Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface and Ground Waters Used for Irrigation along River Tatsawarki in the Kano, Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Bichi, M. H. ||, Bello, U. F.
Page No.	::	01-09
	::	10.9790/3021-03830109
		0.4/3021-03830109
		3021-0308-0309

The Tatsawarki River, which is one of the major tributaries of the Kano River, receives all domestic and industrial waste waters from the southern part of Kano metropolis. The river, with no natural flow in the dry season, is extensively used for, irrigation, fishing and domestic water supply. Surface water samples were collected from three different points along the river and ground water samples were collected from three irrigation areas along the river. Control samples were collected from locations away from the river. The samples were analyzed for physic-chemical parameters (Temperature, pH, TDS, Turbidity, Electrical conductivity, Hardness, Nitrates, and Nitrites) and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Co, Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn). The results show that the water is generally unfit for irrigation as the physic-chemical parameters reveal higher values than the WHO guideline values for irrigation water quality as well as the values obtained in the control samples. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the irrigation water were also found to be higher than the FAO guideline values with the exception of Fe and Pb which were found to be below the FAO guideline values. All irrigation water samples were also found to have higher metals level in comparison with the levels obtained in control sample with the exception of Pb. It is recommended that the standards for different end uses be reviewed in order to recognize the variation in risks and benefits; and a more realistic, gradual and strategic implementation of the standards should be ensured with achievable targets set. Effective market-based incentives to reduce pollution, such as the 'polluter pays' principle, or grants, subsidies and tax credits for environmentally friendly behavior should also be encouraged.

 

Keywords: Ground water, Heavy metals, Industrial pollution, Irrigation, Surface water,

[1] Osibanjo, O., Historical perspective of environment and development nexus, Paper presented at IPAN 2-day training workshop on Environmental analysis for sustainable development at Ikeja Lagos, 2009.

[2] Udosen, E.D., Determination of trace metals and fluxes in sediments along a segment of Qua Ibeo River in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences,, 2, 2006, pp82-90.

[3] Danazumi, S. & Bichi, M.H - Industrial pollution and heavy metals profile of Challawa river in Kano, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 5 (1): (2010)a, 23-29.

[4] Danazumi, S. & Bichi, M.H - Industrial Pollution and Implication on Source of Water Supply in Kano, Nigeria, International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS, 10(1), 2010b, pp101-110.

[5] Aikman, D.I; Waste water re-use from the standpoint of irrigated agriculture, The Public Health Engineer, Vol. II No. 1,1983, pp 35-41.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Degenerated Four Nodes Shell Element with Drilling Degree of Freedom
Country	::	Saudi Arabia
Authors	::	Fathelrahman. M. Adam ||, Abdelrahman. E. Mohamed ||, A. E. Hassaballa
Page No.	::	10-20
	::	10.9790/3021-03831020
		0.4/3021-03831020
		3021-0308-0320

A four node degenerated shell element with drilling degree of freedom is presented in this paper. The problem of zero stiffness that appears with using the drilling degree of freedom and causes singularity in the structure stiffness matrix is solved by employing, one of the recommended remedies. That is, adding a fictitious rotational stiffness using a penalty parameter (torsional constant) to control the solution to insure good element performance. Examples are presented including comparisons of torsional constant with the maximum displacements by using different mesh sizes, which results on selecting a value equal to one for the torsional constant is suitable value used to insure rapid convergence to true solution.

 

Keywords: - Degenerated shell, drilling degree of freedom, fictitious rotational stiffness, Tensional constant.

[1]. Djermane, M., Chelghoum, A., Amieur, B. and Labbaci, B. (2006), Linear and Nonlinear Thin Shell Analysis Using A Mixed Finite Element with Drilling Degrees of Freedom, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Volume 1 Number 2 (2006) pp. 217-236
[2]. Allman, D.J. (1988), A quadrilateral finite element iaeluding vertex rotations for plane elasticity analysis, Internat. J. Numer. Meths. Engrg. 26 (1988) 717-730.
[3]. Zienkiewicz, O. C. and Taylor R.L. (2000), The Finite Element Method, Vol. 2, fifth edn., Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
[4]. Alvin K., de la Fuente H. M., Haugen B. and Felippa C. A. (1992), Membrane Triangles with Corner Drilling Freedoms Part I: The EFF Element, Finite Elements Anal. Des. 12, 163–187, 1992.
[5]. Felippa C. A. and Militello C. (1992), Membrane Triangles with Corner Drilling Freedoms Part II: The ANDES Element, Finite Elements Anal. Des. 12, 189–201, 1992.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Forward Problem in Electrocardiogram: A Review of Certain Approaches
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Gaddam.Chandra Mohan ||, Dr.Swapna Devi
Page No.	::	21-24
	::	10.9790/3021-03832124
		0.4/3021-03832124
		3021-0308-0324

Dealing the Forward problem in electrocardiogram using various approaches have been presented which are available in published literature . Human torso can be modeled which consist of various tissues of human body. Volume and surface methods like boundary element method, finite element methods based on selecting choice of nodes and meshes construction orientation. . Computer models used for simulation purpose helpful to study the torso effect on heart.

 

Keywords: - Electrocardiogram, Forward problem, human torso, Boundary element method, finite element method, Simulation.

[1] Keller, D.U.J.; Weber, F.M.; Seemann, G.; Dössel, O.; Ranking the Influence of Tissue Conductivities on Forward-Calculated ECGs Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 57 , Issue: 7 Publication Year: 2010 , Page(s): 1568 – 1576.
[2] Guofa Shou; Ling Xia; Mingfeng Jiang; Qing Wei; Feng Liu; Crozier, S.; Solving the ECG Forward Problem by Means of Standard h- and h-Hierarchical Adaptive Linear Boundary Element Method: Comparison With Two Refinement SchemesBiomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 56 , Issue: 5 Publication Year: 2009 , Page(s): 1454 – 1464.
[3] Zhongshi Li; Yingchun Zhang; Shanan Zhu; Bin He; Comparison of Meshless FEM and Conventional FEM for Solving ECG Forward Problem: A Simulation Study Noninvasive Functional Source Imaging of the Brain and Heart and International Conference the Functional Biomedical Imaging,2007 Joint Meeting of the 6th International Symposium NFSI-ICFBI 2007,. Publication Year: 2007 , Page(s): 274 – 275.
[4] Hu Peng; Angning Yu; Qiang Chen; Huanqing Feng; Studies on New Schemes for ECG Forward Problem Simulations Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2005. 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE-EMBS 2005. Publication Year: 2005 , Page(s): 7190 – 7193.
[5] Geneser, S.E.; Seungkeol Choe; Kirby, R.M.; MacLeod, R.S.; The Influence of Stochastic Organ Conductivity in 2D ECG Forward Modeling: A Stochastic Finite Element Study Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2005. 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE-EMBS 2005. Publication Year: 2005 , Page(s): 5528 – 5531.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Designing and Prototyping Encryptions Algorithms: Working As Secure M-Commerce Transaction of Broadcasting and Its Receiving Agent Based M-Commerce Model
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Trivedi Jaydipkumar H ||, Darji Jitendrakumar H ||, Patel Hiteshkumar D ||, Trivedi Prakashkumar H
Page No.	::	25-33
	::	10.9790/3021-03832533
		0.4/3021-03832533
		3021-0308-0333

Broadcasting and Its receiving agent based M-commerce transaction done through automatic and semiautomatic way. At the initial stage (1) T.V Broadcasting, (2)Radio Broadcasting, (3) Telephone Broadcasting, (4) Web casting, (5) Satellite Broadcasting, (6) Cable Radio are Broadcasting recognizing as broadcasting agents. There are its receiving agents. Customer is establishing transaction on the basis of what the receiving agent provided. The work also proves and introduces E-mail services can be the advance payment system for the economical transaction. It clarifies the E-mail service that is emerging with the technology for payment system. At the embedded system of the architecture based on broadcasting and receiving agent based M-commerce Business Model, there is authentication and credit conformation performing. The work has highlighted encryption algorithm for secure M-commerce transaction. Designing and prototyping encryption algorithm regarded as a chief task of the work and prove its functionality as secure M-commerce transaction.

 

Keywords: - M-Commerce

[1] P Soni, M-Payment between banks using sms, IEEE 2010,Vol 98, No.6, 2010.

[2] S Diego, T Joaquin, C Mildery, T Jesus, A new domain- based payment model for emerging mobile commerce scenarios, IEEE 2007.

[3] S Bhati, A Bhati, S Sharma, A new approach Towards encryption schemes: Byte-Rotation Encryption Algorithm, World Congress on engineering and computer science 2012 vol II, San Fransisco,USA.ISSN: 2078-0958.

[4] T Aphrodite, P Evaggelia, Business Models and Transactions in mobile electronic commerce: Requirements and Properties, Elsevier, Computer Networks 37(2001)

[5] C.J Date, A Kannan, Swamynathan, An Introduction to Data base Systems, Eightth Edition, Chap.17 P.433.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Use of Logarithmic Strains to Evaluate "True" Cauchy Stresses in Finite Deformation Problems
Country	::	Saudi Arabia
Authors	::	A. E. Mohmed ||, N. M. Akasha ||, F. M. Adam
Page No.	::	34-47
	::	10.9790/3021-03833447
		0.4/3021-03833447
		3021-0308-0347

In this paper, a Total Lagrangian formulation based on the Logarithmic strains is developed. The variation in these strains is based on the variation of the Engineering strains and the variation of Green strains. The "true" Cauchy stresses thus obtained are compared with the Engineering stresses based on the Engineering strains obtained from a Total Lagrangian formulation. The Cauchy stresses obtained based on the assumption of small Engineering shear strains are also compared with the above mentioned stresses. A Geometric nonlinear Total Lagrangian formulation applied on two-dimensional elasticity using 4-node plane finite elements was used. The formulation was implemented into the finite element program (NUSAP). The solution of nonlinear equations was obtained by the Newton-Raphson method. The program was applied to obtain stresses for three numerical examples. The evaluation of the accuracy of the formulation was based on comparing the stresses obtained with those from the other two formulations as stated above. The paper concludes that all three Total Lagrangian formulations converge to the correct solution, as expected, for small strains. For moderate and large strains, there is a clear difference between the Cauchy and the Engineering stresses. The formulation based on the Logarithmic strains results in the accurate evaluation of the "true" Cauchy stresses. These stresses can be used in the geometric and material nonlinear analyses of large deformation problems using constitutive equations based on Logarithmic strains.

 

Keywords: Geometric Nonlinear, Lagrangian, Large strain, Engineering stress, Cauchy stress

[1] Yang, Y. B. and Kuo, S. R., "Theory and Analysis of Nonlinear Framed Structures", Prentice Hall, Simon & Schuster (Asia), Singapore, 1998.
[2] Ji, W., Waas, A. M. and Bazant, Z. P., "Errors Caused by Non-Work-Conjugate Stress and Strain Measures and Necessary Corrections in Finite Element Programs", Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 77/ 044504-1-5, ASME, July 2010.
[3] Crisfield, M. A. (1997), "Non-linear Finite Element Analysis of Solids and Structures", Volume 1, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, England., August 1997.
[4] Zienkiewicz O. C. and Taylor, R. L., "The Finite Element Method for Solids and Structural Mechanics", 6th edition , Butterworth Heinemann, Elsevier, 2005.
[5] Surana, K. S. and Sorem, R. M., "Geometrically Nonlinear Formulation for Three Dimensional Curved Beam Elements with Large Rotations", Int. J. Num. Meth. Engng. , 1989, Vol.28, 43-73.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Properties of Green Concrete Mix by Concurrent use of Fly Ash and Quarry Dust
Country	::	India
Authors	::	A.Krishnamoorthi ||, G. Mohan Kumar
Page No.	::	48-54
	::	10.9790/3021-03834854
		0.4/3021-03834854
		3021-0308-0354

Green Concrete is a concept of thinking environment into concrete considering every aspect from raw materials manufactures over mixture design to structural design, construction and service life. The raw materials of concrete consist of cement, sand and crushed aggregates. Partial or 100% replacement of these raw materials by waste products may decrease the cost, reduce the energy consumption and also reduce the environment pollution. Wastes can be used to produce new products or can be used as admixtures so that natural sources are used more efficiently and the environment is protected from waste deposits. Fly ash can be used as filler materials and helps to reduce the total voids content in concrete. However, the use of fly ash leads to a reduction in early strength of concrete. The use of quarry dust in concrete is desirable of benefits such as useful disposal of a byproduct, reducing of river sand consumption and increased strength. However, the use of quarry dust leads to a reduction in the workability of concrete. Therefore, concurrent use of fly ash and quarry dust in concrete will make the concrete by using their properties in a beneficial way. The decrease in early strength by the addition of fly ash is compensated by addition of quarry dust .The decrease in workability by the addition of quarry dust is reduced by the addition fly ash. This paper investigates the workability and strength characteristics of Quarry Dust Concrete (QDC) containing 0% to 30% of fly ash. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that combined use of quarry dust and fly ash can be shown improved strength in concrete and also preserve the environment.

 

Keywords: - Fly Ash, Properties, Quarry Dust, Strength

[1] C. Narasimhan, B.T. Patil, and H.Sankar, Performance of Concrete with Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate-An Experimental Study. CE and CR Journal. (1999)

[2] T.S. Nagaraj, Proportioning Concrete Mix with Rock Dust as Fine Aggregate. CE and CR Journal.(2000)

[3] M.C. Nataraja,T.S. Nagaraj ,and A.Reddy, Proportioning Concrete Mix with Quarry Wastes Cement. Concrete and Aggregate Journal, ASTM.(2001)

[4] M. Nisnevich,G. Sirotin and Y. Eshel, Light weight concrete containing thermal power station and stone quarry waste. Magazine of Concrete Research.(2003)

[5] A.K.Sahu , Sunil Kumar and A.K. Sachan, Quarry Stone Waste as Fine aggregate for concrete. The Indian Concrete Journal.(2003)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Effect of Electrodeposition Parameters on Morphology of Copper Thin Films
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Jaishree Mathur ||, Manish Gupta
Page No.	::	55-61
	::	10.9790/3021-03835561
		0.4/3021-03835561
		3021-0308-0361

In this work a simple approach of highly dispersed electro catalytically active copper nano-structured thin film has been electrodeposited on conducting Indium Tin Oxide coated (ITO) glass plate from non cyanide acidic electrolyte. The influence of deposition variables such as: pH, deposition time and current density on film composition, morphology and crystal orientation associated with the growth of the film was investigated. The copper dendrites are characterized by Optical microscopy, SEM, X-Ray Diffraction, Electrical resistivity as well as by cyclic voltammetry under different conditions. Optimal conditions for uniform growth of nanoparticles well-dispersed, golden shiny cubic copper on the ITO glass plate have been determined.

 

Keywords: - Electrodeposition, morphology, Scanning electron microscopy, XRD, Electrical conductivity of thin film.

[1] W.H. Safranek, The properties of electrodeposited metals and alloys A handbook (New York Elseveir co. 1974) 49.
[2] Luisa Peraldo Bicelli, Benedetto Bozzini, Claudio Mele and Lucia D'Urzo, A Review of Nanostructural Aspects of Metal Electrodeposition, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 3, 2008, 356 – 408.
[3] A.Milchev, Electrocrystallization: Fundamentals of Nucleation and Growth, (Kluwer Academic Publishers,The Netherlands, 2002)
[4] M Schlesinger and M Paunovic, Modern Electroplating (John Wiley and sons 5th edition, 2011)9.
[5] A. Mallik and B. C. Ray, Evolution of principle and practice of electrodeposited thin film: A Review on effect of temperature and sonication, International Journal of Electrochemistry 16, 2011.