The symbiotic interrelatedness of the use of language and conflict generation in the northern part of Nigeria has become a source of worry as the media, journalists and even scholars often blame religion, politics or ethnicity as the major source of conflict in Northern Nigeria but fail to mention the role of manipulative use of language which incited and brainwashed extremist into involvement in various deadly conflicts. Using the qualitative research methodology and library materials, the paper reviewed the role of language in the society with rapt attention to the negative effect of inappropriate use of language and its effects on the masses.................

Keywords: Symbiosis, interrelatedness, manipulative tool, inappropriate, conflict

[1]. Boer, J. H. (2004). Muslim: Why the violence (Studies in Christian –Muslim Relation – Vol. 2). Jos: Stream Christian Publishers.
[2]. Boer, J. H. (2004a). Christian: Why this Muslim violence? (Studies in Christian –Muslim Relation – Vol. 3). Belleville: Essence Publishing.
[3]. Brown, E. M. (2001). Ethnic and Internal Conflicts: Causes and implications in Crocker, C. A., Hampson, F. O., and Aall, P. ((2001). Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict. Washington: United state Institute of Peace Press
[4]. Colonial Office (1958).Nigeria : report of the Commission appointed to enquire into the fears of Minority tribes. London, HMSO.

A graph G = (V, E) with p vertices and q edges is said to be a skolem mean graph if there exists a function f from the vertex set of G to {1, 2, . . . , p} such that the induced map f* from the edge set.................

Keywords: Skolem mean graph, skolem mean labeling, star graphs

[1]. V. Balaji, D. S. T. Ramesh and A. Subramanian, Skolem Mean Labeling, Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 26E No. 2 (2007), 245-248.
[2]. V. Balaji, D. S. T. Ramesh and A. Subramanian, Some Results on Skolem Mean graphs, Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 27E No. 1 (2008), 67-74.
[3]. J. A Gallian, A Dynamic Survey of Graph Labeling, The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 14 (2016),#DS6.
[4]. F. Harary, Graph Theory, Addison- Wesley, Reading Mars,(1972).

The potential of wind energy ofIkeja was investigated using two-parameter Weibull distribution function. The result showedgood agreement between the actual data andWeibullprediction. The wind turbulence of the study area was moderate (<0.25) based on the whole year assessment but higher during dry season compare to the raining season. The frequency distribution of the wind speed data indicatesthat about 90% distribution was within the speed range that is higher than the cut-in speed (3m/s) of most modern wind turbine.The scale parameter (c) and shape parameter (k) ranges between 3.84m/s ≥ c ≤ 5.89m/s and 3.65≥ k ≤4.39 respectively. Mean wind speedat 10m hub.................

Keywords: Ikeja, Turbulence Intensity, Wind Speed, Wind Power Density, Wind Power Class

[1]. A. F. Agbetuyi, T. O Akinbulire, A. Abdulkareem, C. O. A. Awosope, Wind Energy Potential inNigeria, International Electrical Engineering Journal. 2 (1) 2012, 595-601
[2]. S. O. Oyedepo, Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward, Energy, Sustainability and Society2(15)DOI: 10.1186/2192-0567-2-15
[3]. O. O. Ajayi, R. O. Fagbenle, J. Katende, J. M. Ndambuki, D. O. Omole, and A. A. Badejo (2014), Wind Energy Study and Energy Cost of Wind Electricity Generation in Nigeria: Past and Recent Results and a Case Study for South West Nigeria

In the fully consider into the diagenesis,the authors analyzed the provenance of baikouquan formation in Mabei area of Junggar basin by using the methods of heavy minerals. Heavy minerals Q cluster analysis and factor analysis can judge sedimentary period,divide the scope of the different sedimentary system, determine the type of primary and secondary parent rock.ZTR index and contour map can clearly indicate source direction.The results showed that：there are 3 sedimentary systems in the study area, which are the eastern part, the western part and the north central sedimentary area.Eastern sedimentary area is close to the source,and the source is from the north east of the old mountain.................

Keywords: Mabei area; Baikouquan formation; provenance; mineral; multivariate statistics

[1]. Morton A C, Hallsworth C R. Processes controlling the composition of heavy mineral assemblages in sandstones[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1999,124(1–4):3-29.
[2]. Morton A C, Hallsworth C. Identifying provenance-specific features of detrital heavy mineral assemblages in sandstones[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1994,90(3-4):241-256.
[3]. Pettijohn F J, Potter P E, Siever R. Sand and Sandstone[M]. Springer New York, 1987.
[4]. Cao Yingchang, Song Ling, Wang Jian, Li Junliang, Liu Mingquan, Wan Yong. .Application of Heavy Mineral Data in the Analysis of Sediment Source:A case study in the Paleogene lower submember of the third member of the Liushagang Formation, Weixinan Depression[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Stntca, 2011(05):835-841.
[5]. Xu Tianwu, Song Haiqiang, Kuang Wu, Wang Yingmin, Chen Liqiong, Qi Lixin. Synthetic Application of the Provenance Analysis Technique:A Case study of Member 1 of Taizhou Formation in Gaovou Sag, Subei Basin[J]. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2009(01):111-118.

As a core concept in empirical linguistics, Speech Community isat the intersection of different views and definition which obviously negates the substantive definition of its scope. Using the theoretical concept of Gumperz and Labov and Kachru's three circle model, the paper traces the streams and lines that define a speech community enlisting various notions on speech community and problems associated with them. Findings show thatspeech community is defined largely not by the homogeneity of the immediate language of interaction but by agreement in the use of linguistic elements, so much as by participation in a set of shared norms: these norms may be observed in overt types of evaluative behaviour..............

Keywords: Speech community, three circle, homogeneity, Language of interaction

[1]. Azikiwe, U. (1995) Language Teaching and Learning.Nsukka: Africana First Publishers Limited.
[2]. Crystal, D. (2007). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[3]. Gumperz, J. (1968). The Speech Community, in Duranti, Alessandro (ed). Linguistic Anthropology: A reader 1:66-73.
[4]. Gumperz, J. (1964). Linguistics and social Interaction in two communities.In Blount, Benjamin. (ed.)Language, Cultures and Society. 14:283-299
[5]. Halliday, M. (1975) Text and Context – Aspects of Language Teaching. London: Longman

The hybrid power system (HPS) is considered an effective option in terms of low cost of power generation, reduced noise and gas emission, improved and reliable power supply using PV as the main power source and having diesel generator or the grid as a back-up power sources. An economic feasibility study and a complete design of hybrid system consisting of photovoltaic system (PV), a diesel generator and the grid as back-up, for the faculty of engineering of the Rivers State University main building using Homer software, has been presented in this paper. Other scenarios where also analysed.................

Keywords: Hybrid PV Systems, Diesel Generator, Grid System, Solar Radiation.

[1]. Anayochukwu, A. V. (2013). Simulation of photovoltaic/diesel hybrid system with energy storage and supervisory control. International journal of renewable energy research.
[2]. Batha, S. T. (2013). Design and analyses of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system to supply electricity for rural area,Atsbi District, North Ethiopia.
[3]. Enefiok, O. E. (2015). PV-Diesel hybrid power system for small village in Nigeria. International journal of scientific research.
[4]. Gupta, J. B (2013). Non-conventional methods of power generation.
[5]. Lena, G. (IED) (2013). Rural electrification with PV hibrid system . IEA International energy agency

Power demand in commercial areas and residential areas is being increased on daily basis, so to meet the expected load, renewable energy sources like, wind and solar power generators are playing a major role in generating green power, so, micro grid provides an objective to connect and disconnect to the main grid according to the requirements, a micro grid operates on a grid mode and islanded mode, one of the drawbacks found in the micro grid operations is the sustainability of the grid during changes or disturbances in environmental conditions. The objective of this paper is to model a micro grid of 75KW using MATLAB/Simulink, and make the micro grid a sustainable one, when the load is fully dependent on the micro grid by supplying power without fluctuation...................

Keywords: Battery management system, Fuel cells, MPPT, MI-CUK converters PV model, Three-level inverters wind energy conversion system.

[1] Ghislain Remy, Olivier Bethoux, Claude Marchand, Hussein Dogan "Review of MPPT Techniques for Photovoltaic Systems"Laboratoire de Genie Electrique de Paris (LGEP) / SPEE-Labs, CNRS UMR 8507.
[2] Arjav Harjai, Abhishek Bhardwaj Mrutyunjaya Sandhibigraha "Study Of Maximum Power Point Tracking (Mppt) Techniques In a Solar Photovoltaic Array"National Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008, Orissa.
[3] Nandini.A, Isha T.B "Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Standalone System"international journal of advanced engineering and global technology, vol-2, issue 8, August-2008.
[4] K.R.Vadivelu K.Padmanabham Dr.G.V.Marutheswar "A Control MPPT Algorithm for Wind Energy Conversion System"Journal of Electrical Engineering.
[5] Fuel Cell Handbook (seventh edition). November 2004..

Cotton production in Zimbabwe involves intensive use of synthetic chemicals such as endosulfan for the control of bollworms. The presence of endosulfan residues in seed cotton poses a threat to the health of humans who come in contact with fibres or cotton dust containing this chemical if it exceeds the recommended residue limits. This study set forth to determine the levels of endosulfan in seed cotton produced in four major cotton production areas in Zimbabwe. Soxhlet extraction was used for isolation of endosulfan from seed cotton samples and further sample clean-up was done using solid phase extraction (SPE)..................

Keywords: Analysis, endosulfan, extraction, pesticide, residue, seed cotton

[1]. Karavina, C., et al., Variety and Planting Date Effects on the Incidence of Bollworms and Insect Sucking Pests of Cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.). Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012. 3(3): p. 607-610.
[2]. Kingstone, M. Viability Analysis of Smallholder Cotton Production under Contract Farming in Zimbabwe. in 4th International Conference of the African Association of Agricultural Economists. 2013. Tunisia.
[3]. Strategy, C.t.C., Cotton-to-Clothing Strategy 2014-2019, Z. EU, COMESA, International Trade Centre, Editor. 2014, EU: Zimbabwe.
[4]. Hassan, S.Z.U. and J. Militky, Acetylcholinesterase Based Detection of Residual Pesticides on Cotton. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2012. 3(2): p. 93-98.
[5]. EJF, The Deadly Chemicals in Cotton, E.J.F.i.C.w.P.A. Network, Editor. 2007

Image segmentation is one of the essential tasks in the field of pc vision. This paper proposes another image segmentation strategy in view of Fuzzy C Means (FCM) and MRF. FCM has the ability to represent ambiguous information in a more robust way. HMRF and HMF have the ability to find optimal parameters in search spaces. These characteristics of FCM and ALO have been utilized in this paper for improving image Segmentation. The proposed hybrid FCM-HMRF based However the problem of image segmentation speed is still an important problem in image processing. Therefore,............

Keywords: IS;Fuzzy C Means; MRF; HMRF-FCM; ARK-FCM.

[1]. P. Sivakumar1 , Dr. S.Meenakshi, "A REVIEW ON IMAGE SEGMENTATION TECHNIQUES". International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 5 Issue 3, March 2016 ISSN: 2278 – 1323
[2]. Hossam M. Moftah, Ahmad TaherAzar, EimanTamah Al-Shammari , Neveen I. Ghali , Aboul Ella Hassanien and Mahmoud Shoman," Adaptive k-means clustering algorithm for MR breast image segmentation", Neural Comput&Applic (2014) 24:1917–1928
[3]. Shashi Bala and Ajaya Kumar, "A brief review of image segmentation techniques". 2016 IJARECE
[4]. P. Parvathi, R.Rajeswari, "A Hybrid FCM-ALO based Technique for Image Segmentation". 978-1-5090-3770-4/16/$31.00©2016 IEEE
[5]. Shashi Bala and Ajaya Kumar, "A brief review of image segmentation techniques". International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2016 ISSN: 2278 – 909X

Soils pose problems to civil engineers in general and to geotechnical engineers in particular. They cause damage to structure founded in them because of their potential to react to changes in moisture regime. Expansive soils are basically susceptible to detrimental volumetric changes with changes in moisture content causes distortions to the structures constructed on these soils. Utilization of industrial waste materials in the improvement of soils is a cost efficient and environmental friendly method. The properties of the black cotton soils can be altered in many ways viz.............

Keywords: Expansive Soil, Barites Powder, Aluminium Chloride, Compaction, Soaked CBR

[1] Bharti Joshi, Ashutosh Sharma, Hitesh Sharma, Abhijeet Singh (2016), "Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Iron Powder", SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 3 Issue 7 – July 2016, ISSN: 2348 – 8352, Pp. 87-90.
[2] Chen, F. H. (1988), "Foundations on expansive soils", Chen & Associates, Elsevier Publications, U.S.A.
[3] Gaonkar, G.U.G. Fernandes, W. Vajrala, A.R (2010)," Stabilization of Typical Mine Wastes of Goa, Indian Geotechnical Conference – 2010, GEOtrendz, December 16–18, pp.633-636.
[4] Kasmalkar, B.J., "Foundation Engineering", Vidyardhi Griha Prakasam, Pune, 1989.
[5] Kiran B. Biradar, V. K. Chakravarthi, U. Arun Kumar (2014), "Efficacy of Industrial waste admixture in Improving Engineering Performance of Clayey soil – A quantitative study" American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN: 2320-0936 Volume-3, Issue-9, pp-251-263.