwherehe used integers instead of ideal lattices. Again we appreciated efforts by Braskerski based on Learning with Errors (LWE) and Ring Learning with Errors (Ring LWE) problems. Besides all these efforts, the schemes still had strain on the computing storage and processing resources..................

Keywords: Addition-Composition, Cloud Computing, Data Security, Fully Homomorphic Encryption, Homomorphic Encryption Scheme.

[1] Luis M. Vaquero, Luis Rodero-Merino, Juan Caceres and Maik Lindner. A Break in the Clouds: Towards a Cloud Definition. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2009.

[2] Peter Mell and Tim Grance. The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. NIST Special Publication 800-145, Vol. 15, 2011.

[3] Joe Weinmann. Axiomatic Cloud Theory. Communications, Media and Entertainment Industry for Hewlett-Packard, 2011.

[4] NIST. US National Institute of Standards and Technology. Special Publications 800 – 145, 2011.

[5] Rittinghouse J. W., and Ransome J. F. Cloud Computing: Implementation, Management and Security. (CRC Press, 2010)

World is as of now concentrating on alternate material sources that are environment agreeable and biodegradable in nature. Because of the expanding natural concerns, bio composite produced out of regular fiber and polymeric resin, is one of the late advancements in the business and constitutes the present extent of experimental work. The purpose of this research work is to evaluate and comparative study of the mechanical properties of laminates prepared of different composition of rice straw (RS), an agricultural waste and natural fiber, and Polypropylene. The mechanical properties evaluated are tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength. The density of each of the laminates and water absorption properties are also evaluated..................

Keywords: Natural Fiber, Rice straw, Composites, Strength.

[1] Vithal Babu V and G. N. Nagar, "Survey on Indian‟ s export potential of polymer of Palmyra fiber and allied products in UK, USA and Japan," Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi, 1972, pp73-75.
[2] Samir Abdul Azim M, "Palm tree fronds for concrete roof reinforcement", Concrete International, The American Concrete Institute Magazine, Vol 14, n 12, 1992.
[3] Cook D. J, "Concrete and cement composites reinforced with natural fibers", Proceedings of Symposium on Fibrous Cements, London, April 1980.
[4] Samir Abdul-Azim M, "Development of prototype structure for low - cost and energy efficient house by utilizing palm tree fronds", Building and Environment, Vol 32, n 4, 1997, pp 373-380.
[5] Olfat Y. Mansour, El-Hady B. A, Ibrahim S. K and Goda M, "Lignocellulose -Polymer composites. V", Polymer - Plastics Technology and Engineering, Vol 40, n 3, 2001, pp311-320.

At the present-day development of engineering, it is crucial to finish a product with reduced sub steps and at the similar period excellent surface finishing levels are to be attained throughout turning process. Hard turning process is beneficial over conventional grinding process. Grinding process is an additional process for accompanying the surface finish after the whole manufacturing process is completed, which consequences in the manner of increasing of overall cost of the manufacturing. In a related way hard turning would work for the similar persistence. This present work is directed for exploring the influence of spindle speed (n) and depth of cut (h) on the cutting forces and surface roughness (Ra) and also catches the breaking point of tool tip KC5525 in the hard turning process of EN8 material...................

Keywords: Hard Turning, Surface Finish, Prediction, ANN.

[1]. K.MUNISWARAN A/L K.SEVEEN: Experimental Study On Hard Turning Process of Hardened Tool Steel; july 2007. With Coated Carbide Cutting Tools.

[2]. Metal cutting principles by Milton c.shaw; professor Emeritus of engineering.
[3]. Saeed ZareChavoshi and Mehdi Tajdari(2010) Surface roughness modeling in hard turning operation of AISI 4140 using CBN cutting tool ; Received: 14 Springer/ESAFORM
[4]. K.Manikyakanti: Prediction of bead geometry in pulsed GMA welding using artificial neural network.
[5]. BerendDenkena: Influence of the tool corner radius on the tool wear and process forces during hard turning: Received: 24 January 2011 / Accepted: 9 June 2011 # Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011.

Sausages belong to the widest range of meat products available in a wide variety of species and with various commercial names. The aim of this paper is to monitor the influence of two starter cultures on instrumental values for color and its stability on the surface of Macedonian traditional sausage. The research covered three variants: Variant 1: Control variant (conventionally produced Macedonian traditional sausages using nitrite salt and powdered acerola); Variant 2: Macedonian traditional sausages where the basic formulation was enriched by the addition of starter culture CS-300 in combination with powder Swiss chard (as a substitute for nitrite salt) and powdered acerola; Variant 3: Macedonian traditional sausages where the basic formulation was enriched by the addition of starter cultures..................

Keywords: Macedonian traditional sausage, starter cultures.

[1] Arihara, K. (2006). Strategies for designing novel functional meat products. Meat Science 74, pp. 219-229.
[2] Bhat, R., Allas, A.K., Pallyath, G. (2012). 20. Factors Affecting the Growth of Microorganisms in Food. John Willey & Sons Ltd, USA.
[3] Casaburi, A., Aristoy, M.C., Cavella, S., Di Monaco, R., Ercolini, D., Toldrá, F., Villani, F. (2007). Biochemical and sensory characteristics of traditional fermented sausages of Vallo di Diano (Southern Italy) as affected by the use of starter cultures. Meat Science, 76 (2), pp. 295-307.
[4] CIE (1976). International Commission on Illumination, Colorimetry: Official Recommendation of the International Commission on Illumination Publication CIE No. (E-1.31). Paris, France: Bureau Central de la CIE.
[5] Čavlek, B. (2001). Znanost i praksa proizvodnje trajnih kobasica. Meso, 12/13, pp. 51-52.

Traditional culture has been paid more and more attention in the contemporary era. The national leader Xi Jinping once said: To carry forward the spirit of traditional Chinese culture, carry forward the traditional Chinese culture and carry out the strategy of going out. Not only that, traditional culture plays an important role in all aspects of modern life, whether it is the traditional culture of faith (that is, spiritual inheritance) such as filial piety first; or traditional culture of hand skills (that is, handicrafts made of material inheritance) such as Ceramic manufacturing and so on. These not only reveal the impact of traditional culture on modern life, but also reflects the modern life can not be separated from traditional culture. Under the impact of contemporary cultural fashion concept, with the traditional culture of fashion design is also the first to develop, ceramic jewelry art has become a touch of new generation of this era.

Keywords: Traditional culture; spiritual inheritance; material inheritance; cultural fashion; ceramic jewelry art; new generation

[1]. Li Hua, Li Haizhu. Contemporary ceramic jewelry [J] .2011 (06)
[2]. Huang Xuan. Jingdezhen modern blue and white ceramic jewelry design research. [D] .2015 (05)
[3]. Yang Cui. Chinese traditional cultural elements in the design of the application. [D] .2012
[4]. Qi Linlin. Ancient accessories. [M]Bai Jia shop Book Publishing House .2012
[5]. Li Yanzu. Art Design Introduction [M]. Hubei Yangtze River Publishing House .2009
[6]. Li Yanzu. Art Design Introduction [M]. Hubei Yangtze River Publishing House .2009

There is a recognized need to incorporate sustainability considerations in infrastructure projects delivered through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). However, in Nigeria, sustainability considerations currently play only a limited role and the social dimensions of sustainability are largely neglected in housing PPP projects. While this scenario has negatively impacted the acceptability of housing PPP contracts, there is, nevertheless, a paucity of research effort aimed at developing a sustainable framework. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for incorporating social sustainability principles into housing PPP projects in Nigeria thereby providing an understanding of the social processes and relationships with respect to undertaking PPP housing initiatives...................

Keywords: Conceptual framework, housing, public-private partnerships, social sustainability

[1]. S. Colverson and O. Perera, Harnessing the Power of Public-Private Partnerships: The Role of Hybrid Financing Strategies in Sustainable Development (Geneva: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2012).
[2]. D. Grimsey, M.K. Lewis, Public Private Partnerships: the Worldwide Revolution in Infrastructure Provision and Project Finance (Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004).
[3]. J.Grin, J.Rotmans, J. Schot, Transitions to Sustainable Development: New Directions in the Study of Long Term Transformative Change. (New York, Routledge, 2010).
[4]. G.A.Hodge, and C. Greve, Public–private partnerships: an international performance review. Public Administration Review, 67 (3), 2007, 545–558.
[5]. G.A.Hodge, C. Greve, and A.E. Boardman, International Handbook on Public–Private Partnerships (Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010).

In this work, a simple and rapid green approach was employed for the preparation of silver nanoparticles that were successfully synthesized using kumquat aqueous extract and under supporting of microwave as biological reducing agents. It proves to be an eco-friendly, rapid green method for the synthesis providing a cost effective and an efficient route for the Ag nanoparticles' synthesis. The shape and size of nanoparticles were controlled by the experimental conditions (reaction time (only 13 min for the conversion of silver ions into silver nanoparticles), ratio of kumquat extract and silver nitrate, ect…). Herein, the synthesized Ag nanoparticles were characterized using UV-vis, XRD, TEM and EDS. This green method has been obtained Ag nanoparticles quite uniformly with average diameter around 10-25 nm. Moreover, the synthesized Ag nanoparticles also showed efficient antimicrobial activity against of E. coli bacteria. This eco-friendly method could be a competitive alternative to the conventional physical/chemical methods used for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles. Thus, it has a potential to use in biomedical applications, opto-electronics and medical devices in future.

Keywords: Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs); Green synthesis; Kumquat extract; Microwave; Bioreduction; Anti-bacterial activity (antimicrobial activity).

[1]. Mody V V, Siwale R, Singh A and Mody H R 2010 J. Pharm. Bioall. Sci. 2 282-289.
[2]. Sharma V K, Yngard R A and Lin Y 2009 Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 145 83-96.
[3]. Park K, Seo D and Lee J 2008 Colloids Surf. A. 313–314 351-354.
[4]. Chaloupka K, Malam Y and Seifalian A M 2010 Trends Biotechnol. 28 580-588.
[5]. Prow T W, Grice J E, Lin L L, Faye R, Butler M, Becker W, Wurm E M T, Yoong C, Robertson T A, Soyer H P and Roberts M S 2011 Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63 470-491.

In regression analysis, data set can be formed by collecting observations that have been obtained from more than one class. The regression model, which will be formed when each class is defined by an function and c shows the number of classes, can be called switching regression model. To constitute this model, the first step is to determine fuzzy sets numbers depending on class numbers related to independent variables. Then, fuzzy rules are formed depending on specified fuzzy sets. In the studies carried out, class numbers of data have been proposed intuitively at first and in forming fuzzy sets numbers and rules, these class numbers have been taken as basis. The aim of this study is to use validity criterion in determining optimal class number of independent variables and to use adaptive network in obtaining parameter estimations related to the models to be formed.

Keywords: Adaptive network, Fuzzy rule, Switching regression, Validity criterion

[1] Lung-Fei L, Robert HP (1984) Switching regression models with imperfect sample separation information-with an application on cartel stability, Econometrica, (52):391-418
[2] Michel M (2001) Fuzzy clustering and switching regression models using ambiguity and distance rejects, Fuzzy Sets and Systems (122):363-399
[3] Richard EQ (1972) A new approach to estimating switching regressions, Journal of the American Statistical Association 67 (338):306-310
[4] Xie XL, Beni G (1991) A validity measure for fuzzy clustering, IEEE Trans Pattern Anal. Machine Intell. 13 (8): 841-847
[5] Zahid N, Limouri M, Essaid A (1999) A new cluster-validity for fuzzy clustering, The Journal of the Pattern Recognition 32:1089-1097

Pavement failure is defined as the failure of the constructed layer of durable material of specified thickness, usually of concrete, asphalt, or abstemious material designed to carry wheeled vehicles. The deflection on highway pavements can be as a result of excess loads, poor material properties or inadequate aggregate gradation of base material for construction. Aggregate used should have the proper particle size, shape, gradation and particle strength to contribute to a mechanically stable mixture. In this study, aggregates of 19.00mm, 2.00mm, 0. 425mm, 0.075mm and passing 200 sizes were combined to produce normal gradations that meets the specifications limits for Cement Treated Aggregate Base (CTAB) mixtures. Five other gradations were produced by removing each aggregate size from the normal gradation...................

Keywords: Aggregate Gradation, Compressive Strength, Elastic Modulus, CTAB

[1]. ASTM D. 1241, Standard Specification for material for Soil-Aggregate sub base, Base and Surface Course, 1994.
[2]. Lilley, A.A, and R.I.T. Williams. Cement-Stabilized Materials in Great Britain, In Highway Research Record, HRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C; 1973, pp.70-82.
[3]. PCA. Cement-Treated Aggregate Base. Report SR221.01S. Portland Cement Association, 1979.
[4]. PCA. Thickness Design for Soil-Cement Pavements. Bulletin EB068.01S, Portland Cement Association, 1970.
[5]. George, K. P. Characterization and Structural Design of Cement Treated Base. In Transportation Research Record 1288, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1990, pp. 78-87.

This paper presents an idyllic method for controlling the traffic in metro cities without disturbing the surviving system. Conventional traffic systems can be installed for a non-dynamic number of intersections with fixed counts of signal durations and are typically microcontroller based. The proposed system pattern is implemented on FPGA which offers many advantages over microcontroller such fast speed, number of input/output ports and enhanced performance coupled with low than ASIC design. The system not only provides the protection but also saves the time, money and provides the polluted free environment. This paper designed of intelligent transportation of system (ITS) using VHDL. Also determines the traffic in each road by using sensors. Using the traffic status we can manage the signal time and in this way we can handle the traffic on road. On each particular way junction we can place the IR sensors which detect the traffic density and give the current traffic status particular way in the junction. Its function was verified and simulated by using Model Sim.

Keywords: ITLC, FPGA, IR Sensors,VHDL,FSM,Model Sim.

[1] S. Nath "Design Design of a FPGA based Intelligent Traffic Light Controller with VHDL", Radar Communication and Computing (ICRCC) 2012 International conference pp- 92-97
[2] Traffic light, wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/traffic_light
[3] Jose E. Ortiz and Robert H. Klenke "Simple Traffic Light controller : A digital system design project", IEEE Southeast conference 2010 (Southeast conference), Concord, NC, March 2010, pp 85-88
[4] L. Zhenggang, X. Jiaolong, Z. Mingyun and D. Hongweis "FPGA based Dual mode Traffic Light System Design", Information Science and Engineering (ICISE) 2009 First International Conference, Dec. 2009, pp. 558-561.
[5] W.M. El- Medany "FPGA based Advanced Real Traffic light controller system design", Technology and Applications 2007. IDAACS 2007 , 4th IEEE workshop, pp. 100.