Manufacturing automation has evolved from rigid fixed systems to adaptive, intelligent technologies integrating human workers, cyber-physical systems, and artificial intelligence. This analytical review synthesizes evidence from 20 peer-reviewed publications examining automation paradigms, functional contributions, implementation challenges, and emerging solutions across diverse manufacturing contexts. The review traces automation's historical progression through Industry 4.0's connectivity-focused approach toward Industry 5.0's human-centric, sustainability-driven paradigm...........

Keywords- manufacturing automation, Industry 5.0, human-robot collaboration, adaptive systems, intelligent manufacturing.

[1]. Belmouadden, M., Dadouchi, C., & Pellerin, R. (2025). Artificial intelligence applied in adaptive manufacturing process monitoring: A state-of-the-art in the era of automation. International Journal of Production Research.
[2]. Bernabei, M., & Costantino, F. (2017). Adaptive automation: Status of research and future challenges. New Technology, Work and Employment.
[3]. Dhanda, M., Rogers, B. A., Hall, S., Dekoninck, E., & Dhokia, V. (2025). Reviewing human-robot collaboration in manufacturing: Opportunities and challenges in the context of industry 5.0. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 93, 102937.
[4]. Dotoli, M., Fay, A., Miśkowicz, M., & Seatzu, C. (2020). An overview of current technologies and emerging trends in factory automation. International Journal of Production Research.
[5]. Farooq, S., Cheng, Y., Matthiesen, R. V., Johansen, J., & O'Brien, C. (2017). Management of automation and advanced manufacturing technology (AAMT) in the context of global manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research, 55(5), 1247–1251.

Additive Manufacturing (AM; also called 3D printing) is a radical technological paradigm shift that will transform the subtractive and formative method of manufacturing into a new method of constructing objects layer-by-layer. Within this paper, there will be an encompassing discussion on the metal alloy additive manufacturing, which is redefining high-value sectors in a matter of decades. We dwell upon the major metal AM technologies such as Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) methods, e.g., Selective Laser Melting (SLM) or Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Directed Energy Deposition (DED) and Binder Jetting............

[1]. Aboulkhair, N. T., Everitt, N. M., Ashcroft, I., & Tuck, C. (2014). Reducing porosity in AlSi10Mg parts processed by selective laser melting. Additive Manufacturing, 1-4, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.08.001
[2]. Bartlett, J. L., & Li, X. (2019). An overview of in-situ monitoring for laser powder bed fusion. Additive Manufacturing, 27, 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.02.011
[3]. DebRoy, T., Wei, H. L., Zuback, J. S., Mukherjee, T., Elmer, J. W., Milewski, J. O., Beese, A. M., Wilson-Heid, A., De, A., & Zhang, W. (2018). Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties. Progress in Materials Science, 92, 112–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001
[4]. Gibson, I., Rosen, D. W., & Stucker, B. (2021). Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital Manufacturing (3rd ed.). Springer.
[5]. Gong, H., Rafi, K., Gu, H., Starr, T. L., & Stucker, B. (2014). Analysis of defect generation in Ti–6Al–4V parts made by selective laser melting and electron beam melting. Additive Manufacturing, 1-4, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2014.08.002