Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Neural Networks in Data Mining
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Ripundeep Singh Gill ||, Ashima
Page No.	::	01-06
	::	10.9790/3021-04360106
	::	0.4/3021-04360106
		3021-0403-0606

An Artificial Neural Network is an intelligent system which comprises of different components exhibit the human intelligence in the machines. This intelligence comes from the tendency of observation that an artificial neural network have. This much intelligence can be advantageous for the data mining. Artificial neural network is implemented in data mining and its process. After studies, we have found that it has produced very efficient and effective results in the field of data mining. We are presenting a review paper on this appropriate study and in this paper we will discuss about data mining, artificial neural network, its functionality, its relation with biological neural network and role of artificial neural network in the data mining. We will also discuss results of some implementations that has been done in this particular field to justify the effectiveness of artificial neural network in data mining.

 

Keywords: - ANN (Artificial Neural Network), BNN (Biological Neural Network), Data Mining, KDD (Knowledge Discovery of Data), RNN (Replicator Neural Network).

[1] M. Kamber, J. Pei, J. Han, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, (Morgan Kaufmann, p. 560.)
[2] S. Haykins, Neural Network - A comprehensive foundaion (2nd Edition), (Prentice Hall, 1999).
[3] J. E.Aronson, T.-P. Leing, E. Turban, "Neural Network in Data Mining," in Decission Support System, (Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, 2007).
[4] R.Wells, "Synaptic Weight Modulation and Adaptation," May 15,2003.
[5] M.Hajek, "Neural Networks," 2005.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Cloud Computing Online Scheduling
Country	::	Egypt
Authors	::	Arabi E. Keshk
Page No.	::	07-17
	::	10.9790/3021-04360717
	::	0.4/3021-04360717
		3021-0403-0617

Cloud computing has gained a lot of attention to be used as a computing model for a variety of application domains. Task scheduling is the fundamental issue in this environment. To utilize cloud efficiently, a good task scheduling algorithm is needed to assign tasks to resources in cloud. Cloud task can be divided into two categories such as on-line mode service and the batch mode service. In this paper, online cloud task scheduling based on virtual machine adaptive fault tolerance and load balancing using ant colony algorithm is proposed. The main contribution of this work is that load balancing factor is added and the system tolerates the faults by tacking the decision on the basis of reliability of the virtual machines in scheduling process. The proposed scheduling strategy was simulated using the Cloudsim toolkit package. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieved the better load balance than Join-shortest-queue (JSQ) and Modified Ant Colony Optimization (MACO) algorithms.

 

Keywords: - Cloud computing; task scheduling, makespan, ant colony optimization, fault tolerance, reliability, load balancing

[1] H. Mi, H. Wang, G. Yin, Y. Zhou, D. Shi, L. Yuan, "Online self-reconfiguration with performance guarantee for energy-efficient large-scale cloud computing data centers", in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, pp. 514–521, 2010
[2] Gao Y., et al., "A multi-objective ant colony system algorithm for virtual machine placement in cloud computing", Journal of Computer and System Sciences, vol.79 ,no. 8, pp. 1230–1242, 2013.
[3] Gao K., Wang Q., Xi L., "Reduct Algorithm Based Execution Times Prediction in Knowledge Discovery Cloud Computing Environment ", International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT), Vol 11, No.3, May 2014.
[4] Ijaz S., Munir E., Anwar W., Nasir W., "Efficient Scheduling Strategy for Task Graphs in Heterogeneous Computing Environment", International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT),Vol 10, No. 5, Septemper 2013.
[5] X. Kong, J. Huang, C. Lin, P. D. Ungsunan, "Performance, Fault-tolerance and Scalability Analysis of Virtual Infrastructure Management System", IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications, Chengdu, China, August 9-12, 2009

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Freeze Sorting Algorithm Based on Even-Odd Elements
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sarvjeet Singh ||, Surmeet Kaur
Page No.	::	18-23
	::	10.9790/3021-04361823
	::	0.4/3021-04361823
		3021-0403-0623

An algorithm is basically term vital part of Operations Research Methodology. There are many algorithms related to sorting, basically it is the operation of logically arrangement of records or elements and it can be used for the numerically data or alphabetically data. Sorting operation implemented in the Data Structure to make efficient searching of elements. The Sorting Algorithm, having the swap, comparison and assignment operations related to the direct complexity of an algorithm. In proposed sorting algorithms we used strategy of selection of the elements i.e. we have the functions called as MinOddFunction(collect the minimum odd value of list) and MinEvenFunction(collect the minimum even valued from list), these functions collect the values from list and compare with each other and freeze it and so on till array is empty. This algorithm has the time complexity in the worst case is O(n^2), where n is the size of data being sorted. In this proposed paper, we will conclude the time complexity on the basis of number of iterations, comparisons, memory time and other factors.

 

Keywords: - Best Case, Worst Case,CPU,RAM

[1] Knuth D.E,"The art of programming- sorting and searching,".2nd edition Addison Wesley.
[2] Sultanullah Jadoon , Salman Faiz Solehria, Prof. Dr. Salim ur Rehman, Prof. Hamid Jan , "Design and Analysis of Optimized Selection Sort Algorithm" International Journal of Electric & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 01, February 2011.
[3] Sultanullah Jadoon, Salman Faiz Solehria, Mubashir Qayum, "Optimized Selection Sort Algorithm is faster than Insertion Sort Algorithm: a Comparative Study" International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 11 No: 02, April 2011.
[4] D.E.Knuth, Sorting and Searching, volume 3 of "The Art of Computer Programming". Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, (1973).
[5] Wang Min "Analysis on 2-Element Insertion Sort Algorithm", International Conference on Computer Design And Appliations (ICCDA), 2010.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	High Adaptive Fault Tolerance in Real Time Cloud Computing
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Anjandeep Kaur Rai ||, Parveen Kumar ||, Pradheep Manisekaran
Page No.	::	24-27
	::	10.9790/3021-04362427
	::	0.4/3021-04362427
		3021-0403-0627

With the advancement of technology, computing has0 changed in a very drastic way. It has travelled a very long way from parallel to distributed to grid computing. Now a-days, the most pre- dominant internet based computing is Cloud computing. This technology provides a large number of pros like on-demand access, ubiquitous network access, rapid elasticity etc. But like other technology, it suffers from some serious issues as well like workflow scheduling, security etc. Here, we are going to propose a model which is providing high fault tolerance to real time systems in cloud environment. The main feature of this proposed model is the adaptive behaviour of the reliability of each and every virtual machine along with addition and removal of nodes on the basis of reliability If a virtual machine produces correct result within time, then its reliability increases and if it fails to do so, then its reliability decreases as well. And also, priority scheduling has been introduced so as to determine the best node when the reliabilities of two nodes come out to be same.

 

Keywords: - Cloud computing, Fault tolerance, Real-time systems, Reliability, Timeliness

[1] https : // www . ece . cmu . edu /~koopman /des_s99/real-time/
[2] Malik Sheheryar, Huet Fabrice ,Adaptive Fault Tolerance in Real Time Cloud Computing, 2011 IEEE World Congress on Services, pp.280-287
[3] K. H. Kim, Distributed Execution of Recovery Blocks: An Approach to Uniform Treatment of Hardware & Software faults, Proceeding fourth International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, 1984, pp. 526-532

[4] L. L. Pullum, Software Fault Tolerance and Implementation, Artech House, Boston, London, United Kingdom, 2001
[5] X. Kong, J. Huang, C. Lin, Comprehensive Analysis of Performance, Fault-tolerance and Scalability in Grid Resource Management System, 2009 Eighth International Conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing, Lanzhou, China, August 27-29, 2009

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Review on Fragmentation in Distributed Database Environment
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Gurpreet Kaundal ||, Sukhleen Kaur ||, Sheveta Vashisht
Page No.	::	28-32
	::	10.9790/3021-04362832
	::	0.4/3021-04362832
		3021-0403-0632

In Traditional environments, there are many advantages of distributed data warehouses. Distributed processing is the efficient way to increase efficiency of data. But the efficiency of query processing is a critical issue in data warehousing system, as decision support applications require minimum response times to answer complex, ad-hoc queries having aggregations, multi-ways joins overvast repositories of data. To achieve this, the fragmentation of data warehouse is the best to reduce the query execution time. The execution time reduces when queries runs over smaller datasets. The system performance is increased by allowing data to be spread across datamarts. So, it is very important to manage an appropriate methodology for data fragmentation and fragment allocation. Here focus is on the distributed data warehouses, which combines the known predicate construction techniques with a clustering method to fragment data warehouse relations by using the data mining-based horizontal fragmentation methodology for a relational DDW environment. DW decentralization gives the better performance; in the fragments are allocated to the corresponding site according to their frequency.

 

Keywords: - Allocation, Distributed Data Warehouse, Fragmentation, K-mean.

[1] Gawande A. D., Bhuyar P. R., and Deshmukh A. B., Horizontal Fragmentation Technique in Distributed Database, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(5), 2012.
[2] Tekaya Karima, Abdelaziz Abdellatif and Habib Ounall, Data mining based fragmentation technique for distributed data warehouses environment Using predicate construction technique, IEEE Publishers, 2010, 63-68.
[3] Ladjel Bellatreche, Kamalakar Karlapalem, Mukesh Mohania and Michel Schneider, What can Partitioning do for your Data Warehouses and Data Marts, IEEE Publishers, 2000, 437-445.
[4] Kamber M. and Han J, Data mining concepts and techniques (Third Edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 255 Wyman Street, Waltham,, USA).
[5] Abdalla, H. I., Ali, and A., Amer, Dynamic Horizontal fragmentation and allocation Model in DDBMS, International Conference on Information Technology and e-Services, 2012.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A framework for Data Analysis using Data Mining
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Harshank Godara ||, Pushpendra Kumar Petriya
Page No.	::	33-35
	::	10.9790/3021-04363335
	::	0.4/3021-04363335
		3021-0403-0635

The importance of data mining is increasing and studies have been done in many domains to solve tons of problems using various data mining techniques. But the data mining have not much applied in fields like poultry. The poultry data is huge and needs valuable and knowledgeable information from the large data produced every year. The data mining can be applied to it to get the knowledge and useful predictions. The analysis for the characteristics of poultry data is provided along with the proposed framework which consists of poultry data selection, poultry data pre-processing, poultry data mining and knowledge extraction. The list of tools which can be used for the analysis purpose is described and the expected results of how the tool produces are also shown. The framework can provide the methodical steps for scholars who are interested in the related researches of data mining and poultry farming. The framework can also be used as reference to other fields like agriculture.

 

Keywords: - Data Mining, Classification, KDD, Poultry Data, Weka

[1] Jiawei Han & Micheline Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques(Morgan Kaufmann Publication, San Francisco, 2012)
[2] Xiaojian Long & Yuchun Wu, Application Of Decision Tree In Student Achievement Evaluation, International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012, 243 – 247
[3] R. ROBU and C. HORA, Medical data mining with extended WEKA, IEEE 16th International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems (INES), Lisbon, 2012, 347 – 350
[4] Feixiang Huang, Shengyong Wang, and Chien-Chung Chan, Predicting Disease By Using Data Mining Based on Healthcare Information System. IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing (GrC), Hangzhou, 2012, 191 - 194
[5] Yuxiang Shao , Qing Chen , Weiming Yin, The Application of Improved Decision Tree Algorithm in Data Mining of Employment Rate: Evidence from China. First International Workshop on Database Technology and Applications, Wuhan, Hubei, 2009, 202 – 205

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Behavior of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyurethane ResinComposite in three Different ratios
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sureshkumar.P ||, Karthick.B ||, Dinakaran.S ||, R.Rajapradeepan
Page No.	::	36-41
	::	10.9790/3021-04363641
	::	0.4/3021-04363641
		3021-0403-0641

In this experimental study, the glass fiber reinforced polyurethane composite is prepared and the Tensile, Flexural and Impact Strengths are analyzed.Currently the glass fiber is manufactured with other resins such as epoxy, vinylester and polypropylene. These composites are used as sports goods, automobile bodies, etc. Comparing to other resin the price of polyurethane resin is one third only. The glass fiber reinforced polyurethane composite laminates was prepared by hand layup method and it was placed on the matched plate mold for curing. The composites were manufactured at various ratios such as 30:70, 35:65, and 40:60 (Fiber: Resin). The specimen is prepared from composite laminates andthe mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength has been analyzed as per the ASTM standard D3039, D790 and D256 respectively. The results show the best suitable fiber resin ratio with respect to strength.

 

Keywords-Composite laminate, Hand layup method, match plate mould, ASTM standard

[1]. P. Hari Sankar, H.Raghavendra Rao, 'Chemical Resistance and Tensile Properties of Bamboo and Glass Fibers Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites'. Advances in Polymer Science and Technology: An International Journal, Vol. 2, Issue.3,2012, page: 27-29
[2]. Nor Hamidah Mohd. Zulfli, Chow Wen Shyang, 'Flexural and Morphological Properties of Epoxy/Glass Fibre/Silane-Treated Organo-montmorillonite Composites'.Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 21, Issue.2,2010, page: 41–50
[3]. Michael Kupke,Hans-Peter Wentzel,Karl Schulte, 'Electrically conductive glass fibre reinforced epoxy resin'. Mat Res Innovat, Vol. 2, 1998, page: 164–169

[4]. K.Poyyathappan, K.Pazhanivel, G.B.Bhaskar, S.Arunachalam, M.C.Leninbabu, A.Elayaperumal, 'Fatigue Flexural Properties of Glass FiberReinforced Plastic Composites Subjected to Low Cyclic Impact'. 2nd International Conference on Mechanical, Production and Automobile Engineering,Singapore, April 2012, Page: 28-29
[5]. Girisha.C, Sanjeevamurthy, Gunti Rangasrinivas, 'Tensile Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy-Hybrid Composites'. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol.2, Issue.2, Mar-Apr 2012 Page: 471-474

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Iron Enrichment In Laterites Soils From Selected Regions In Kenya Using Magnetic Separation
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Mutembei ||, P. Kugeria ||, Naftali. T. Muriithi ||, Jackson ||, W. Muthengia
Page No.	::	42-48
	::	10.9790/3021-04364248
	::	0.4/3021-04364248
		3021-0403-0648

Laterites also known as murrams from selected sites in the Republic of Kenya were analyzed for chemical and mineral content with particular interest in iron. In Kenya, laterites are only used mainly for surfacing roads. This study set out to show that laterites can be converted to high-quality iron ore which should make any country self-reliant in as far as supply of metallic iron is concerned. The samples of the study were obtained from Tunyai Division, in Tharaka Nithi County, in the Republic of Kenya. The samples were concentrated by heating charcoal/laterite mixtures in the ratios of 1:10 by mass in a slow current of air and in the temperature range of 500-700oC. Elemental analysis was carried out on both the raw laterites and the heat treated samples using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and EDTA Titrations. The minerals present were determined using a Bruker D8 Advance Diffractometer. The results of elemental analysis showed that, raw laterites contain 28-31 percent by mass iron. After the heat treatment, the level of iron, in the heat-treated sample had increased to 55-64 percent by mass. Iron ore with this level of concentration is usually what is put in a blast furnace during extraction of iron from iron ores. The X-ray diffraction data confirmed that, iron in the raw laterites was present predominantly as the minerals goethite and hematite. Heat treated laterite was found to have magnetite, formed from the goethite and hematite. The iron present in laterites was, therefore, concentrated using magnetic separation.

 

Key Words: - Beneficiation, iron, laterites, Goethite, Magnetite, Hematite.

[1] Cotton et al., (2004). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Wiley-India, 6th edition, pp. 775-777.

[2] Preston, C. (2008). Paleoecological Significance of the Banded Iron-Formation: American Geological Institute.Economic Geology. 68 (7): 1135-1143.
[3] Kiruna Iron Ore Mine Sweden, (2010).Mining-technology.com. http://www.miningtechnology.com/projects/kirunaRetrieved 2010-08-29.
[4] Du Bois, C.G.B., Walsh, J. (1970). Minerals of Kenya. Geological survey of Kenya, Bulletin No.11 pp. 34-36.
[5] China Mining Association (2011). Posted in http://www.chinamining./news/20110532/1306112936d45 671. html. Accessed on 25/12/2012.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A Fast Spatial String Search with Service Composition Method
Country	::	India
Authors	::	S.Udhayakumar ||, D.Sureshkumar
Page No.	::	49-54
	::	10.9790/3021-04364954
	::	0.4/3021-04364954
		3021-0403-0654

Location-based services and the abundant usage of smart phones and GPS-enabled devices, the necessity of outsourcing spatial data has grown rapidly. This work deals with the fast nearest string search in large spatial databases. Specifically, this investigates spatial associated queries augmented with a string similarity nearest search predicate in both Euclidean space and road networks.Euclidean space is ordinary two- or three-dimensional space.These called as the spatial approximate string (SAS) query. In Euclidean space, this propose an approximate solution, the MHR-tree, which embeds min-wise signatures into an R-tree.Presented a novel adaptive algorithm to find balanced partitions using both the spatial and string information stored in the tree. For queries on road networks, we propose a novel exact method, RSASSOL, which significantly outperforms the baseline algorithm which is serving in basis, as for measurement,calculation or location in practice.The proposed system develops a new access method called Proxy based query answering that extends the conventional inverted index to cope with multidimensional data, and comes with algorithms that can answer nearest neighbor queries with keywords in real time.For the fast nearest neighbor search additionally the system implements Popularity based answer filtering based on sequence and service composition methods along with the SI scheme. The experiments have been done using C#.net and data set created using SQL server. General Terms:-Approximate string search, range query, road network, spatial databases.

 

Keywords: -Euclidean space,Proxy search,Service composition.

[1] Feifei Li, Member, IEEE, Bin Yao, Mingwang Tang, and Marios Hadjieleftheriou, "Spatial Approximate String Search", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, VOL. 25, NO. 6, JUNE 2013.
[2] S. Acharya, V. Poosala, and S. Ramaswamy, "Selectivity Estimation in Spatial Databases," Proc. ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf. Management of Data, pp. 13-24, 1999.
[3] S. Alsubaiee, A. Behm, and C. Li, "Supporting Location-Based Approximate-Keyword Queries," Proc. SIGSPATIAL 18th Int'l Conf. Advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), pp. 61-70, 2010.
[4] A. Arasu, S. Chaudhuri, K. Ganjam, and R. Kaushik, "Incorporating String Transformations in Record Matching," Proc. ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf. Management of Data, pp. 1231-1234, 2008.
[5] A. Arasu, V. Ganti, and R. Kaushik, "Efficient Exact Set-Similarity Joins," Proc. 32nd Int'l Conf. Very Large Data Bases (VLDB), pp. 918- 929, 2006.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	PLC Based PID Speed Control System
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Avinash P. Kaldate ||, Sachin A. Kulkarni
Page No.	::	55-60
	::	10.9790/3021-04365560
	::	0.4/3021-04365560
		3021-0403-0660

In this paper, an intelligent controller of AC Motor drive designed using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) optimization for the optimal tuning of PID controller parameters. A PID controller control loop feedback mechanism controller widely used in Industrial control system. A optimization algorithm is employed in order to obtain the controller parameters assuring deadbeat response at each selected load. The AC-Motor PID-controller is modeled in SLC 500. The response of the developed controllers is compared to that of the controllers whose parameters are tuned using the Ziegler-Nichols method. The developed methodology is more proficient in improving the controller loop response stability, the steady state error, the rising time and overshoot and hence the disturbances do not affect the performances of AC-motor.

 

Keywords: - Control System, Mechatronics , PLC,PID

[1] L. A. Bryan and E. A. Bryan, Programmable Controller Theory and Implementation second edition (670-766)
[2] E. E. El-kholy, A. M. Dabroom and Adel E. El-kholy Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controllers State of the art J. Electrical Systems 2-3 (2006): 116-145
[3] Jaime Fonseca , Joao L. Afonso, Julio S. Martins, Carlos Couto, Fuzzy logic speed control of an induction motor, Microprocessors and Microsystems 22 (1999) 523–534.
[4] Turki Y. Abdalla, Haroution Antranik Hairik and Adel M. Dakhil, Direct Torque Control System for a Three Phase Induction Motor With Fuzzy Logic Based Speed Controller, Iraq j. Electrical and Electronic Engineering Vol.6 No.2,2010.
[5] Vinod Kumar, R.R.Joshi, Hybrid Controller based Intelligent Speed Control of Induction Motor, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	The Effect Of Climate Change On The Communities Of Ogbaru Wetland Of South West Anambra State, Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	EzenwajiE.E. ||, OrjiM.U. ||, EneteC.I. ||, Otti, V. I.
Page No.	::	61-67
	::	10.9790/3021-04366167
	::	0.4/3021-04366167
		3021-0403-0667

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of climate change on the livelihood of the inhabitants of the communities in Ogbaru wetland of Anambra State, Nigeria. A total of 300 questionnaires dealing on the effects of climate change in the 16 communities of the area were designed and served on the inhabitants through stratified sampling technique for 3 months May – July 2011. Also 40 years meteorological data on temperature, rainfall and relative humidity of the area were sourced from NIMET synoptic station in the area. Data were analysed with the use of Multiple Regression Techniqueto ascertain the collective contributions of the meteorological elements to climate change in the area. Furthermore, cluster analysis was employed to agglomerate the 16 communities into defined groups. Result shows that the three meteorological elements namely Temperature, Rainfall and Relative Humidity, altogether contributed 43% to the overall variation in climate change of the wetland while cluster analysis grouped the 16 communities into three, according to the degree of the impact of climate change on them. Measures aimed at adapting to the adverse impact of the change such as creation of earth dams around the farms, use of markings on walls to gauge the flood height of previous years, employing adequate construction techniques in road construction in the area etc. were discussed.

 

Keywords: - Climate, NIMET, agglomerate, meteorological, variation, synoptic.

[1] Abatam, A.A. (2007): Effect of Air Pollution on the Socio-Economic Development in Nigeriahttp://ihy2007.org/img/IHY, Nigeria Abatam.doc
[2] Adejuwon, I.O. (2006): "Food Crop Production in Nigeria II: Potential effects of climate change". Climatic Research, Vol. 32, pp 229-245.
[3] Anpdover, A.T. (1997): Droughts, Rainfall and Rural Water Supply in Northern Nigeria. PhD Thesis, Department of Geography, Mcmaster University.
[4] Ezenwaji, A.N. (2010). Flood Mitigation Parameters of Apiti Wetland Soil of Umuawulu, Awka South L.G.A., Anambra State. An Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Zoology, NnamdiAzikiwe University, Awka.
[5] Ezenwaji, E.E. (2010): "Climate Change and Household Water Supply Shortages in Onitsha Urban Area, Nigeria" in AnyadikeR.N.C., Madu, I.A. and Ajaero, C.K. (eds), Climate Change and the Nigerian Environment, Jamoe Publishers, Enugu.