The microstructure of the gradient particular composites plays an important role in their fracture behaviour. The distribution of particles is ruled by a prescribed gradient of particle volume fraction. In this paper, the generalized beam (GB) lattice is used to simulate the damage and fracture of gradient particular composites. The compression and tension simulations of two different gradient particular materials are performed. The effects of the gradient distribution of particles on the fracture process are discussed in detail.

Key words: Gradient particular composites, Generalized Beam (GB) Lattice Model, Quasi-brittle Fracture.

[1]. J.E. Bolander, N. Sukumar, Irregular lattice model for quasistatic crack propagation. Physical Review B. 20(9) (2005), 4106.
[2]. A. Kawasaki, R.J.E.F.M. Watanabe, Thermal fracture behavior of metal/ceramic functionally graded materials. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 69(14) (2002), 1713-1728.
[3]. L.M. Jr, et al., Effect of microstructure of particle reinforced composites on the damage evolution: probabilistic and numerical analysis. 64(12) (2004), 1805-1818.
[4]. Z. Jie, et al., 3D Microstructure-based finite element modeling of deformation and fracture of SiCp/Al composites. 123 (2016), 1-9.
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Interaction between computers and humans in Web Semantic data, describes high security definitions to explore data from web server and enable automatic sophisticated privacy in Web Semantic data analysis. Once any two persons communicate with each other then automatically data to be does and hold by others present in web. Web Semantic data shares overall data into different users present in throughout the world then main challenge behind web data sharing gives possible communications whether it is possible or not possible based on users with server communication. So that security is the main factor to provide efficient privacy to data on web.............

Key words: Digital Artifact, Web Semantic data, Trusty URI, RDF, and Web of trust, Security, privacy and Digital Technology.

[1]. Harry Halpin, ―Semantic Insecurity: Security and the Web Semantic data‖, In 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pages 98–113. IEEE, 2017.
[2]. Hadi Asghari, Michel Van Eeten, Axel Arnbak, and Nico Van Eijk. Security economics in the HTTPS value chain. In Twelfth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS 2013), Washington, DC, 2013.
[3]. Vijay Bharadwaj, Hubert Le Van Gong, Dirk Balfanz, Alexei Czeskis, Arnar Birgisson, Jeff Hodges, Michael Jones, Rolf Lindemann, and J.C. Jones. Web Authentication: An API for accessing scoped credentials, 2016.
[4]. Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Antoine Delignat Lavaud, C´edric Fournet, Alfredo Pironti, and Pierre Yves Strub. Triple handshakes and cookie cutters: Breaking and fixing authentication over TLS. In 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pages 98–113. IEEE, 2014.
[5]. David Corsar, Peter Edwards, and John Nelson. Personal privacy and the web of linked data. In Proceedings of the 2013th International Conference on Society, Privacy and the Web Semantic data-Policy and Technology, pages 11–21, 2013

We introduce the concept of quasi intuitionistic α-open function and quasi intuitionistic α-preopen functions. Further α-normal and α-quasi normal spaces are introduced in intuitionistic topological spaces.

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Soil pollution by petroleum and its products in Niger Delta region of Nigeria are predominant due to oil exploration, exploitation and transportation.The aim of this study was to examine the effects of oxygen diffusion onthe physicochemical characteristics of petroleum contaminated sandy loam soils at 100cm depth when there is sufficient availability of indigenous microorganism in the polluted soils. The soil samples were analysis after pollution with Bonny light crude oil. The purpose of the pollution of the soil samples were to simulate conditions of major crude oil spill. Oxygen was diffused through the impacted soils in reactor C. Physicochemical properties of the sandy loam soils considered for analysis were pH, Electrical conductivity, Total organic carbon, Total Nitrogen, Moisture content, Phosphorous and Total petroleum hydrocarbon at two weeks' interval for six weeks using standard methods............

Key words: Hydrocarbon; Oxygen diffusion; Pollution; Sandy loam soils.

[1]. Aldrett, I., Bonner, S., Mills, J.S., Antenneth, M.A. & Stephen, R.L.(1997). Microbial degradation of crude oil in Marine environments tested in ask experiment. Water Research, 31,2840-2848
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[4]. Ayotamuno, J.M., Okparanma, R.N. &Amadi, F. (2011).Enhanced remediation of oil sludge with saline water.African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(4). 262-267.
[5]. Ayotamuno, M.J., Kogbara, R.B. &Agoro, O.S. (2009).Biostimulation supplemented with phytoremediation in the reclamation of a petroleum contaminated soil. World Journal of Microbial Biotechnology,25, 1567-1572.

Developing countries generate a huge amount of waste which gets dumped in landfills directly. A major composition of this waste constitutes biodegradable waste. Portable Pyrolysis Plant is a method adopted to reduce the generation of waste right from the household, as it is the primary origin of the same. Biogas is an eco-friendly fuel produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste, which generally comprises of 55-65 % methane, 35-45 % carbon dioxide, 0.5-1.0 % hydrogen sulphide and traces of water vapours. The objective behind present work is the generation of biogas and bio-oil from kitchen wastes (vegetables and leftover food) that can be used for our daily needs. Bio-oil is produced with kitchen waste comprising of biodegradable substances and discarded plastic covers involving the incineration of the same to recover the product under specific conditions.

Key words: Kitchen waste; Landfill; Biogas; Biofuel; Pyrolysis; Leachate; Water Table; Waste disposal; Environmental Problem.

[1]. Zornoza R, Moreno-Barriga F, Acosta JA, Muñoz MA, Faz A. Stability, nutrient availability and hydrophobicity of biochars derived from manure, crop residues, and municipal solid waste for their use as soil amendments. Chemosphere 2016;144:122–30.
[2]. Tang L, Huang H, Hao H, Zhao K. Development of plasma pyrolysis/gasification systems for energy efficient and environmentally sound waste disposal. JElectrostat 2013;71:839–47
[3]. Song W, Guo M. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2012;94:13845.
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Rhodospirillum rubrum is a purple nonsulfur bacterium that can grow aerobically or anaerobically. It has diverse metabolism as it has the ability to live through cellular respiration, fermentation, photosynthesis, or photoautotrophic growth. Therefore, it can be used as a potent bioremedial agent. An attempt was therefore made to evaluate its effectiveness in bioremediation of waste water, particularly contaminated with sewage waste. Certain physico-chemical parameters for the assessment of quality of sewage contaminated water were considered, including pH, BOD, nitrates, sulphates, chlorides and ammonia. Parameters were tested before, during and after the bioremedial treatment with Rhodospirillum rubrum. A comparison amongst three stages of testing was made, which has been of great help in assessing the bioremedial impact of Rhodospirillum rubrum. The outcome of the study indicates that Rhodospirillum rubrum is a potent bioremedial agent in improving the quality of water, contaminated with sewage waste. It can oxidise the organic load present in the sewage waste, even in the absence of oxygen.

Key words: Bioremediation, Bioreactor, BOD, waste water, Rhodospirillum rubrum.

[1]. Garni S, Ghanem K M, Bahobail A S (2009). Biosorption characteristics of Aspergillus fumigatus in removal of cadmium from an aqueous solution. African Journal of Biotechnology 8, 4163-4172.
[2]. Amini M, Younesi H (2009). Biosorption of Cd (II), Ni (II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution by dried biomass of Aspergillus niger : Application of response surface methodology to the optimization of process parameters. Clean-Soil, Air, Water 37, 776-786.
[3]. APHA 1989. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 17th Ed. Washington D.C., U.S.A. pp. 10-203.
[4]. B B Nepple, J Kessi, R Bachofen (2000), Chromate reduction by Rhodobacter sphaeroides; Journal of industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology October 2000, Volume 25, Issue 4, pp 198-203.
[5]. Chojnacka K (2007). Bioaccumulation of Cr (III) ions by blue green alga Spirulina sp. Part 1. A comparison with biosorption. American journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 2, 218-223.

Privacy preservation in data management and publishing has become an imperative research zone in the period of huge data. Effectively securing individual privacy in data publishing is particularly basic because of variety in close to home inclination and affectability. The outcomes of private data getting distributed are causing mental issues and unsettling influences in person's close to home life. This has set off the necessity to create different methodologies for privacy preservation in data publishing. Diversion hypothesis is one of the methodologies received for privacy preservation in data publishing. An examination of PPDP with PPDM has been done to investigate the utility.

Key words: Big data, Privacy, k-anonymity, l-diversity, t-closeness, Differential Privacy, Correlation, Privacy-Preserving Data Publishing (PPDP).

[1]. Thakkar, Amit, AashiyanaArifbhai Bhatti, and Jalpesh Vasa. "Correlation-based anonymization using generalization and suppression for disclosure problems." Advances in Intelligent Informatics. Springer, Cham, 2015. 581-592.
[2]. Mehta, Brijesh B., and UdaiPratap Rao. "Privacy-preserving unstructured big data analytics: Issues and challenges." Procedia Computer Science 78 (2016): 120-124.
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[4]. Li, Ninghui, Tiancheng Li, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian. "t-closeness: Privacy beyond k-anonymity and ldiversity." Data Engineering, 2007. ICDE 2007. IEEE 23rd International Conference on. IEEE, 2007.
[5]. Zhu, Dan, Xiao-Bai Li, and Shining Wu. "Identity disclosure protection: A data reconstruction approach for privacypreserving data mining." Decision Support Systems 48.1 (2009): 133-140.

This paper attempts to review Afghanistan energy scenario with focus on renewable energy sources, energy losses, tariff cost and imported energy from neighboring countries. The study found that the energy scenario in Afghanistan is facing numerous challenges. Afghanistan energy sector is still one of the least development sectors with almost 70% of country population has no access to the electricity. The study shows that though the country has abundant renewable energy sources but its reliance on imported power has increased to almost 80% of its power imported from neighboring countries paying huge cost per year. In rural areas, the level of electrification has not increased...........

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Retrieved from: http://www.ren21.net/status-of-renewables/global-status-report/
[2]. U.S. Energy information Administration, International Energy outlook 2016. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=O6qH071W1PYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=annual+energy+outlook
[3]. IRENA,Renewable capacity statistics 2018, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi. Retrieved from: https://www.irena.org//media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2018.pdf
[4]. Jahangiri, M., Haghani, A., Mostafaeipour, A., Khosravi, A., & Raeisi, H. A. (2019). Assessment of solar-wind power plants in Afghanistan: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 99, 169-190.

A database is a collection of information that is organized for easy storage, retrieval and update. This information can berepresented in many forms like text, image, chart, table, and graph etc. Here we focus on information in the form of images that is stored. Image Retrieval in the current scenario is the basic requirement of today's life. Due to the huge amount of different image types in the database from different sources for image recovery, different processing types are required to extract the relevant features from them. Techniques for Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) appeared in the 1990s. To describe image content, it uses low-level features such as color, texture and shape, and breaks through the limitation of traditional text query technique. Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is a meaningful and increasingly popular approach that helps to retrieve image data from a large digital image database because it requires relatively less human interference...........

Keywords: Image Retrieval, Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR), Color, Texture, Shape, Feature extraction.

[1]. J. Han and M. Kamber, Data mining: concepts and techniques.
[2]. R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Digital image processing.
[3]. M. Sahu, M. Shrivastava and M.A.Rizvi, "Image mining: A new approach for data mining based on texture,"ICCCT '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Third International Conference on Computer and Communication, IEEE pp. 7-9, 2012.
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The Cholecystoenteric fistula is a rare complication of gallstone diseases and mostly diagnosed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy or open procedure surgery This conditions can also be treated by laparoscopic method,here we have been treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy of Cholecysto-enteric Fistula,the Stone that passes into the small intestine due to Cholecysto-enteric Fistula present themselves with recurrent ileus attacks and the clinical picture becomes apparent in case of complete obstruction. Very large stones, the successfully of laparoscopic repair for the subset the patient. illustrate the growing successfully of the laparoscopic approach to this condition, including a decreasing rate of conversion to open surgery over the last 5 years.

Keywords: fistula Cholecysto-enteric laparoscopy.

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