This paper proposes the application of Dijkstra algorithm for feeder routing of radial distribution system. A complete network of available routes is considered and the optimization goal is to find the routes that provide the minimal total annual cost, which is obtained by the proposed algorithm. Distribution system planning mainly concentrates upon minimising the total annual cost, which is the summation of recovery cost, energy loss cost and undelivered energy loss cost taking in account all the constraints. The feasibility of proposed algorithm is applied on 25 nodes distribution network.

Keyword: Dijkrsta Algorithm, feeder routing, distribution system planning, power flow.

[1] Distribution System Modelling and Analysis, William H. Kersting, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, p.269-276
[2] T. H. Fawzi, K. F. Ali, and S. M. EI Sobki, "A new planning model for distribution systems," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-102, no. 9, pp. 3010–3017, Sep. 1983.
[3] R.N. Adams and M.A. Laughton,"Optimal Planning of Power Networks Using Mixed-Integer Programming".Proc. IEE(fLondon),vol.121,pp.139-148, Feb. 1974.
[4] N. G. Boulaxis and M. P. Papadopoulos, "Optimal feeder routing in distribution system planning using dynamic programming technique and GIS facilities," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 242–247, Jan. 2002.
[5] J. F. Gomez et al., "Ant colony system algorithm for the planning of primary distribution circuits," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 996–1004, May 2004....

In this paper Study of Performance Test of Ruston Diesel Engine Using Rapeseed Oil. They free the user from rising energy costs, can be used anywhere, produce no pollution and provide healthy exercise. Basically Ruston engine was build for Marin and navy ships. Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kind of work by human Being and nature. Everything what happen in the world in the expression of flow of energy is one of its form. Most people use the world energy for input to their bodies or to the machines and thus about fuels and power. Energy is an important input in all sectors of counters economy.

[1] Biofuel for transport: global potential and amplifications for energy and agriculture. Worldwatch Institute, London, Earthscan, 2007
[2] Elsbett Diesel Technology- ELSBETT ENGINE available at: http://www.elsbett.com/gb/elsbett-diesel-technology/elsbett engine.html .
[3] Vertix – Das new pflanzenol 1- tanksystem von LINTEC available at : http://www.rapsol.de/26.html .
[4] Greenbull 1-tank/2-tanksystem available at: http://www.greenbull.at/index.php
[5] ELSBETT conversion technology- fundamentals available at: http://www.elsbett.com/gb/elsbett-conversiontechnology-fundamentals.html.

Electrical resistivity investigation was carried out around Bomo area, Zaria, Kaduna state, in order to study the subsurface geologic layer with a view of determining the depth to the bedrock and thickness of the geologic layers. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array was carried out at fifteen (15) VES stations. ABEM terrameter (SAS 300) was used for the data acquisition. The field data obtained have been analysed using computer software (IPI2win) which gives an automatic interpretation of the apparent resistivity. The VES results revealed heterogeneous nature of the subsurface geological sequence. The geologic sequence beneath the study area is composed of hard pan top soil (clayey and sandy-lateritic), weathered layer, partly weathered or fractured basement and fresh basement. The resistivity value for the topsoil layer varies from 40Ωm to 450Ωm with thickness ranging from 1.25 to 7.5 m. The weathered basement has resistivity values ranging from 50Ωm to 593Ωm and thickness of between 1.37 to 20.1 m. The fractured basement has resistivity values ranging from 218Ωm to 520Ωm and thickness of between 12.9 to 26.3 m. The fresh basement (bedrock) has resistivity values ranging from 1215Ωm to 2150Ωm with infinite depth. However, the depth from the earth's surface to the bedrock surface varies between 2.63 to 34.99 m. The study further stressed the importance of the findings in civil engineering structures and groundwater prospecting.

Keywords: Electrical Resistivity, CERT (CT), Vertical Electrical sounding (VES), Top soil (TP), Weathered basement (WB), Partly Weathered Basement (PWB) and Fresh Basement (FB).

[1] DANLADI, G.G. 1985. "Appraisal of Hydrological Investigation in Shallow Basement Area of Zaria". Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
[2] FAROUQ, A.U. 2001. "Geoelectric Investigation of the groundwater potential in the Institute for Agricultural Research farm". Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Physics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
[3] HAROLD, E.D. 1970. "Arid Lands in Transition". The Hornshafer Company Division of G.D.W. King Printing Co., U.S.A.
[4] KLINKENBERA, K. 1970. "Soil of Zaria Area, In Zaria and its Region" (ed. M. J. Mortimore), Department of Geography, Occasional Paper No. 4, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, P. 223 – 238.
[5] McCURRY, P. 1970. "The Geology of Zaria Sheet 21". Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria....

In machine tools and tool design several parameters such as rigidity of machine tool, minimization of vibrations, increasing surface finish, optimizing the weight, etc are important. The designer should know the magnitude of cutting forces and their transmission through various components. Milling tool dynamometer uses octagonal rings along with bonded electrical strain gauges for measuring the forces in a set of co-ordinates. In this study, the three component milling tool dynamometer is designed and developed. The calibration of the dynamometer is done by applying loads at regular interval and calibration curves were obtained. The octagonal ring has been studied using finite element analysis. The results obtained showed that octagonal ring used in dynamometer measures arbitrarily applied three dimensional forces in static and dynamic conditions. It is an easy way than actual practical works which leads to save the time.

Keywords: Cutting force measurement, dynamometer, octagonal ring, Finite element analysis

[1] M. J. Dogherty (1996) The design of octagonal ring dynamometers. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 63, 9-18
[2] Sudhir Kumar, Nabi Hasan, Harish Kumar and Anil Kumar (2011) Finite element analysis of a force transducer. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(10), 1246-1247.
[3] Chen B, Wu X and Peng X (2007) Finite element analysis of ring strain sensor. Sensors and actuators A, physical 139, 66-69
[4] Madhuban Prasad, Nabi Hasan, Anil Kumar and Harish Kumar (2011) Design studies of a square ring shaped force sensor, Intl. J. Appl. Engg. Res. Dindigul, 1(4), 727-733.
[5] Haci Saglam and Ali Unuvar (2001) Three component strain gauge based milling tool dynamometer design and manufacturing. Journal of Integrated design and Process Science, 5(2), 95-102......

Data mining is a process of obtaining trends or patterns in historical data. Such trends form business intelligence that in turn leads to taking well informed decisions. However, data mining with a single technique does not yield actionable knowledge. This is because enterprises have huge databases and heterogeneous in nature. They also have complex data and mining such data needs multi-step mining instead of single step mining. When multiple approaches are involved, they provide business intelligence in all aspects. That kind of information can lead to actionable knowledge. Recently data mining has got tremendous usage in the real world. The drawback of existing approaches is that insufficient business intelligence in case of huge enterprises. This paper presents the combination of existing works and algorithms. We work on multiple data sources, multiple methods and multiple features. The combined patterns thus obtained from complex business data provide actionable knowledge. A prototype application has been built to test the efficiency of the proposed framework which combines multiple data sources, multiple methods and multiple features in mining process. The empirical results revealed that the proposed approach is effective and can be used in the real world.

Index Terms: Data mining, actionable knowledge discovery, multi-method mining, multi-feature mining, multi-source mining

[1] Longbing Cao, Senior Member, IEEE, Huaifeng Zhang, Member, IEEE, Yanchang Zhao, Member, IEEE, Dan Luo, and Chengqi Zhang, Senior Member, IEEE. Combined Mining: Discovering Informative Knowledge in Complex Data. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS—PART B: CYBERNETICS, VOL. 41, NO. 3, JUNE 2011
[2] H. Zhang, Y. Zhao, L. Cao, and C. Zhang, ―Combined association rule mining,‖ in Proc. PAKDD, 2008, pp. 1069–1074.
[3] Y. Zhao, H. Zhang, L. Cao, C. Zhang, and H. Bohlscheid, ―Combined pattern mining: From learned rules to actionable knowledge,‖ in Proc. AI, 2008, pp. 393–403.
[4] J. Pei, J. Han, B. Mortazavi-Asl, J. Wang, H. Pinto, Q. Chen, U. Dayal, and M.-C. Hsu, ―Mining sequential patterns by pattern-growth: The PrefixSpan approach,‖ IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 1424–1440, Nov. 2004.
[5] J. Wang and G. Karypis, ―HARMONY: Efficiently mining the best rules for classification,‖ in Proc. SDM, 2005, pp. 205–216......

The concept of Sequential Pattern Mining was first introduced by Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant in the year 1995. Sequential Patterns are used to discover sequential sub-sequences among large amount of sequential data. In web usage mining, sequential patterns are exploited to find sequential navigation patterns that appear in users' sessions sequentially. The information obtained from sequential pattern mining can be used in marketing, medical records, sales analysis, and so on. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed; it combines the Apriori algorithm and FP-tree structure which proposed in FP-growth algorithm. The advantage of proposed algorithm is that it dosen't need to generate conditional pattern bases and sub- conditional pattern tree recursively. And the results of the experiments show that it works faster than Apriori.

Keywords: sequential patterns, Apriori algorithm, FP-tree algorithm, sequential pattern mining.

[1]. Agrawal, R. and Srikant, R. "Mining sequential patterns". In Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). Taipei, Taiwan, pp.3-14. 1995
[2]. R. Agrawal and R. Srikant. Fast algorithms for mining association rules. In VLDBY94, pp. 487-499.
[3]. J. Han, J. Pei, and Y. Yin. Mining Sequential Patterns without Candidate Generation(PDF), (Slides), Proc. 2000
[4]. ACM-SIGMOD Int. May 2000. Han J. and Fu Y. "Discovery of Multiple level association rules from large databases". In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Very Large Databases, Zurich, Switzerland, pp.1-12.1995
[5]. J. Pei, J. Han, and H. Lu. Hmine: Hyper-structure mining of frequent patterns in large databases. In ICDM, 2001, pp 441–448....

With the evolution of internet and multimedia digital watermarking is gaining momentum. In day to day life for unwanted messages few people are affected .So watermarking is essential in every part of multimedia. In the paper we are proposing a new method of watermarking based on optimization technique. Performance improvement is got from biogeography algorithm. Threshold values and embedding strength forms the important parameters for improving the visual quality of watermarked images. Independent watermark is constructed and distributed separately based on biogeography algorithm.

Keywords: biogeography, digital watermarking, Independent watermark, multimedia, threshold value.

[1]. J.J Cox,J.Kilian,F.T Leighton and T.Shamoon ,Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia",IEEE Trans.Image Processes.,Vol.6 no.12 , Dec 1997 , pp 1673-1687
[2]. R.Dugad,K.Ratakonda and N.Ahuja,"A new wavelet-based scheme for watermarking images",in Proc.IEEE Int. Conf.Image Processing(ICIP 1998),Vol 2 ,Oct 1998, pp.419-423
[3]. C-S Shieh, H-C Huang and F-H Wang,J-S Pan "Genetic watermarking based on transform domain technique", The journal of pattern recognition society 37 2004 pp 555-565
[4]. El-khamy et al. "New technique for perceptual wavelet based image watermarking",in Proc.Radio science conf (NSRC 2002),vol.1,mar.2002,pp.336-343
[5]. Umaamaheshvari.A and Thanushkodi .K High performance and effective watermarking scheme for medical images EJSR vol.67 issue.2 2012.....

The effect on environment by agricultural and other industrial wastes is on the increase and is causing a lot of problem. Adequate means of disposing these wastes are lacking, hence, converting them to other useful products such as briquettes for domestic fuel is desirable. In this work, the energy values of briquettes made from some of these agricultural by-products using two binders were assessed. Wastes from rice husk, maize cob, groundnut shell and sugarcane baggasse were turned to briquettes using two different types of agricultural by-product binders (banana peel and cassava peel gel). The briquettes were subjected to energy evaluation test using the Fulton XRY-1B Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter. The mean bulk densities of the briquettes produced from rice husk, maize cob, groundnut shell and sugar cane baggasse were 0.75g/cm3, 0.69g/cm3, 0.81g/cm3 and 0.65g/cm3, respectively. The results obtained showed that the average energy values of the briquettes produced using cassava peel as binder from rice husk, maize cob, groundnut shell and sugarcane baggasse were 26.612MJ/Kg, 28.255MJ/Kg, 33.703MJ/Kg and 32.762MJ/Kg, respectively. The corresponding average values for those produced using banana peel as binders were 29.980MJ/g, 28.981MJ/g, 32.432MJ/g, 31.508MJ/g for rice husk, maize cob, groundnut shell and sugarcane baggasse, respectively. The results indicate that briquettes produced from groundnut shell using cassava peel gave the highest energy value of 33.70 MJ/kg while those obtained from rice husk using cassava peel gave the lowest calorific value of 26.61MJ/kg and these were significantly different(p ≤ 0.05). The briquette from groundnut shell is therefore more suitable for starting and maintaining fire for cooking and other domestic heating. The briquettes from these by-products in terms of energy values are ranked as follows: groundnut shell > sugar cane baggasse > maize cob > rice husk. The effective utilization of these agricultural by-products as high grade solid fuel can reduce environmental pollution resulting from the wastes and also help in minimizing the energy crisis resulting from non- renewable energy sources like petroleum products as domestic fuel.

Keywords: agricultural by-products, binding materials, briquettes, energy values.

[1]. J.R. Keya, T.S. Kumar and P. Vasudevan, Pattern of Non-Commercial energy consumption in India domestic sector – A Case Study Published by IIED London, 2000.
[2]. O. M. Aina, A. C. Adetogun, and K.A. Iyola, Heat energy from value-added sawdust briquettes of Abizia zygia. Ethopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 2 (1), 2009, 42- 49
[3]. A. O. Kuti, Performance of composite sawdust briquette fuel in biomass stove under simulated condition. Au Journal of Technology, 12 (4), 2009, -288
[4]. C.O. Adegoke, A Preliminary investigation of sawdust as high grade solid fuel, Nigeria Journal of Renewal Energy (NJRE), 7 (1&2), 1999, 102 – 107.
[5]. C.O. Adegoke and T.I. Mohammed, Investigation of briquette as high grade fuel, the West India Journal of Engineering, 2002. Faculty of Engineering, University of West India.....