This research measured and compared the emission results of high mileage cars and sport utility vehicles. It further investigated the emission contents of car and SUVs exhaust of low mileage and high mileage at idle condition of the engine, paying more regards to harmful pollutants. The analysis showed that significant amounts of CO, NOx, HC, were emitted in cars and SUVs with high mileage and high engine capacity compared to ones with low mileage and lower engine capacity. The six vehicles studied were; four high mileage and two low mileage vehicles (111,000km-113,000km and 14,000km–16,000km respectively) which is the range of passenger cars predominantly used in Nigeria.........

Keywords: Catalytic converters, Engine capacity, Exhaust emission, Greenhouse gases, Fuel consumption, Pollutants, Power rating.

[1] Abbaspour, M. and Soltaninejad, A. (2008) "Design of an environmental assessment model on the effect of vehicle emissions". International Journal of Environmental Science Technology.
[2] Ademuyiwa, O. (2009) "Biomarkers of lead exposure in petrol station attendants and auto-mechanics in Abeokuta, Nigeria: effect of 2-week ascorbic acid supplementation". Environmental, Toxicology and Pharmacology.
[3] Ajayi, A. and Dosunmu, O. (2010) "Environmental hazards of importing used vehicles into Nigeria". Proceedings of International Symposium on Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Management.
[4] Kuhns H., Etyemezian V. and Nikolich G. (2007) "Precision and Repeatability of the TRAKER Vehicle-based Paved road Dust Emission Measurement" Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, 755 E. USA.
[5] Chan T.L., Ning Z., Leung C.W., Cheung C.S., Hung W.T. and Dong G. (2004) "On-road Remote Sensing of Petrol Vehicle Emissions Measurement and Emission Factors Estimation in Hong Kong". Atmospheric Environment.

A Smart and economically viable solar power charge controller has been design and implemented. The system was implemented using Arduino Microcontroller. The microcontroller was used in order to make the system smart, robust and simple. The system was tested under different atmospheric conditions. The result obtained shows that the developed charge controller performs efficiently. The system is also shown to be economically viable as the major component in its development is the Arduino microcontroller..

Keywords: ..................

[1] B.L. Theraja and A.K. Theraja (2005): "A text book of electrical Technology". S. Chand & Company Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Dehli. pp1116 - 1123
[2] Banzi, M. (2008, october 1). ATmega328. Retrieved april 22, 2013, from arduino: www.arduino.cc
[3] Ferdausi, M. (2010). "charge controller for solar charging station". BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
[4] J.B. Gupta (2009): "Electronics Devices and Circuits". S.K. Kataria & sons, Daryaganj Delhi. P78
[5] James P. Dunlop, P.E. et al, "Batteries and Charge Controller in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems fundamentals and applications.

Thecompetition between two energy sources for the same market which results in the replacement of one source by the other, based on dynamic model derived from biomathematics, previously applied in 2004, by authors in the Brazilian LPG x Pipelined NG (PNG)dwellingconsumption market is analyzed. The proposed model seems to be useful to increase the knowledge of the relationship between input and output variables in a system and the results can improve the communication rapport between theoretical modelers and decision makers.The forecasting results are compared with the actual data.......................

Keywords: ...............

[1] Boylestad, R.L and Nashelsky, L. (1996). Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Prentice Hall,
London.
[2] Forrest M. M. III (1984). Getting started in Electronics, Printed in the United States.
[3] Green, D. C. (1982). Digital Electronics Technology, Pitman Publishing Ltd. New Zealand.
[4] Theraja B.L. & Theraja A.K. (2002). A textbook of Electrical Technology, S. Chand and Company Ltd.
New Delhi

[5] Pavithra B.C, Myna B.C and Kavyashreem (2014) Fingerprint Based Bank Locker System Using Microcontroller. Proceedings of IRF International Conference, Pondicherry.

Fluid mechanics always plays a predominant role in different kinds of engineering streams. The study of fluid flows is always an area of interest and it consists of different applications like flow past cylinders, flat plate, and flow over suddenly expanded geometries. This paper deals with the experimental study of fluid flow over suddenly expanded geometries at different Reynolds numbers. It is difficult to identify the flow phenomena when the flow is inside a pipe. Hence the fluid is made to flow in an open channel so that the flow phenomena can be easily observed. A suddenly expanded geometry is introduced during this flow at a certain distance and a flow phenomenon is observed....................

Keywords: ...............

[1] G.C. Layek1, C. Midya, S. Mukhopadhyay, "Effects of Suction and Blowing on Flow Separation in a Symmetric Sudden Expanded Channel", Modelling and Control, 2008, Vol. 13, No. 4, 451–465.
[2] Ajay Pratap Singh, AkshoyRanjan Paul, PritanshuRanjan, "Investigation of reattachment length for a turbulent flow over a backward facing step for different step angle", International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology Vol. 3, No. 2, 2011, pp. 84-88.
[3] W. Angelis, D. Drikakis, F. Durst, W. Khier, "Numerical and experimental study of the flow over a two-dimensional car model" Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 62 (1996) 57- 79.
[4] C. Dales, M.P. Escudier, R.J. Poole, "Asymmetry in the turbulent flow of a viscoelastic liquid through an axisymmetric sudden expansion", J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 125 (2005) 61–70.

Fluid mechanics always plays a predominant role in different kinds of engineering streams. The study of fluid flows is always an area of interest and it consists of different applications like flow past cylinders, flat plate, and flow over suddenly expanded geometries. This paper deals with the experimental study of fluid flow over suddenly expanded geometries at different Reynolds numbers. It is difficult to identify the flow phenomena when the flow is inside a pipe. Hence the fluid is made to flow in an open channel so that the flow phenomena can be easily observed. A suddenly expanded geometry is introduced during this flow at a certain distance and a flow phenomenon is observed.

Keywords: Non Linear Differential Equations; Forecasting; Fuel substitution; Market Share

[1] A. Kamimura, S.M.G. Guerra, I.L. Sauer. On the substitution of energy sources: Prospective of the natural gas market in the Brazilian urban transportation and dwelling sectors. Energy Policy 34, (2006), pp (3583 – 3590).
[2] COMGAS. Annual Reports, 2014. http://ri.comgas.com.br/ptb/relatorios-anuais
[3] BEN. BalançoEnergético Nacional, 2016.MME – Ministry of Mines and Energy, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.<https://ben.epe.gov.br/default.aspx>
[4] L. Wittgenstein. Tratado Lógico Filosófico, Fundação CalousteGulbekian, Lisboa, Portugal (1985).

The granulometry of fine aggregates is a fundamental test for the production of quality concrete [1], for this reason the American Association of Materials Testing (ASTM) has created a standard where it shows a granulometric ideal curve (formed by an upper bound and a lower limit), mentioning that the fine aggregate used for the preparation of concrete must be within these limits [4].At present, there are many mathematical models that predict fine aggregate granulometry, but none of them conforms to ASTM specifications [5]....................

Keywords: Granulometry, particle size, sands, aggregates.

[1] E. Martinez Conesa, C. Parra, P. Ortega, M. Valcuende, and I. Miñano, "Optimización del esqueleto granular.," 2012.
[2] Maria Patricia León , Fernando Ramirez. "Caracterización morfológica de agregados para concreto mediante el análisis de imágenes", 2010.
[3] M. Martinez Zamora, Lisandra; Torres Fuentes, "Límites de conformidad de finos pasados por el tamiz 200. Influencia reológico- mecánica en la matriz del hormigón.," vol. 7, no. 3, p. 79, 2013.
[4] I.E. Martínez–Soto y C.J. Mendoza–Escobedo. "Comportamiento mecánico de concreto fabricado con agregados reciclados", 2006.
[5] Jose Simeon Cañas. "Analisis de tamaño de partículas por tamizado en agregado fino y grueso y determinación de material más fino que el tamiz no. 200 (75 um) en agregado mineral por lavado",

A method is proposed based on inlay model Wavelet Neural Network in order to determine the reciprocating pump fault type accurately. This paper used the reciprocating pump single cylinder pressure signals as the characteristics of the system signal by wavelet packet decomposition to extract fault features vector, which is the input of wavelet neural network, and at the same time, used wavelet neural network to determine the type of the fault. Diagnosis of faults of fluid end on a reciprocating pump proves the system fault diagnosis accuracy to 94%.

Keywords: Wavelet neural network, Reciprocating Pump, Fault Diagnosis, Wavelet packet

[1] Duan Yubo, You Dawei. A Survey of Monitoring and Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for the Pump Valves of Reciprocating Pump[J].Techniques of automation and Applications,2003,22(9):1-4.
[2] Wang Naimin, Liu Runhua, Xiao Guangyun. Application research of wavelet neural network in Crude oil moisture content prediction [J]. Chemical instrument and automation, 2008,35(3):51-53.
[3] Xu Jianjun，Yang Shiyan. Fault diagnosis of wavelet packet neural network on pump valves of reciprocating pump based on pressure signal[J]. Journal of Dalian Maritime University, 2007,33(3):22-25.
[4] Ma Rui, The principle of artificial neural network[M]. Peking: China Machine Press,2010,7.
[5] Zhang Qinghua and Benveniste A Wavelet networks. IEEE trans on NN[J], 1992, 3(6): 889-898.

Due to the precise positioning of the screw housing of the plastic housing circuit breaker and the correct position and attitude adjustment, it is generally necessary that the mechanical positioning can not meet the requirements of the simplified mechanism and flexible installation. Using the industrial CCD camera plastic shell circuit breaker on the screw position information, and then use the open source computer vision library software for image processing to obtain the screw position information through the SPI bus to the SM32 chip for processing information to drive the corresponding servo to the screw installation. By comparing the experimental data, we found that work efficiency of machine installation is about 13 times to that of the ordinary installation process.

Keywords: Plastic case circuit breaker，Screw mounting，STM32 control card，CCD camera

[1] Si Haili, Cheng Wushan. MCCB intelligent testing system of [J]. low voltage apparatus, 2008, 1 (19):34-37.
[2] Han Dongdong. Microcomputer MCCB operating reliability test device detection and control technology [D]. Hebei: Hebei University of Technology, 2007.65-80.[3] Vafiadis, Dimitris ,"Survey Results of Low-voltage Circuit Breakers as Found during
[3] Maintenance Testing: Working Group Report,"IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. Vol 33,No.4:1367-1369,1997.
[4] Gunhyung Park，Zoran Gajic,,"Sliding mode control of continuous-time weakly coupled linear systems with external disturbances,"AUTOMATICA, Vol.10, pp. 1-5, 2012．
[5] Esteban, Bernat, Riba, Jordi-Roger, Baquero, Grau,"An eddy-current-based sensor for preventing knots in metallic wire drawing processes,"NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND

Cotton is cultivated primarily for its boll fibre and little use is made of the cotton stalk. The cotton stalks are breeding ground for pests therefore the stalks are normally burnt in the field creating air pollution. Cotton stalks were collected from farms through random sampling and subjected to natural water retting and there after mechanical decortication and categorised according to their location relative to the stalk as top section, middle section and bottom section fibres. The physical properties of the cotton stalk fibres was characterised by tensile strength, moisture regain, linear density, diameter and fibre length tests. These results were analysed using one way multivariate analysis (MANOVA) in SPSS with three levels being one for each section of the stalks to test the statistical....................

Keywords: Composites, cotton stalk fibres, fibre properties, multivariate analysis, statistical variation

[1] N Reddy and Y Yang, Properties and potential applications of natural cellulose fibers from the bark of cotton stalks, Journal of Bioresource Technology, 100(14), 2009, 3563-3569.
[2] A.J.Shaikh, R.M.Gurjar, P.G Patil, K.M. Paralikar, Particle Boards from cotton stalk. Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India, 2010
[3] M.Vinobaba, M. a, Efficacy of some selected botanical extracts against the Cotton mealybug Phenacocuccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Scientific and Researrch Publications, 1(3), 2014, 42250-3153.
[4] C.A. Silva, Occurrence of new species of mealybug on cotton fields in the States of Bahia and Paraiba, Brazil. Bragantia Campinas, 71(4), 2012, 467-470.
[5] K Hake, L Carter, L Moore, R Parker, R Summy, T Watson and R Willford, Cotton Stalk Management. Newslatter of the Cotton Physiology Education Program, 2(10), 1991, 1-4.

Both primary and secondary data were collected from all 10 districts of Kandahar city. Three Hundred Eighty Seven (387) questionnaires survey was conducted as primary data collection and twelve government and International offices were visited for secondary data collection. Rapid urbanization, population growth and lack of urban planning has caused pollution in former irrigation ditches, where wastewater has been mixed into former irrigation ditches flowing together thus used in agriculture. Wastewater direct use in agriculture has resulted diseases in agriculture production such as wheat diseases, pomegranate worms and slow growth of plants. According to farmers due to increase of wastewater in irrigation ditches, their agriculture production has reduced to 50% comparing to past..................

Keywords: Wastewater, Irrigation, Agriculture, Disease, Economic Issues

[1] Hussain I.; L. Raschid; M. A. Hanjra; F. Marikar; W. van der Hoek. 2002. Wastewater use in agriculture: Review of impacts and methodological issues in valuing impacts. (With an extended list of bibliographical references). Working Paper 37. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.
[2] Metcalf and Eddy. (2004). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, (4th Edition), Singapore: McGraw Hill, Inc, ISBN: 0-07-124140-X
[3] WHO (World Health Organization), (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: Volume 2 Wastewater use in agriculture. France.
[4] World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) (2012). The United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing water under Uncertainty and Risk. Paris, UNESCO.
[5] Lazarova, V., Levine, B., Sack, J., and Cirelli, G. (2001). Decentralized Sanitation and Reuse Concept, System and Implementation, International Water Association publishing, ISBN: 1-900222-47-7.

A software can be described in terms of its characteristics. These characteristics can be further subdivided into sub-characteristics and their corresponding attributes. The basic idea generally remains the same i.e. to analyse the software in terms of its working, performance, cost and complexity. All these aspects lead to the software evaluation. Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) is no exception in this regard.The basic idea behind carrying out this research endeavour was to analyse FOSS in terms of its important characteristics likeDeploybility and Maintainability. The purpose of such study was to establish the association between these two vital characteristics empirically....................

Keywords: Open Source Software (OSS)\Free and Open Source Software (FOSS),FOSS Empirical Study/Analysis, FOSS Deploybility, FOSS Maintainability, FOSS Characteristics.

[1] Alspaugh, T. A., Asuncion, H. U. and Scacchi, W. (2012). Software licenses, open source components, and open architectures. In: Aligning Enterprise, System, and Software Architectures (Eds. I. Mistr´ık, A. Tang, et al.) IGI Global, pp 58–79.
[2] Bertoa, M. and Vallecillo, A. (2002). Quality attributes for COTS components. In: Proceedings of the Sixth ECOOP Workshop on Quantitative Approaches in Object-Oriented Software Engineering, Malaga, Spain. pp. 54-66.
[3] ISO (2001). Software Engineering - Product Quality - Part 1: Quality model. ISO/IEC 9126-1. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
[4] Laurent, S. and Andrew, M. (2008). Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing, O'Reilly Press, Sebastopol, CA.
[5] Sanga C. (2010). A technique for the evaluation of free and open source e-earning systems. Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Western Cape.