Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	An Efficient Steganography with Mosaic Images for Covert Communication
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Lisha . L ||, Kavitha . M
Page No.	::	01-07
	::	10.9790/3021-03320107
		0.4/3021-03320107
		3021-0303-0207

The main aim of the paper is to analyze about security in image transfer through the network. Secret-fragment-visible mosaic image is proposed for combining small tiles of secret image to form a target in the sense of mosaic. When this artwork is viewed at close, the observer can view smaller elements, yet when viewed at a distance the collection of tiles blend together to yield the overall picture. When the mosaic generating process starts, original image is divided into many tiles. Before splitting the image, compare the image for mosaic creation. Mosaic image is created automatically by composing small fragments of a given image in to target image, achieving an effect of embedding the given source image secretly in the resulting mosaic image. To create the mosaic image, first find the similar target image for selected source image. Finding the best fit tile for embedding in the target image blocks. The information of placing the tile image fitting sequence in target image is embedding into random selected pixel in created mosaic image. The embedded information act as a text key file. The key file contains the tile image fitting sequence. Without this key receiver can't retrieve the secret image.

 

Keywords: mosaic image, computer art, information hiding, covert communication.

[1] M. K. Agoston, "Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling: Implementation and Algorithms." New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004.p.61.
[2] S. Battiato and "3D ancient mosaics," Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM Multimedia 2010) – Technical Demo, Florence, Italy, Oct. 2010, p 1571-1574.
[3] S. Battiato, G. Di Blasi, G. Gallo, G. C. Guarnera, and G. Puglisi, "Artificial mosaic by gradient vector flow," in Proc. Eurographics,Creete, Greece, Apr. 2008, pp. 53–56.
[4] Y.-S.Choi, B.-k.Koo,and B.-R.Moon, "Optimization of an image set by genetic feature selection for real-time photomosaics," in Proc. GECCO, Portland, OR, Jul. 2010, pp. 1309–1310.
[5] D. Coltuc and J. M. Chassery, "Very fast watermarking by Reversible Contrast Mapping," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., Apr. 2007 vol. 14, no. 4, pp.255–258,.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Low voltage CMOS Schmitt Trigger in 0.18μm technology
Country	::	Malaysia
Authors	::	Faiz Arith ||, M.Idzdihar.Idris ||, M.N.Shah Zainudin ||, S. A. M. Chachuli
Page No.	::	08-15
	::	10.9790/3021-03320815
		0.4/3021-03320815
		3021-0303-0215

This paper presents the effect of source voltage on performance of proposed Schmitt Trigger circuit.
The proposed circuit was designed based on Conventional Schmitt Trigger by manipulating the arrangement of
transistors and the width-length ratio. The simulation results have been carried out based on Mentor Graphics
software in term of propagation delay. The circuit layout has been designed and checked by using design rule
check (DRC) and layout versus schematic (LVS) method. From these results, the proposed full swing CMOS
Schmitt Trigger was able to operate at low voltage (0.8V-1.5V)

 

Keywords: DRC, LVS, mentor graphic, schmitt trigger, width-length ratio.

[1] Dejhan, K.; Tooprakai, P.; Rerkmaneewan, T.; Soonyeekan, C.; , "A high-speed direct bootstrapped CMOS Schmitt trigger circuit," IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics ICSE 2004. vol., no., pp. 4 pp., 7-9 Dec. 2004.
[2] Filanovsky, I.M.; Baltes, H.; "CMOS Schmitt trigger design," Circuits and Systems I: IEEE Transactions on Fundamental Theory and Applications, vol.41, no.1, pp.46-49, Jan 1994.
[3] Kulkarni, J.P.; Roy, K.; , "Ultralow-Voltage Process-Variation-Tolerant Schmitt-Trigger-Based SRAM Design," IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems , vol.20, no.2, pp.319-332, Feb. 2012.
[4] Lotze, N.; Manoli, Y.; "A 62 mV CMOS Standard-Cell-Based Design Technique Using Schmitt-Trigger Logic," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol.47, no.1, pp.47-60, Jan. 2012.
[5] R. Sapawi R.L.S Chee, S. K. Sahari, S. Sulaili, "Simulation of CMOS Schmitt Trigger", Asia-Pasific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics, 4-6 December 2007, Melaka.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	On the Location of Zeros of Analytic Functions
Country	::	India
Authors	::	M. H. Gulzar
Page No.	::	16-20
	::	10.9790/3021-03321620
		0.4/3021-03321620
		3021-0303-0220

In this paper we consider a certain class of analytic functions whose coefficients are restricted to
certain conditions, and find some interesting zero-free regions for them. Our results generalise a number of
already known results in this direction.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C10,30C15

 

Key-words and phrases: Analytic Function ,Coefficients,Zeros

[1]. A. Aziz and Q. G. Mohammad, On the zeros of a certain class of polynomials and related analytic functions, J. Math. Anal. Appl.75(1980), 495-502.
[2]. A. Aziz and W. M. Shah, On the location of zeros of polynomials and related analytic functions, Nonlinear Studies, Vol.6, No.1, 1999, 91-101.
[3]. V. K. Jain, On the zeros of a class of polynomials and related analytic functions, J.Pure Appl. Math. 28(1997), 533-549.
[4]. C. Karanicoloff, A theorem of Enestrom-Kakeya type, Math.Lopok 14 (1963), 133- 136(Hungarian , Russian and English Summaries).
[5]. M. Marden, Geometry of Polynomials, IInd . Ed. Math. Surveys 3, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI(1966).

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Adhesive Impact of Micromechanical Surface Contact
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Biswajit Bera
Page No.	::	21-26
	::	10.9790/3021-03322126
		0.4/3021-03322126
		3021-0303-0226

In this study, a new generalized adhesion theory of solid sphere is developed to investigate adhesive impact of head-disk surfaces. On the basis of this adhesion theory, deformation and restoration work done is evaluated for multiasperity adhesive impact of head-disk surfaces. From the plot of coefficient of restitution with mean separation, its found COR decreases gradually, with decrement of mean separation approaching to zero value which represents unique characteristic for head-disk impact. It indicates there is possibility of seizure of head-disk due to high adhesion at the interface for high impact.

 

Keywords: Adhesion theory, Deformation work done, Restoration work done, Coefficient of restitution

[1] R R Katta, A A Polycarpou, J V Hanchi, and M Roy, Analytical and Experimental Elastic-Plastic Impact Analysis of a Magnetic Storage Head-Disk Interface, ASME Journal of Tribology, 2009, 131, 011902 1-10
[2] W R Chang and F F Ling, Normal impact model of rough surfaces, ASME Journal of Tribology, 1992, 114, 439–447
[3] P Sahoo and S K Roy Chowdhury, Normal impact of rough surfaces in presence of adhesion, Tribology International, 2004, 37, 667-675
[4] B V Derjaguin, V M Muller, and YU P Toporov, Effect of contact deformations on the adhesion of particles, Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 1975, 53, 314–326
[5] V M Muller, B V Derjaguin and YU P Toporov, On two methods of calculation of the force of sticking of an elastic sphere to a rigid plane, Colloids and Surfaces, 1983, 7, 251-259

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Study of the BER performance in RoF-OFDM system modulated by QAM and PSK
Country	::	United State
Authors	::	Ayoob Alateeq ||, Mohammad Matin
Page No.	::	27-32
	::	10.9790/3021-03322732
		0.4/3021-03322732
		3021-0303-0232

The storage of stable agro food such as corn and ogbono in developing countries like Nigeria is a great challenge due to high moisture content that causes deterioration at long period. However, dried agro food at certain temperatures could reduce this deterioration challenge and would extend storage life. In this study, the effect of temperature on drying rate and moisture content was carried out at 110o C, 120o C and 130o C on corn and ogbono, with the initial moisture content of (0.28 g). The moisture content decreased as time increases but tend to be constant with further increase in time. The minimum moisture content retained were (0.12 g, 0.11 g, and 0.1 g) for corn and (0.85 g, 0.83 g and 0.8 g) for ogbono at 110o C, 120o C and 130o C respectively. The drying rate at 130o C was higher compared to 120o C and 110o C but there was shrinkage and undesirable colour change observed. The characterization of the dried product using proximate analysis showed that drying at 110oC is more suitable for consumption both for the young and the elderly, with lower level of carbohydrate , corn (76.80) and ogbono (83.63) while protein, fiber and lipid levels of corn (9.94), (2.80), 3.78) and ogbono (5.40), (2.40), (2.17) respectively. Due to the favorable condition at 110oC, mineral analysis was also carried out, which showed trace elements of ogbono Ca (0.34), Mg (0.081), Na (0.025), K (0.25), P(0.15), Mn (0.068) and Fe (0.010) and corn; Ca (0.180), Mg (0.065), Na (0.017), (0.2), P (0.28), Mn (0.068) and Fe (0.002).

[1]. I. Dincer "‟Sun drying of sultan grapes‟‟. Drying Technology,14: 1996. pp.1827-1838
[2]. J. Waewsak, S. Chindaruksa and C Punlek, "‟A mathematical modeling study of hot air drying for some agricultural products‟‟. Thammasat International Journal of Science and Technology. Vol 11: 2006 pp 14-20
[3]. J.Y. Seyed, R.G, Moreira, and R. Yamseangsung, "‟Superheated steam impingement drying of tortilla chip‟‟. Drying Technology. NO 17 1999. pp 191-213.
[4]. S.E. Agarry and C.N. Owabor "Modelling of the drying kinetics of Banana under natural convection and forced air drying" Journal of the Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineeers Vol. 27, No1 2012. Pp 103-115.
[5]. M.S. Hatamipour, H. hadji Kazemi, A. Nooralivand and Nozarpoor "Drying characteristics of six varities of sweet potatoes in different dryers". Trans IChemE Part C. Food and Bioproduct processing. Vol. 85 (C3) 2007 pp 171-177.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Nox Reduction by Using Urea Injection and Marine Ferromanganese Nodule as Scr of a Diesel Engine Fulled With Soybean Oil Methyl Ester (Some)
Country	::	India
Authors	::	S.Ghosh ||, Dr. S.N. Chaudhuri || D. Dutta
Page No.	::	33-39
	::	10.9790/3021-03323339
		0.4/3021-03323339
		3021-0303-0239

Across the globe, researchers are concentrating on to reduce the tail pipe emissions, which have high environmental impact either by adapting to new technologies or alternate fuels or both. Soybean oil methyl ester (SOME) is chosen as alternative fuel for diesel engines. It is renewable, non-toxic and offer potential reduction in CO; HC and smoke emissions due to higher O2 contents in it compared to diesel fuel but higher nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere cause serious environmental problems, such as photochemical oxidant, acid rain, and global warming. The removal of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the exhaust of diesel engines is still a very challenging problem even though there have been many studies. Technologies available for NOx reductions either enhance other polluting gas emissions or increase fuel consumption The objective of this work is to investigate the possibility of decreasing the NOx emissions in the tail pipe of a diesel engine. Injection of aqueous solutions of urea in the tail pipe of a diesel engine for the reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) was carried out in a four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled, constant speed diesel engine fuelled with Soybean oil methyl ester (SOME). Four observations were made for the exhaust emission NOx analysis of concentration of urea solution 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight with different flow rates of urea solution as reductant by fitting Marine Ferromanganese nodule as SCR catalyst. It was observed that 60.56% of NOx reduction achieved.

 

Keywords: Soybean oil methyl ester, Diesel engine, NOx, SCR, Marine Ferromanganese nodule.

[1] World Energy Council and International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Global energy perspectives and beyond, World Energy Council, London (1995).
[2] Busca G., Lietti L., Ramis G., and Berti F., Chemical and mechanistic aspects of the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by ammonia over oxide catalysts: A review, Applied catalysts B: environmental, 18(1-2), 1998, 1-36
[3] Kleemann, M., Dissertation Nr. 13401, ETH Zurich, 1999.
[4] H. Bosch, F. J. J. G. Janssen: Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides: A Review on the Fundamentals and Technology, Catalysis Today, 2(369), 1988.
[5] Perry, R. A. and Siebers, D. L. Rapid reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas streams. Nature, 324, 1986, 657–658.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Theorems on list-coloring
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Dharmaiah Gurram || ,N.Vedavathi
Page No.	::	40-44
	::	10.9790/3021-03324044
		0.4/3021-03324044
		3021-0303-0244

Graph coloring is a well-known and well-studied area of graph theory with many applications. In this
paper, we will consider two generalizations of graph coloring. In particular, list-coloring and sum-list-coloring.

 

Key Words: plane graph, planar graph, 2-connected.

[1] Dimitris Achlioptas and Cristopher Moore. Almost all graphs with average degree 4 are 3-colorable. J. Comput. System Sci., 67(2):441{471, 2003. Special issue on STOC2002 (Montreal, QC).
[2] Michael O. Albertson. You can't paint yourself into a corner. J. Combin. Theory Ser. B, 73(2):189{194, 1998.
[3] Michael O. Albertson, Alexandr V. Kostochka, and Douglas B. West. Precoloring extensions of Brooks' theorem. SIAM J. Discrete Math., 18(3):542{553, 2004/05.
[4] Noga Alon. Restricted colorings of graphs. In Surveys in combinatorics, 1993 (Keele), volume 187 of London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., pages 1{33. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1993.
[5] Noga Alon. Degrees and choice numbers. Random Structures Algorithms, 16(4):364{368, 2000.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Comparative Study of Load Balancing Algorithms
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Jyoti Vashistha ||, Anant Kumar Jayswal
Page No.	::	45-50
	::	10.9790/3021-03324550
		0.4/3021-03324550
		3021-0303-0250

In today's world, more or less every activity belong to internet. The increase of E-Commerce has leads many business activity to carry out most of their day to day business online transaction on data such as financial transaction, database access, corporate internet and other key function must run 24 hours a day ,seven days a week and network need to ability to scale the performance to handle the large volume of client request without creating unwanted delays. For availability and scalability, performances boosting more and more servers are required. Load balancing is a key issue in these type of large scale situation. Load balancing is to achieve optimal resources, maximize throughput, minimize response time and avoid the overload. Load balancing ensures that all the processor in the system or every node in the network does approximately the equal amount of work at any instant of time. The objective of this paper firstly, to compare the static load balancing and dynamic load balancing algorithm by parameter performance and secondly, to compare the dispatcher based algorithms through a simulation to evaluate their performance under different conditions and workloads

 

Keywords: Static Load balancing, Dynamic Load Balancing, Dispatcher Based Load Balancing, Parametric Performance

[1]. Wang, Y., Morris, R.: Load Balancing in Distributed Systems. In: IEEE Transactions on Computing, C- 34, pp. 204-217, (1985)
[2]. McEntire, P.L., O'Reilly, J.G., Larson, R.E.: Distributed Computing Concepts and Implementations, IEEE Press,New York (1984)
[3]. Sandeep Sharma, Sarabjit Singh, and Meenakshi Sharma, "Performance Analysis of Load Balancing Algorithms", academy of science, engineering and technology, issue 38, February 2008, pp. 269-272.
[4]. Mahk, S.: Dynamic Load Balancing in a Network of Workstation. Research Report, (2000).
[5]. Chow, Y.C., Kohler, W.: Models for Dynamic Load Balancing in a Heterogeneous Multiprocessor System. In IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. C-28, pp. 334 – 361, (1979)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Implementation of LTCDM –An Integrated Model for Road Networks through MobileAgents
Country	::	India
Authors	::	T.Karthikeyan || S.Sujatha
Page No.	::	51-56
	::	10.9790/3021-03325156
		0.4/3021-03325156
		3021-0303-0256

Traffic Control on roads is the major problem in modern cities. Large amount of time and resources are exhausted during traveling because of traffic congestion.Identifying emergency vehicles and providing best path is also crucial for the success of any traffic management system. This paper proposed QoS Agent and implemented an integrated Linear Traffic Control Dynamic Model (LTCDM) by integrating the mobile agents like VAISTC4 agent[6], MATLB agent[12], PCM agent[13], FMSA agent and IMAC agent[14] in order to control traffic congestion, giving prioritization of emergency vehicles ,optimizing traffic issue considering velocity of vehicles and providing best path for the vehicles on road network This linear dynamic model LTCDM also provides the better Quality of Service through the QoS Agents for road networks by improving safety applications, finding best route and driver comfort. An LTCDM is a multivariate model which uses a graph in which the vehicles are represented as nodes considering time series of flows at the various data collection site and uses finite capacity queuing theory. This dynamic & integrated model makes real time decision making based on the host architecture and road network loads and enhancing QoS by increasing throughput and scalability on road networks with the reduction of time delay and end-to-end delay..The open source macrosimulation tool AURORA ROAD NETWORK MODELER is used for simulation to prove the significant performance of LTCDM based on the intelligent traffic & transportation scenario.

 

Keywords: LTCDM, VAISTC4, FMSA, IMAC, MATLB, PCM, QoS

[1] Catriona M Queen and Casper J Albers,Forecasting traffic flows in road Networks: A graphical dynamic model approach, Department of Mathematics and Statistics,The Open University,Milton Keynes,MK7 6AA,UK,2008.
[2] Gabriella Bretti, Roberto Natalini and Benedetto Piccoli, Fluid-Dynamic Approach to Traffic Flow problems,IAC-CNR,Italy.
[3] H.Jula ,M.Dessouky and P.A Ioannou, Real time estimation of travel times along the arcs and arrival times at the nodes of dynamic Stochastic networks, Intelligent Transport Systems, IEEE Transactions, Volume 9,2008.
[4] Mahyar Movahed Nejad,Lena Mashayekhy,Ali Taghavi and Ratna Babu Chinnam,State Space Reduction in Modeling Traffic Network Dynamics for Dynamic Routing Under ITS ,International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transport Sytsems,Washington,DC,USA,2011.
[5] Naishadh K Dave and Vanaraj B Vaghela,Vehicuar Traffic Control : A Ubiquitous Computing Approach ,IC3 2009,CCIS 40,2009.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Harmonic Analysis for a 6-pulse Rectifier
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sudeep Pyakuryal || Mohammad Matin
Page No.	::	57-60
	::	10.9790/3021-03325760
		0.4/3021-03325760
		3021-0303-0260

When sinusoidal voltage is converted into dc voltage in medium-voltage high-power applications, the switching devices used in the rectifier circuit inject harmonic component to the utility grid. The harmonic component causes various problems in the power system. IEEE std 519-1992 limits the amount of harmonics that is acceptable in the power system so that the undesirable effects of harmonic distortion are minimized. Among various harmonic distortion mitigation techniques, the pulse multiplication technique is investigated in this paper. A 6-pulse rectifier is modeled in Alternative Transients Program (ATP). Voltage and Current waveforms are obtained and the amounted of harmonic distortion is calculated. 6-pulse rectifier is a building block for higher order rectifier like 12-pulse, 18-pulse, 24-pulse rectifiers. Results suggest that the total harmonic distortion, THD, produced by an ideal 6-pulse rectifier is higher than the IEEE limit and therefore higher order pulse rectifier must be used to control the THD.

 

Keywords: AC to DC converter, Rectifier, THD, Thyristor, ATP

[1] S. Bernert, Recent Development of High Power Converters for Industry and Traction Applications, IEEE Trans on Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 1102-1117, 2000
[2] B.P. Schmitt and R. Sommer, Retrofit of Fixed Speed Induction Motors with Medium Voltage Drive Converters Using NPC Three-Level Inverter High-Voltage IGVT Based Topology, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp. 746-751, 2001
[3] H. Okayama, M. Koyana, et al., Large Capacity High Performance 3-level GTO Inverter System for Steel Main Rolling Mill Drives, IEEE Industry Application Society (IAS) Conference, pp. 174-179, 1996
[4] N. Akagi, Large Static Converters for Industry and Utility Application, IEEE Proceedings, Vol. 89, No. 6, pp. 1750-1755
[5] R. Menz and F. Opprecht, Replacement of a Wound Rotor Motor with an Adjustable Speed Drive for a 1400 kW Kiln Exhaust Gas Fan, The 44th IEEE IAS Cement Industry Technical Conference, pp. 85-93, 2002