Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Mathematical model for Oxytocin alleviates the neuroendocrine in healthy men
Country	::	India
Authors	::	S.Lakshmi ||, M.Gayathri
Page No.	::	01-06
	::	10.9790/3021-041030106
	::	0.4/3021-041030106
		3021-0410-0306

Maximum Likelihood Estimation is by far the most popular method of parameter estimation and is an indispensable tool for many statistical modeling techniques, in particular in non-linear modeling with non-normal data. The purpose of this paper is to provide a good conceptual explanation of the method with illustrative examples. In application part by using normal distribution the likelihood functions for inflammatory hormone levels in response to endotoxin and plasma concentration oxytocin, ACTH, cortisol, and procalcitonin are obtained. These functions show a clear picture for all the above parameters when LPS+Oxytocin is administered to the inflammatory cases and compared with the medical conclusion.

 

Keywords: Normal distribution, density function, oxytocin. Mathematical subject classification: 60GXX, 62HXX, 62PXX.

[1] Amico JA, Mantella RC, Wollmer RR, Li X. Anxiety and stress responses in female oxytocin deficient mice. J Neuroendocrinol 16:319–324, 2004
[2] Bain L.J., Statistical Analysis of Reliability and life testing models ,Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978
[3] Cohen, A.C.,Jr., Tables for Maximum likelihood estimates; singly truncated and single censored s samples, Technometrices, 3:535-541(1961).
[4] Consul PC, Shenton LR, Some interesting properties of Lagrangian distributions. Comm. Stat. Theor. Meth: 2, 3, 263 – 272, 1973.
[5] Jensen JU, Heslet L, Jensen TH, Espersen K, Steffensen P, Tvede M Procalcitonin increase in early identification of critically ill patients at high risk of mortality. Crit Care Med 34: 2596– 2602, 2006.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Experimental Investigations and Mathematical Modelling of Corrosion Growth Rate on Carbon Steel under the Influence of Soil pH and Resistivity
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	I. S. Anyanwu ||, O. Eseonu ||, H. U. Nwosu
Page No.	::	07-18
	::	10.9790/3021-041030718
	::	0.4/3021-041030718
		3021-0410-0318

Experiments were conducted to investigated the correlation of soil properties towards metal loss of API 5L X42 carbon steel coupons, with emphasis on soil pH and resistivity. A total of four pieces of X42 coupons were placed in four soil samples gotten from four different states within the Niger Delta region for 2352 hours, to study the influence of soil properties towards metal loss via weight loss method. The soil coupons were buried in the soil samples placed in a plastic container, allowed to corrode naturally and then retrieved every 168 hours. Results showed that both parameters had an influence on buried steel but soil resistivity value had a dominating influence compared to soil pH. It was also observed from the ANOVA that, soil resistivity had a major contribution to corrosion reaction in soil. A mathematical model is also developed using multiple regression analysis. The result indicated that the model developed was suitable for prediction of corrosion growth rate with soil pH and resistivity as the two independent variables. Since the coefficient of determination 𝑅2=0.8129 was significantly high, the predicted and measured values also were fairly close to each other.

 

Keywords: Underground Corrosion, Soil, carbon Steel, pH, mils per year (MPY)

[1] J. E. Mbamalu, and F. O. Edeko, Issues and Challenges of Aging Pipeline Coating Infrastructure in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Industry. University of Benin. CORROSION conference, New Orleans, La. 2004.

[2] S. Syed, Atmospheric Corrosion of Materials. Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 11 (1), 2006, 1-24.

[3] H. M. Dayal, B.K. Gupta, K.C. Tewari, K. M. Chandrashekhar, and S.K. Gupta, Underground Corrosion by Microorganisms Part-I: Analytical Studies of Some Indian Soils. Defence Materials Science Journal, 38(2), 1988, 209-216.

[4] S. Y. Li, Y. G. Kim, K. S. Jeon, Y. T. Kho, and T. Kang, MicrobiologicallyInfluenced Corrosion Of Carbon Steel Exposed To Anaerobic Soil. Journal of Science and Engineering, 57(9), 2001, 815-828.

[5] K. Hirofumi, U. Hajme, M. Kazuhiko, H. Katsutoshi, and T. Yasunori, Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Model Soil. Conference paper NACE-03558, Corrosion, Sandiego, California. 2003

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Review of Studies On Global Warming And Climate Change In Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Obeta Michael Chukwuma
Page No.	::	19-27
	::	10.9790/3021-041031927
	::	0.4/3021-041031927
		3021-0410-0327

Studies on global warming and climate change in Nigeria have grown by leaps and bounds in the last two decades. This paper reviews fifty three studies done on climate change hazard in Nigeria with a view to characterizing the studies and establishing the existing gaps in literature. The secondary objective of the paper is to establish the broad consensus of the Nigerian scientific community on critical issues relating to the climate change hazard. The paper started with the identification of the broad objectives of the studies done on the climate change hazard in Nigeria. This is followed by the classification of the studies and the discussion of the main significant contributions as well as an appraisal of the methods of investigations in the field where appropriate. The basic consensus reached were also identified and described. Finally, new directions for future research in the field are suggested.

[1] Abu, B. (2007): Sea level rise and the Niger delta of Nigeria. Journal of Wetland, 3(1): 44-52.
[2] Adefolalu, D. O. A (2007): "Climate change and economic sustainability in Nigeria", Paper presented at an International Conference on climate change, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 12-14 June 2007.
[3] Adejuwon S.A. (2004): Impacts of climate variability and climate change on crop yield in Nigeria. Stakeholders' workshop on assessment of impacts and adaptation to climate change.
[4] Adejuwon, S.A. (2004): "The impacts of climate variability and climate change on crop yield in Nigeria". Paper presented at stakeholders' workshop on assessment of impacts and adaptation to climate change Obafemi Awolowo University, IIe-Ife, Nigeria.
[5] Adelalu, T.G (2012): Climate variability and river Benue discharge in Jimeta, Yola Area, Nigeria" Paper delivered at the Annual National conference of the Nigerian Association of Hydrological Sciences (NAHS) at Abeokuta, Ogun State Benin Sept 12-10, 2012.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Characterization Of Mechanical Properties Katinting Boat Material Home Industry Products Barang Ca'di Island Makassar South Sulawesi
Country	::	Indonesia
Authors	::	Frederik Palallo||, Nixon Wibisono Suma
Page No.	::	28-32
	::	10.9790/3021-041032832
	::	0.4/3021-041032832
		3021-0410-0332

The need for traditional fishing boats generally requires, in addition to a means of transport boat is also used as a means to catch fish. Currently fishing boats, especially boats made of Fiber Composites or Polyester Composite material which is made of fiber (fiber) as reinforcement and matrix using polyester, known to the public under the name of glass fiber due to difficulty in obtaining the wood for material for boats.Barang Ca'di island community using composite materials instead of wood for boat building are greatly appreciated even if they are generally Fishermen, boat is a boat that they make but the problems they face is not knowing the mechanical properties and resistance to the environment from which they products. This research aims to tes the mechanical properties and microstructure examination of material Katinting fiber glass boat. The results showed the following mechanical properties Specific of Density 0.00445 g/mm3, Tensile Strength 23.97 N/mm2, MOE 223.375 N/mm2, Compressve Strength 23.78 N/mm2, Flexural Strength 5.49 N/mm2 , MOR 228.80 N/mm2 and micro structure observations seen bonding fibers and resins are not perfect and visible presence of pores which will result in reducing the strength of the material.

 

Keywords: composite boats, mechanical testing, mechanical specifications.

[1] Bor,Z.Jang.1994,Advanced Polymer Composites;Principles and Application,ASM Internasional,USA.
[2] Charles A.Harper, 2002, Handbook of Plastics Elastomers & Composites,ed 4.Mc Graw-Hill, Sydney.
[3] Mallick,P.K, 1988, Fiber-Reiforced Composites, Material, Manufacturing and Design ,Marcell Deccker, Inc, 1988,USA.
[4] Mel, M.Schwartz, 1984, Composites Material Handbook , Mc Graw-Hill Book Company New York St.Louis San Fransisco Aukland Bogota hamburg Johannasburg London.
[5] Strong,A Brent, 1994, Manufacturing of Composites (Stuar M.Lee Ed,International Encyclopedia of Composites Vol 3, VCH Publicher Inc, New York.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	On Analysis Of Essential Causes Of Hypertension: A Statistical Approach
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Adeniji, J. O. ||, Bello, K. M. ||, Alfa, M. S. ||, Akoh, D ||, and Hassan, A. S.
Page No.	::	33-38
	::	10.9790/3021-041033338
	::	0.4/3021-041033338
		3021-0410-0338

The paper focuses on the identification of the most contributory causes of hypertension. The data used is a secondary data collected from the records of the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. Principal Component Analysis is applied to the data on essential causes of hypertension. The nine research variables under consideration are Genetics, Smoking, Stress, Old age, Obesity, Excess Salt, Excess Alcohol, Kidney Diseases and Lack of Exercise which were observed over twenty years. The results of the Analysis strongly revealed that only four (4) variables, obesity, Smoking, Excess Salt and Excess Alcohol accounted for 76.2%, 8.6%, 5.7% and 4.4% respectively (a cumulative of 94.8%) of the total variance. This clearly shows that the most contributory factor to causes of hypertension is Obesity which accounted for 76.2% of the total variance.

 

Key-words: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hypertension, Obesity, Correlation Matrix, Contributory Causes, Eigenvalue.

[1] Jollife, I.T. (2002) Principal Component Analysis. (2nd Edition) Springer series in statistics.Jonathan, S. (2009) A tutorial on Principal Component Analysis. Centre for Neural science, New York University, New York NY10003-6603 and system Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, LA 92037
[2] Kite, S. (2008) Trends in the prevalent Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension in Adult US population. Data from the Health Examination Surveys 1996-1998, Hypertension(1): 60-69.
[3] Mulatero, P. and Bertello, C. (2009) Differential Diagnosis of primary Aldosteronism Subtypes. Current hypertension reports. Web MD http:www.webmd.com/content/article/73/88927.htm.
[4] Mulatero, P. (2009) Diagnosis of Pre-hypertension: Early stage High blood pressure. Web MD http:www.webmd.com/content/article/73/88927.htm.
[5] Oyebande, B. L. (2011) An application of Principal Component Analysis: Regression Approach to predict storm runoff, Nigeria geographical Journal, 8(2), 65-73.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Electrochemical Deposition of Lead Dioxide Nanostructured Thin Films
Country	::	Canada
Authors	::	B. B. Li ||, M. Brachet ||, R. Ghasemi ||, C. F. de Souza ||, A. Hughes ||, and H. E. Ruda
Page No.	::	39-47
	::	10.9790/3021-041033947
	::	0.4/3021-041033947
		3021-0410-0347

We report on the preparation of lead oxides nanostructured thin films by anodic and cathodic electrochemical deposition. The films were prepared using an aqueous electrolyte composed of lead chloride and nitric acid, without any catalyst. A controlled potential was applied through the electrolyte to deposit the lead oxide on gold coated silicon and on titanium foil. The formation of lead oxide nanostructures was strongly influenced by the applied potential, deposition temperature and solution pH. The role of these parameters on the synthesis of nanostructured lead dioxide was studied in detail, and enabled the determination of the optimal conditions for the fabrication of nanostructured lead dioxide thin films suitable for wastewater treatment.

 

Keywords: - Electrochemical deposition, Nanostructured lead dioxide, Electrode, Wastewater treatment.

[1] F. Montilla, P. A. Michaud, E. Morallon, J. L. Vazquez, C. Comninellis, Electrochimica Acta 47, 3509 (Aug 15, 2002).
[2] A. Medel, E. Bustos, K. Esquivel, L. A. Godinez, Y. Meas, International Journal of Photoenergy, (2012).
[3] Y. Hou, J. Qu, X. Zhao, H. Liu, Journal of Environmental Sciences-China 21, 1321 (2009).
[4] Y. Lei et al., Environmental Science & Technology 44, 7921 (Oct 15, 2010).
[5] P. Perret, T. Brousse, D. Belanger, D. Guay, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156, A645 (2009).

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Algorithm for Radar cross section estimation
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	Tarig ibrahim osman ||, Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi
Page No.	::	48-50
	::	10.9790/3021-041034850
	::	0.4/3021-041034850
		3021-0410-0350

Radar cross-section (RCS) is a measure of how detectable an object is with a Radar. A larger RCS indicates that an object is more easily detected . An object reflects a limited amount of radar energy. A number of different factors determine how much electromagnetic energy returns to the source such as; the material of which the target is made , absolute size of the target , the relative size of the target in relation to the wavelength ( λ) of the radar, the incident angle , the reflected angle and the polarization of transmitted and the received radiation in respect to the orientation of the target. A personnel computer (PC) will be programmed to estimate the RCS of targets.

 

Keywords: Radar, RCS ,Wave length ,Personnel computer .

[1] Skolnick, M.I., Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
[2] Balanis, C.A., Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, John Wiley & Sons, 1989. Template:Author= SciTech Publishing
[3] IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation (2008). "A Method to Measure Radar Cross Section Parameters of Antennas".
[4] Shaeffer, Tuley and Knott. Radar Cross Section. SciTech Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-891121-25-1.
[5] Francesco Bandiera, Danilo Orlando, and Giuseppe Ricci, Advanced Radar Detection Schemes Under Mismatched Signal Models, Morgan & Claypool, 2009.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	PLC based remote surveillance monitoring system
Country	::	Sudan
Authors	::	Hani abdulhadi almadhagi ||, Amin baliker abdnabi ||, Abdelrasoul Jabar Alzubaidi
Page No.	::	51-54
	::	10.9790/3021-041035154
	::	0.4/3021-041035154
		3021-0410-0354

Remote surveillance monitoring have a wide variety of applications. Security is one of these applications .Different design technologies are implemented. This paper adopts the use of the programmable logic controller (PLC) as a device for performing the surveillance of the IP address wireless camera. Remote monitoring is performed through the identification of the IP address of IP wireless camera by the personnel computer. An access Point is used to connect the IP address wireless camera . A stepper motor is controlled by the PLC . The IP address wireless camera is mounted on the rotating shaft of the stepper motor.

 

Keywords: - control system , PC , PLC ,Access point ,IP address camera, stepper motor

[1] R. Kirubashankar, K. Krishnamurthy, J. Indra, B.Vignes ,September 2011, Design and Implementation of Web Based Remote Supervisory Control and Information System, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE), Volume-1, Issue-4, ISSN: 2231-2307.
[2] Alkar, A.Z.; Buhur, U.; Nov. 2005, "An Internet based wireless home automation system for multifunctional devices," Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.51, no.4, pp. 1169- 1174.
[3] Y. Lin, I. Jan, et al, December 2004, A wireless PDA-based physiological monitoring system for patient transport, IEEE Trans. Info. Tech. Biom., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 439-447.
[4] Al-Khateeb, K.; Al-Khateeb, W.F.; Hameed, S.A.; 25-27 May 2009, "Implementation of Internet based remote control and monitoring," Industrial Electronics and Applications, ICIEA 2009. 4th IEEE Conference on , pp.1513-1516.
[5] Burger, E.W.; Frieder, O., May 2006 , "A novel system for remote control of household devices using digital IP phones," Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions onvol.52, no.2, pp. 575- 582.