Glacial lake expansion is one of the most notable responses to glacier retreat in high-mountain environments. This study analyzes changes in the size and number of proglacial and supraglacial lakes in the Arun and Tamor sub-basins of the Upper Kosi Basin from 2010 to 2025. Landsat (5 & 8-9) imagery over different time periods and GIS were used to delineate the boundaries of the glacial lakes and estimate lake volume using area–volume scaling relationships. The results show a clear rise in both the number and size of glacial lakes......

Keywords: Glacial Lakes, Remote Sensing, GIS, Proglacial Lakes, Supraglacial Lakes, Glacier Retreat.

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This research investigates the strategic application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to optimize the architectural design and energy performance of mosques in Saudi Arabia's hot arid climate, while preserving Islamic cultural and spiritual authenticity. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining Building Information Modeling (BIM) simulations, energy audits, and stakeholder engagement, this study examines 17 mosques across diverse geographic and typological contexts.......

Keywords: Intelligent Mosque- AI-Driven Design- Energy Efficiency- Sustainable Sacred Architecture- Saudi Vision 2030

[1]. Abdallah, A. S. H. (2023). Improved energy consumption and smart eco system for mosques in hot arid climates. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 14(1), 101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.101997
[2]. Abdallah, L., & El-Shennawy, T. (2017). An initiative towards transforming mosques in Egypt to be environment-friendly and energy-saving. Proceedings of the First International Scientific Conference on Environment and Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt, 1-10.
[3]. Abdou, A. A. (2013). Benchmark for mosque energy consumption in hot arid climate, Assiut, Egypt architecture. First International Conference on Mosque Architecture, University of Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
[4]. Abdou, A. A., Budaiwi, I. M., & Al-Homoud, M. S. (2013). Envelope retrofit and air conditioning operational strategies for reduced energy consumption in mosques in hot climates. Building Simulation, 6, 33-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-012-0096-y
[5]. Abdullah, A. M., Makram, A., & Nayel, M. (2021). Energy audit and evaluation of indoor environment condition inside Assiut International Airport terminal building, Egypt. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(2), 3241-3253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.02.008