The prime focus of the concept economic load dispatch (ELD) is one of the main functions of modern energy management system, which determines the optimal real power setting of generating units with an objective to minimize total fuel cost of thermal plants.Soft computing is the approach to artificial intelligence and it has showed an excellent performance in solving the combined optimization problems. In this paper, issues related to the Study of the soft computing techniques are highlighted for a successful application to solve economic dispatch problem, which is a constrained optimization problem in power systems. Economic dispatch problem is a major problem where objective function is highly non-convex, non-linear, non-differentiable and may have multiple limited minima. Therefore, classical optimization methods may not converge or get trapped to any local minima. The purpose of this work is to find out the advantages of application of the soft computing technique to the economic load dispatch problem.

Keywords: Ant colony optimization, bacteria foraging optimization, economic dispatch, evolutionary algorithm, genetic algorithm.

[1]. Nagendra Singh, Yogendra Kumar, Constrained Economic Load Dispatch Using Evolutionary Technique, Asian Journal of Technology & Management Research Vol. 03 – Issue: 02 Jul - Dec 2013.

[2]. Aniruddha Bhattacharya, and Pranab Kumar Chattopadhyay,Biogeography-Based Optim-ization for Different Economic Load Dispatch Problems, IEEE Transactions On Power Systems, Vol. 25, No. 2, May 2010.
[3]. Ali Nazari, Amin Hadidi, Biogeography Based Optimization Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch of Power System AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, Vol. 1, Issue. 3, pp. 99-105, 2012.
[4]. Jyoti Jain, Rameshwar Singh, Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm for Load Dispatch in Power System, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 7,July 2013.

This paper deals with a study of interprocess communication in distributed systems. The interprocess communication means how the processes communicate with each other while fulfilling the users' needs. It says what the matters concerned while communicating between processes in distributed systems. The paper describes different interprocess communication mechanism like shared memory, message passing and remote procedure calls used in distributed systems. Finally the paper describes the how different distributed systems like Mach, Charlotte, Sprite, amoeba, V, and MOSIX accomplishing interprocess communication. All the system uses different methods to deals with interprocess communication.

Keywords: ....................

[1]. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Distributed Systems, Prentice-Hall, 2003.
[2]. G. Coulouris, J. Dollimore, and T. Kind berg, Distributed Systems Concepts and Designs, Third Edition, Addison Wesley , 2001.
[3]. K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport, Distributed Snapshots: Determining Global States of Distributed Systems, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Volume 3, pp 63-75, Number 1, 1985.
[4]. Pradeep K. Sinha, Distributed Operating Systems-Concepts and Design, Prentice Hall, 2008
[5]. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Maarten Van Steen, Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigm, Prentice-Hall, 2n Edn. 2002.

Nowadays, antennas used in wireless communication system need to be small size, light weight, low cost, wideband and low profile. Conventional microstrip patch antennas have limitations of large size, single operating frequency, narrow bandwidth, low gain and not more suitable for modern wireless communication systems. Microstrip patch antenna performance have been improved using Electromagnetic band gap (EBG), Photonic band gap (PBG), Defected Ground Structure (DGS) and recently was the introduction of the quasi lumped element resonator. The quasi lumped element resonator antenna has wider bandwidth, smaller size and moderate gain in comparison with the microstrip patch antenna. In this research, quasi lumped element resonator is used but with defected ground structure (DGS) for improved bandwidth, small size and lower return loss. The results show that the quasi lumped element resonator antenna with DGS resonated at 5.8GHz which is better by 34.5 % compared to that without DGS. Also the antenna ground size was decreased by 3.04 % with DGS.

Keywords: Defected Ground Structure, Microwave Circuits, Antenna, Photonic Band Gap, Electromagnetic Band Gap.

[1]. Ain, M. F., Olokede, S. S., Qasaymeh, Y. M., Marzuki, A., Mohammed, J. J., Sreekantan, S., . . . Abdulla, M. Z. (2013). A novel 5.8 GHz quasi-lumped element resonator antenna. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 67(7), 557-563.
[2]. Avenhaus, B. (1996). Characterisation of High Temperature Superconducting Thin Films and Their Microwave Applications.
[3]. Barlevy, A. S., & Rahmat-Samii, Y. (2001). Characterization of electromagnetic band-gaps composed of multiple periodic tripods with interconnecting vias: Concept, analysis, and design. IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation, 49(3), 343-353.
[4]. Bogatin, E. (1988). Design rules for microstrip capacitance. IEEE Transactions on components, hybrids, and manufacturing technology, 11(3), 253-259.
[5]. Contopanagos, H., Zhang, L., & Alexopoulos, N. G. (1998). Thin frequency-selective lattices integrated in novel compact MIC, MMIC, and PCA architectures. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 46(11), 1936-1948.

Now a days as the population increases the transportation demands are increased. The total number of vehicles required to fulfil the transportation needs too are increased just as population have increased. Increase of the vehicle usage leads to heavy traffic in the road. It happens due to the current traffic control method and the road infrastructure. It will affect the human as well as fuel resources by wasting time in the road because of the heavy traffic. In order to reduce the wastage of time as well as the wastage of fuel in the road traffic an effective and a smart traffic control strategy is required. The traditional way of traffic control provides a time slot for each direction of road.............

Keywords: Traffic Control, Image Processing, Support Vector Machine

[1]. PallaviChoudekar, Sayanti Banerjee, et al "Real Time Traffic Light Control Using Image Processing" IJCSE Vol. 2 No. 1
[2]. Kavya P Walad, JyothiShetty et al "Traffic Light Control System Using ImageProcessing" IJIRCCE Vol.2, Special Issue 5, October 2014
[3]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light_control_and_coordination on 05-04-2018
[4]. R.Prabhu,M. Premalatha "Traffic Control System For Congestion Control,Ambulance Clearance And Stolen Vehicle Detection" IJMTERVolume 03, Issue 05,
[5]. [May– 2016]

Large quantities of tea wastes are usually discarded into the environment without any treatment. This discharge of untreated wastewater into the ecosystem has substantial impacts on the environment and human health. The study sought to establish, evaluate and analyse the effect of optimizing electrocoagulation operating variables on removal efficiency, . An experimental design using response surface methodology of full factorial design with three factors at two levels was used to optimize and investigate the influence of current intensity, electrode distance and electrolysis time process variables on removal efficiency of colour and reduction of COD in tea effluent. Design Expert 9 statistical software was used to analyse the data and carry out optimization using response surface methodology.............

Keywords: Effluent, Electrocoagulation

[1]. Ahmad, R., Mostafa, A., & Sara, H. (2013). Hamed Bilgaric A R esearch centre for Environmental Pollutants ,Efficiency of Electrocoagulation for Removal of reactive Yellow From aqueous environments . Arch , Hyg Sci, 2(1), 7-15.
[2]. Alan, A., & Pratheeba, P. (2015). Municipal Wastewater Treatment By Electrocoagulation. International Journal Of Technology Enhancements And Emerging Engineering Research,, Vol 3, Issue 05.
[3]. Antony, J. (2003). Design of Experiments for Engineers and Scientists. NewYork: Butterworth-Heinemann.
[4]. Arvanitoyannis, I. S., & Varzakas, T. H. (2008). Vegetable waste treatment:comparison and critical presentation of methodologies. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 48, 205-247.
[5]. Beagles, A. (2004). Electrocoagulation (EC) – Science and Applications. Retrieved from http://www.eco-web.com/edi/050526.html

The effects of the cross flow using opposing jets as gaseous fuel in addition to the effects of the double swirling on the performance of the diffusion flame was investigated experimentally . The cross flow in terms of opposing jetswas premixed mixture of gaseous fuel and air). And the influence of the double swirler on the flames characteristics was investigated with two swirling modes;CO-swirl and Counter-swirl. The combustion chamber was provided with dual fuel, such that liquid fuel was burnt in a cross flow of gaseous fuel. Meanwhile, the air was co-axially introduced in a double swirl flow field. لإhe effects of varying the swirl number, mode, and air to fuel ratio on the emissions and flame length were investigated. The results illustrated that more flame stability, reduction in the concentration of the unburned hydrocarbon as well as the carbon monoxide could be achieved by the opposing jets, however an increase in NOx concentration occurred.

Keywords: Combustion, Opposing Jet, Swirl Number, Duel Fuel.

[1]. Takashi, T., and Shagera, H., "The Effect of Fuel to Air Mixing on NOx Formation in Non Premixed Swirl Burners" 26th Symposium (International) on Combustion,THe Combustion Institute, 1996.
[2]. Kamal,M.M., (Effect of Swirl mixing on the combustion process), Master of Science Thesis, Faculty of Engineering , Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt 200.
[3]. Al-Kadi, N.E.M., "An Investigation of Flame Structure in Duel Fuel Combustor", M.SC. Thesis ,Helwan University, Cairo,1995.
[4]. Birouk,M., Stabler, T., and Azzopardi, B,J,. "An experimental study of the liquid jets interacting with cross air flows" system characteristics, 2003.
[5]. Birch, a., Brown,D., Fairweather, M., and Hargrave, G., "an Experimental study a turbulent natural gas jet in across flow " Combustion Sci Technol, 1989.

In India, about 25 percent deaths occur in the age group of 25-69 years because of a cardio-vascular disease. Many people among us lose their life because of heart attack. Heart attack is not easy to detect. After the occurrence of heart attack only, the patient can be monitored. To overcome and help our society from heart attack, we are developing such a system which helps to decrease the death rate and early detection of a heart attack. This heart attack detection system helps to inform if a person is about to have a heart attack by analyzing the number of beats per minute (BPM) and informs as soon as the heart beat level does not fall within the permissible limit. Thus this system can be used to save life of many people.............

Keywords: Cardio-vascular disease, Arduino, Zigbee wireless transmission, Medical care with the help of GSM module.

[1]. Kala John Kappiarukudil, "Real time monitoring and detection of heart attack using wireless sensor networks", Amrita center for wireless network and applications AMTRITA Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita university), Kerala, India. IEEE-2010.
[2]. Ahmad Shahtizal Sani, A.K.M.Muzahidula Islam, Mohd. Naz'ri Mahrin, IshatiakAl-Mamoom, Sabarish Baharum, Shaozo Komaki and Masaharu Imai "A Framework for Remote Monitoring of Early Heart Attack Diagnoses System For Ambulatory patient", IEEE-2014.
[3]. Abdallah Kassem, Mustapha Hamad, Chady El Moucary and Elie Fayad, Notre Dame university-Louaize Zouk Mosbeh, "A Smart Device for the Detection of Heart Abnormality Using R-R Interval", IEEE-2016.

The study investigated the effect of cooperative farmers' insurance premium on the growth of agricultural gross domestic product in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to ascertain the effect of cooperative farmers' insurance premium on the economic growth of agricultural sector. Secondary data was sourced and used for the study. The study adopted ex-post facto research in which secondary data obtained from the Nigeria Agricultural Insurance Corporation, Headquarters, Abuja and Statistical bulletins of Central Bank of Nigeria, from 1989 to 2015 were used for analysis. Data for the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics, graphs, ordinary least square, panel unit root analysis, pairwise granger causality test and co-integration..............

Keywords: Insurance premium, service delivery, GDP, Nigeria.

[1]. Abu G.A., Odoemenem, I.U. & Ocholi, A. (2011). Determining optimum farm credit need of small scale framers in Benue State. Journal of Economics and International Finance 3(10): 564-570
[2]. Adams, K.F. (2008). Risk perception and Bayesian analysis of international construction contract risks: The case of payment delays in a developing economy. International Journal of Project Management, 26:31-38.
[3]. Adams, M., Anderson, J., Anderson, L., & Lindmark, M. (2005). The historical relation between banking, insurance and economic growth in Sweden: 1830 to 1999. University of Wales Swansea working paper, UK, http:/nhh.no/sam/res-publ/2005/26.pdf.
[4]. Adeyefa, F.K.A. (2013). Agricultural insurance: The Nigerian initiative, experience and prospects. Ibadan: Multiprint Concepts
[5]. Agwuegbo S.O.N., Adewole A.P., & Maduegbuna A.N. (2010). Predicting Insurance Investment: A Factor Analytic Approach. J. Math. Stat. Sci. Publication, 6(3): 321-324.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of the waste stabilization ponds in treating domestic wastewater in Mwanza city. The studied parameters included BOD5, COD, pathogen reduction, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature. Data on the concentration of these parameters at the influent and effluent of the ponds were collected from MWAUWASA1 office. Then the removal efficiencies of BOD5, COD, TSS and pathogen reduction were calculated. Concentrations of BOD5, COD, TSS and pathogen reduction in the influent and final effluent were 357mg/l, 652mg/l, 324mg/l and cfu5800/100 and 27mg/l, 47mg/l, 72mg/l and cfu100/100 ml respectively. This represents removal efficiency of 92.43% (BOD5), 92.80% (COD), 77.77% (TSS), and 98.30% (pathogens) respectively.............

Keywords: Domestic wastewater, Mwanza, removal efficiency, waste stabilization ponds.

[1]. Hodgson I.O.A., Performance of the Akosombo waste stabilization ponds in Ghana, Environmental Chemistry Division, CSIR-Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana, Ghana Journal of Science, 47 (2007)
[2]. Kaseva M.E, Mwegoha W.J.S, C. Kihampa C. and Matiko S. Performance of a Waste Stabilization Pond system Treating Domestic and Hospital Wastewater and its Implications to the Aquatic Environment-A Case Study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of Building and Land Development. 15, (1-2), 2008
[3]. Mara, D. Domestic wastewater treatment in developing countries: Routledge 2013.
[4]. Mara, D. and Pearson, H. Design Manual for Waste Stabilization Ponds in Mediterranean Countries, Lagoon Technology International Leeds, England. 1998.
[5]. Abdullahi I, Nasiru I, Saminu A, Sagir L, Charity E. Design of Waste Stabilization Pond For Sewage Treatment At Nigerian Defence Academy Staff Quarters, Permanent Site Mando Kaduna. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 1 (2) November 2014

Interlocking concrete paving blocks are widely used in India on the petrol pumps, footpaths, parking areas, gardens, etc. for easy laying, better look and finish. Now a day, the technology is slowly being adopted extensively in urban pavements, boarder military roads, hilly areas, industrial hardstands etc. where the conventional construction of pavement using hot bituminous mix or cement concrete technology is not feasible or desirable. Since the engineers and manufacturers have taken more active interest in this type of products, there has been a demand for the principles of mix design procedure for production of concrete paving blocks.............

Keywords: Interlocking concrete block pavement (ICBP), Mix design, Paving blocks, Mechanical strength.

[1]. Pani, A.K. and Panda, B.C., (2018), "Development of a Mix Design Methodology for Concrete Paving Blocks. Part I: Mix Design Procedure", International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research, V-05, Issue 4, pp 744 – 750.
[2]. Panda, B.C. and Ghosh, A.K., (2000), "Concrete block pavement: A critical review Indian Highways", Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, pp 27-37.
[3]. IRC: SP: 63:2004, "Guidelines for use of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement" Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, India.
[4]. Dowson, A.J., (1980), "Mix design for concrete block paving", Proceedings of the First International Conference on Concrete Block Paving, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K., pp 121-127.
[5]. IS 10262:2009 on "Indian standard concrete mix proportioning – Guidelines (First revision)", Bureau of India Standard, New Delhi, India.

This research work investigated the bending strength of sisal/jute polymer hybrid produced with unsaturated polyester resins for lightweight structural application. In this research work, hybrid composites have been developed using hand layup technique based on percentage combination of Sisal and Jute fibers in the form of laminates prepared from – Unsaturated polyester . The prepared laminate samples were subjected to bending test to evaluate their strength which was based on orientations and fibre percentage combination. Specimen sample designated B4 with composite of Sisal: Jute (50%:50%) - percentage combination laid at 450/-450 orientation demonstrated the highest bending strength of 50MPa.

Keywords: Sisal, Jute, Hybrid, Bending, Strength.

[1]. Anaidhuno U. P., Ologe. O. S., Maduike. F. (2017)The effect of orientation and fibre combination ratio of sisal/jute hyrid polymer composite tensile property using unsaturated polyester and Bisphenol A resin, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol. 3, pp. 454-465,
[2]. Anaidhuno U.P, Edelugo S.O, Nwobi-Okoye C.C. (2017) "Evaluation of the mechanical properties and simulation of sisal/Jute hybrid polymer composite failure in automobile chassis panel", IOSR Journal of Engineering Vol. 3, Issue 9, 2017 Pp 56-64.
[3]. Edelugo S. O. (2010), ― The Behaviour of Polymer Composite Plates During and After Cure and Consequent Immersion in Water. Journal of Advanced Materials, JAM, SAMPE Pub, (USA). Vol. 42, 3, pp 25-30.
[4]. Edelugo S. O. (2004), ―Effect of Reinforcements Combination on the Mechanical strength of Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Handlay-up Laminates with Regards to Increased Temperature Conditions. Nigerian Journal of Technology.Vol. 23.No. 1.pp 39 – 47
[5]. Liao K & Thwe M.M. (2003) Comp. Sci. Tech, 63, 375

This paper presents a widespread review of recent researches that are performed in the area of ORPD. For enhancing the stability of the voltages in the power system, the ORPD is considered. By the appropriate dispatch of obtainable reactive power sources, the ORPD issue aspires to decide the reactive power necessitate of the system. Here, the related works comprise of a standard categorization of ORPD issue. Besides, this paper presents a survey on the research gaps in ORPD using different methods, which are proposed in the past. The ORPD objectives comprise of reactive compensations, and adjusting generator voltage set points, to minimize the power losses, enhancing the voltage profile. Moreover, various parameters are considered namely power losses, system load, voltage deviation, load demand, voltage magnitude, computational time and optimal installation cost of the devices. The ORPD is considered as a complex optimization issue, which involves continuous and discrete variables. Most of the metaheuristic optimization is applied to the solution because of nonconvex, no linear, as well as multi-modal nature of the ORPD.

Keywords: ORPD; power losses; load demand; voltage stability; voltage profile.

[1]. Mojtaba Ghasemi, Mahdi Taghizadeh, Sahand Ghavidel, Jamshid Aghaei, Abbas Abbasian, ―Solving optimal reactive power dispatch problem using a novel teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm‖, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 39, pp. 100-108, March 2015.

[2]. Ali Ghasemi, Khalil Valipour, Akbar Tohidi, ―Multi objective optimal reactive power dispatch using a new multi objective strategy‖, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 57, pp. 318-334, May 2014.

[3]. Aparajita Mukherjee, V. Mukherjee, ―Chaotic krill herd algorithm for optimal reactive power dispatch considering FACTS devices‖, Applied Soft Computing, vol. 44, pp. 163-190, July 2016.

[4]. R. Mallipeddi, S. Jeyadevi, P. N. Suganthan, S. Baskar, ―Efficient constraint handling for optimal reactive power dispatch problems‖, Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, vol. 5, pp. 28-36, August 2012

In this paper, a detailed analysis, as well as introduction on the research category and industrialization circumstances of recent LVRT Technology in DFIGs system, is presented. In average as well as high power applications, DFIG is commonly exploited for variable speed drives. By symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults, the Grid-connected DFIG based WTs are focused on the unexpected voltage dips occurrence. Based on new grid codes, DFIG based WT must ride-through voltage dips with no disrupting their operation. Therefore, to sustain secure and stable operation of power system, they need to capable of LVRT. The significant problem with DFIG-WT is LVRT performance............

Keywords: LVRT; DFIG; wind farms; wind turbine; photovoltaic

[1] M. Abdelrahem, M. H. Mobarak and R. Kennel, "Model predictive control for low-voltage ride through capability enhancement of DFIGs in variable-speed wind turbine systems," 2016 9th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), Dhaka, pp. 70-73, 2016.
[2] Kenneth E. Okedu, "Augmenting DFIG wind turbine transient performance using alternative voltage source T-type grid side converter," Renewable Energy Focus, vol. 18, pp. 1-10, April 2017.
[3] A. D. Falehi and M. Rafiee, "Enhancement of DFIG-Wind Turbine's LVRT capability using novel DVR based Odd-nary Cascaded Asymmetric Multi-Level Inverter," Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 805-824, June 2017.
[4] M. Amer Saeed, Hafiz Mehroz Khan, Arslan Ashraf and Suhail Aftab Qureshi, "Analyzing effectiveness of LVRT techniques for DFIG wind turbine system and implementation of hybrid combination with control schemes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 81, Part 2, pp. 2487-2501, January 2018.
[5] Hossein Shahbabaei Kartijkolaie, Masoud Radmehr and Mehdi Firouzi, "LVRT capability enhancement of DFIG-based wind farms by using capacitive DC reactor-type fault current limiter," International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 102, pp. 287-295, November 2018.