Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	Wireless Biomedical Parameter Monitoring System Using Arm Microcontroller: A Review
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Anju.C.K ||, Lekshmi.S
Page No.	::	01-05
	::	10.9790/3021-04530105
	::	0.4/3021-04530105
		3021-0405-0305

The main focus of the paper is to implement a model for the real time patient monitoring system. The proposed system is used to measure the physical parameters like body temperature, heartbeat, ECG, blood sugar, and oxygen level monitoring with the help of biosensors using arm microcontroller.There are number of techniques available for the ICU patient‟s health monitoring system with wired communication technology. In the novel system the patient health is continuously monitored and the acquired data is transmitted to an ARM server using wireless sensor networks.Here zigbee wireless sensor networks are using for the purpose. Embedded processor supports for analyzing the input from the patient and the results of all the parameters are stored in the database. If any abnormality felt by the patient automatic alarm sound will arrive and the message will send automatically the doctor mobile by using GSM module.

 

Keywords: - ARM Processor, sensors, Zigbee, GSM, Biomedical monitoring system

[1] Karandeep Malhi, Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay, Fellow, IEEE, Julia Schnepper, Mathias Haefke, and Hartmut Ewald "A Zigbee-Based Wearable Physiological Parameters Monitoring System" IEEE sensors journal, vol. 12, no. 3, march 2012 online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
[2] b. sirisha, t.sraddha, k. vijayanand "Real-time multi-patient monitoring system using arm and wireless sensor network" International Journal of Communication Network Security, ISSN: 2231 – 1882, Volume-2, Issue-2, 2013
[3] Reza S. Dilmaghani, Hossein Bobarshad, M Ghavami, Sabrieh Choobkar, and Charles Wolfe "Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Physiological Signals of Multiple Patients" IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems, vol. 5, no. 4, august 2011 online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
[4] Yadav Satyendra Satyanarayan, Yadav Raghvendra Satyanarayan, Deep H. Desai "Intelligent Wireless Emergency Alert System for Patient Monitoring using AT89S52 Microcontroller" International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 2, Issue 4, April 2013 online at www.ijareeie.com
[5] shyr-kuen chen, tsair kao, chia-tai chan, chih-ning huang, chih-yen chiang, chin-yu lai, tse-hua tung, and pi-chung wang "A reliable transmission protocol for zigbee-based wireless patient monitoring" IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine, vol. 16, no. 1, January 2012 Online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Paper Type	::	Review Paper
Title	::	A review on various brain tumor detection techniques in brain MRI images
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Komal Sharma ||,Akwinder Kaur ||, Shruti Gujral
Page No.	::	06-12
	::	10.9790/3021-04530612
	::	0.4/3021-04530612
		3021-0405-0312

Magnetic resonance imaging is important imaging technique used in the detection of brain tumor. Brain tumor is one of the most dangerous diseases occurring among the human beings. Brain MRI plays a very important role for radiologists to diagnose and treat brain tumor patients. Study of the medical image by the radiologist is a time consuming process and also the accuracy depends upon their experience. Thus, the computer aided systems becomes very necessary as they overcome these limitations. Several automated methods are available, but automating this process is very difficult because of different appearance of the tumor among the different patients. There are various feature extraction and classification methods which are used for detection of brain tumor from MRI images. In this paper, various approaches are reviewed enlightening the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

 

Keywords: - Feature extraction, Image segmentation, Clustering, Neural Network, MRI image, Tumor detection

[1] Natarajan P, Krishnan.N, Natasha Sandeep Kenkre, Shraiya Nancy, Bhuvanesh Pratap Singh, "Tumor Detection using threshold operation in MRI Brain Images" , IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research, 2012.
[2] Dipali M. Joshi, N. K. Rana, V. M. Misra, " Classification of Brain Cancer Using Artificial Neural Network" , IEEE International Conference on Electronic Computer Technology ,ICECT ,2010.
[3] Safaa E.Amin, M.A. Mageed," Brain Tumor Diagnosis Systems Based on Artificial Neural Networks and Segmentation Using MRI" , IEEE International Conference on Informatics and Systems, INFOS 2012.

[4] Pankaj Sapra, Rupinderpal Singh, Shivani Khurana, "Brain Tumor Detection Using Neural Network" , International Journal of Science and Modern Engineering, IJISME ,ISSN: 2319-6386, Volume-1, Issue-9, August 2013.
[5] Suchita Goswami, Lalit Kumar P. Bhaiya, " Brain Tumor Detection Using Unsupervised Learning based Neural Network" , IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies,2013.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A practical study for incident solar radiation intensity in Basrah province and air temperature
Country	::	Iraq
Authors	::	Asaad R. S. Al-Hilphy ||, Aseel Hassan ||, G. H. Majeed ||, G. Y. Yaqoob
Page No.	::	13-21
	::	10.9790/3021-04531321
	::	0.4/3021-04531321
		3021-0405-0321

The study was conducted in Basrah province, Iraq in 2004 to investigation of incident solar radiation intensity there. The results showed that the solar radiationintensityincreasedwith the increase ofdaylight hoursand reachedto maximumvalue atmid-daythen droppeduntil it reachedlessvalue atfour o'clock inthe evening for allthe differentdaysof theyearmonths.A maximum air temperature reached to 20, 24, 35, 38, 38, 42, 44, 46, 46, 40, 35, and 20 oC from Jan. to Dec. respectively.

 

Keywords:- solar radiation, air temperature, day hours

[1] P. J. Lunde. Solar thermal engineering.Willey , New York . (1980).
[2] Z. Lu, Piedrahita RH, Neto. CDS Generation of daily and hourly solar radiation values for modeling water quality in aquaculture ponds. Transactions of the ASAE, 41(6):1853–9. (1998).
[3] M.A. Machler, Iqbal M. A modification of the ASHRAE clear-sky irradiation model.ASHRAE ,Transactions, 91(1a):106–15. (1985).
[4] T.J. Cartwright. Here comes the Sun: solar energy from a flat-plate collector. In: Modeling the world in a spreadsheet-environmental simulation on a microcomputer. London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 121–44. (1993).
[5] J. H. Trujillo. Solar performance and shadow behaviour in buildings — case study with computer modelling of a building in Loranca, Spain. Building and Environment. 33(2-3):117–30. (1998).

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Design and Performance Analysis of Optical Transmission System
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Virendra kumar ||, , A.K.Jaiswal ||, Mukesh kumar ||, Nilesh agrawal ||, Rohini Saxena
Page No.	::	22-26
	::	10.9790/3021-04532226
	::	0.4/3021-04532226
		3021-0405-0326

In this paper we have discussed a simulated long haul optical transmission system Over the single mode fibre which is prove to the liner chromatic dispersion as well as Non linearity. Both Parameter have been of great concern as these confine the overall Efficiency of the system. Loop control is commonly chosen as an important component in optical communication system. Loop control is very simple, has a multiplier for increasing the length of optical fibre. E DFA is used for amplification of the signal. The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of two different modulation scheme i.e RZ and NRZ modulation format at 10GB/s. RZ and NRZ modulation format is the scheme used to avoid intersymbol interference on an optical carrier wave for transmission over optical fibre. Each modulation method has its own advantages and disadvantages for the particular channel conditions. The performance of RZ and NRZ based simulated optical communication system with single channel over single mode fibre is investigated. Based on modulated outputs of RZ and NRZ codes, a comprehensive comparison is developed in terms of Q factor BER , eye diagrams and average input power to establish the merits and demerits of the RZ formats in short as well as long haul optical communication system.

 

Keywords: - non return to zero,(NRZ), return to zero( RZ), Q factor ,BER

[1] Hamim Nasoha and Sevia M. Idrus, "Modeling and performance Analysis of Radio over fiber system"Asia pacific coference on Applied Electromagnetics Producings photanics technology centre malyasiya. 2007.
[2] Prachi Shukla, Kanwar Preet Kaur "Performance Analysis of EDFA for different Pumping Configurations at High Data Rate" International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue 5 june 2013
[3] A. García-Pérez, J. A. Andrade-Lucio, O. G. Ibarra-Manzano, E. Alvarado-Méndez,,M. Trejo Duran and H. Gutierrez Martin "Modulation Formats for High Bit-Rate Fiber Transmission". Vol. 16 no. 2 Mayo-Agosto 2006.
[4] Bo Xu, "Study of Fiber Nonlinear Effects on Fiber Optic Communication Systems".doctral diss.,University of Virginia, august 2003.
[5] V. Bobrovs, J. Porins, G. Ivanovs "Influence of Nonlinear Optical Effects on the NRZ and RZ Modulation Signals in WDM Systems" ISSN 1392-1215 SIGNALU TECHNOLOGY 2007. Nr 4(76)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Mathematical Modelling of Corrosion Processes of Zinc/Iron roofing sheet in Coastal/Industrial Environment
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Awajiogak A. Ujile ||, and Ehirim O. Emmanuel
Page No.	::	27-35
	::	10.9790/3021-04532735
	::	0.4/3021-04532735
		3021-0405-0335

Mathematical correlation was developed to predict the behaviour of iron roofing sheets on exposure to different environmental conditions. The analytical results from Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) of chromium, iron and zinc contents for the locations considered were fed into the developed equation. Corrosion rates were determined by weight loss method and model, and the results from the two methods were in agreement. The predicted rate constants for location A is 0.036/hr, for location B is 0.0174/hr, while location C is 0.000013. The corrosion rates by weight loss method were 0.51mpy and 0.221mpy for locations A and B respectively, within the first five years of operations, while the corrosion rate at location C from 5 – 10 years, was 0.0068mpy. These results clearly indicate that corrosion is heavier on locations close to the industrial areas. This also shows the negative impact of industrial activities on the corrodible materials and consequently on the plants and environment.

 

Keywords: - Corrosion rate, Corrosion kinetics and Mathematical modelling

[1] Johnson, E. And Linder, M. (1993). The influence of Industrial acidification in the atmospheric corrosion of zinc. Cape Town: Proceedings of 12th International Corrosion Congress 2, 249-560
[2] Cole IS, Neufeld AK, Kao P, Ganther W, Chitomongkol L Barmornsut C, Hue NV, Bernado S and Purwadaria A (1999). Development of performance verification methods for the durability of metallic components in Tropical Countries. Proceedings of the 11th Asian- Pacific Corrosion Control Conference 92 55-57.
[3] Graedel TE and McGill W (2011). Degradation of materials in the Atmosphere. Environmental Science Technology 1093 – 1100.
[4] Cole I.S., Paterson D. A. and Ganther W. D. (2003). Holistic model for atmospheric corrosion Part – 1 theoretical frame work for production, transportation and deposition of marine salts. Corrosion, Engineering, Science and Technology, 38(2), 129-134.
[5] Kearny NJ (No Date). Corrosion Resistance to Atmospheric Corrosion. http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Corrosion-Atmospheric/Corrosion-resistance.htm, accessed 14 December 2013.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Performance Characteristics of a Gasohol Fueled S.I Engine
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Laminu S. Kuburi ||, David O. Obada ||, Ibraheem A. Samotu ||, Chike V. Chira ||, Obinna A. Osuchukwu ||, and M. Jeremiah
Page No.	::	36-41
	::	10.9790/3021-04533641
	::	0.4/3021-04533641
		3021-0405-0341

Ethanol is a renewable fuel which has the added advantage of improving performance in typically knock-limited operating regions due to the higher octane rating of the fuel. Ethanol was synthesized from groundnut seeds using fermentation method. An experiment was then designed to run a gasoline engine. In this work, the effect of ethanol addition to gasoline on the performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine at various speeds was established. Gasoline was blended with 20 – 80% of the extracted ethanol in an interval of 20%. Results of the engine test indicated that blending ethanol in a proportion of 40% with gasoline can be used as a supplementary fuel in modern spark ignition engines as it is expected to achieve optimum performance on the engine.

 

Keywords: - Ethanol, Gasoline, performance, Spark ignition engine

[1] T. Coppin, O. Grondin, N. Maamri, and L. Rambault, "Fuel estimation and air-to-fuel ratio control for flex fuel spark-ignition engines," 2010 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, 2010.
[2] K. Nakata, S. Utsumi, A. Ota, K. Kawatake, T. Kawai, andT. Tsunooka, "The effect of ethanol fuel on a spark ignition engine,"SAE 2006-01-3380, 2006.
[3] P. Caton, L. Hamilton, and J. Cowart, "An experimental and modeling investigation into the comparative knock and performance characteristics of e85, gasohol [e10] and regular unleaded gasoline [87(r+m)/2],"SAE 2007-01-0473, 2007.
[4] Licht, F.O. World Fuel Ethanol Production. Renewable Fuels Association 2009. www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#E.
[5] Blume, D, Alcohol Can Be a Gas; Fueling an Ethanol Revolution for the 21st Century, International Institute for Ecological Agriculture,2007. California, pp. 344.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Studies on Morphological and Thermal Properties of Low Density Polyethylene/Maize Cob Ash Particulate Composite
Country	::	Nigeria.
Authors	::	Chike V. Chira ||, Anthony I. Obi ||, Danjuma S. Yawas ||, David O. Obada ||, Ibraheem A. Samotu ||, & A. Adesanmi
Page No.	::	42-47
	::	10.9790/3021-04534247
	::	0.4/3021-04534247
		3021-0405-0347

A major problem of reinforced composites is that the interfaces between the fiber and matrix become a limiting factor in improving mechanical properties. The effects of reinforcement on the thermal and morphological characteristics of the low density polyethylene/maize cob ash particulate composite are studied. Morphology of the maize cob ash by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive system (EDS), revealed that the maize ash particles were solid in nature but irregular in size. The EDS scan reveal that the microstructure for the maize cob ash consists of only carbon, silicon, oxygen, aluminium and calcium (C, Si, O, Al, Ca). The incorporation of the maize cob ash particles into the recycled low density polyethylene (RLDPE) matrix increased the thermal decomposition temperatures and the residual yields of RLDPE/MCSp composite, and this enhancing effect was more pronounced at higher heating rate. This result indicated that the presence of maize cob particles (MCSp) could lead to the stabilization of RLDPE, resulting in the enhancement of the thermal stability of RLDPE/MCSp composite.

 

Keywords: - Composite, Maize cob ash, Microstructure, Thermal Stability

[1] A. Crasto, S. H. Own, and R. V. Subramanian, Composite Interfaces , H. Ishida and J. L.Koenig, eds., (New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1986), 133.
[2] M. Fishkis, J. R. Yeh, and K. Wefers, J. Materials Science, 29 (1994) 110.
[3] E. A. Feest, Composites, 25 (1994), 75.
[4] S. M. Kunz, K. Chia, C. H. McMurtry, and W. D. G. Boecker, Composite Applications, T. J. Drozda, ed.,(Dearborn, Michigan: Society of manufacture Engineers, 1989), 38.
[5] E. Yasuda, T. Akatsu, Y. Tanabe, and Y. Matsuo, Composite Materials , A. T. Benedetto,L. Nicolais, and R. Watanabe, eds., (New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992) 167.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	The effects of irrigation dams on water supply in Ghana
Country	::	Ghana
Authors	::	SK Agodzo ||, E Obuobie ||, CA Braimah
Page No.	::	48-53
	::	10.9790/3021-04534853
	::	0.4/3021-04534853
		3021-0405-0353

Dams are constructed to even-out floods and droughts. This involves storing water when there is more than enough and using it when there is less than enough. The largest dams in the world (the Three Gorges dam (22.5 GW) in China, Itaipu dam (14 GW) in Brazil and Guri Dam (10 GW) in Venezuela) have been built for hydropower generation. Considering dams with a reservoir capacity of over 1 billion m3, Africa counts 54 of such dams with a total reservoir capacity of about 726 billion m3. Of these dams, 20 are multipurpose dams, mainly used for both hydroelectricity and irrigation, 22 are used mainly for hydroelectricity and 12 mainly for irrigation. In Ghana, the Akosombo, Kpong and Bui dams with a combined reservoir capacity of 162 billion m3 are the largest hydropower facilities but Kpong and Bui also have irrigation purposes covering 3,000 and 5,000 ha of land respectively. Some lake shore irrigation activities also take place on the shores of the Akosombo lake. In addition, there are many other large, medium and small dams serving the purposes of irrigation and other multiple uses in Ghana. The largest irrigation dam in Ghana is located at Tono in the Upper East Region, with a capacity of about 93 million m3 at full supply level. Irrigation dams in Ghana have been used mainly in rice and vegetable production. There are over 380 small to medium reservoirs in the three northern regions with surface areas averaging at 6 – 20 ha. Recently, commercial irrigation activities have sprung up where such water facilities are used for growing fruits and other horticultural crops for export, thus generating jobs and income in crop production. The embankment and catchment protection has been a major problem regarding the management of the dams and reservoirs in Ghana. Larger dams can be disruptive to the surrounding ecosystem, both upstream and downstream. In northern Ghana especially, the problem of reservoir siltation limits the benefits from the reservoirs. In the Upper East Region, crocodiles which are considered sacred and protected animals, live in about 27 reservoirs and often make burrows in the dam walls, thus weakening such structures and making them vulnerable to failure during floods. Structural failures also occur due to poor design and construction. For Ghana, nearly 9.44 million animals in 2010 would have consumed up to 22 million m3 of water. This should be equivalent to the maximum safe storage of the Bontanga reservoir in the Northern Region of Ghana. Irrigation dams in Ghana have served purposes other than irrigation and the need for multiple considerations in design cannot be over-emphasised.

 

Keywords: - dams, floods, droughts, irrigation, multiple use, ecosystem disruption, structural failure.

[1] Agodzo, S. K. 1998. Water management study of six selected irrigation projects in Ghana. FAO-GIDA Project TCP/GHA/6613(T) on the Development of Support Structure for Irrigated Agriculture. Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA), Accra. Ghana. 109pp.
[2] Agodzo, S.K and E.Y.H. Bobobee. 1994. Policy issues of irrigation in Ghana: 1960 – 1990. Proceedings of CIGR World Congress on Agricultural Engineering. Milan, Italy. Aug 29 – Sept. 01. Vol.1. pp 335 - 343.
[3] Bharati, L., C. Rodgers, T. Erdenberger, M. Plotnikova, S. Shumilov, P. Vlek, and N. Martin. 2008. Integration of economic and hydrologic models: exploring conjunctive irrigation water use strategies in the Volta Basin. Agricultural Water Management 95 (8): 925-936.
[4] FAO AQUASTAT (2007). Dams and agriculture in Africa. Land and Water Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
[5] Hagan, I., 2007. Modelling the impact of small reservoirs in the Upper East Region of Ghana. MA Thesis. Lund University, Sweden.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Emission analysis of biogas premixed charge diesel dual fuelled engine
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Hitesh N Prajapati ||, Tushar M Patel ||, and Gaurav P Rathod
Page No.	::	54-60
	::	10.9790/3021-04535460
	::	0.4/3021-04535460
		3021-0405-0360

Increased environmental awareness of resources is driving the industries to develop alternative fuel like Biogas, vegetable oil, CNG, LPG, Producer gas etc.In order to provide suitable substitute of diesel to compression ignition engine. In this investigation, a single cylinder 4-stroke research diesel engine to use biogas in dual fuel mode. The biogas is premixed with air and supplied through inlet manifold.emmision characteristics were studied and compared for neat fuel and dual fuel mode. The experimental result shows the emission of NOx and CO2 dual fuel has lower than the neat fuel operation. The NOx is reduced 27% to 57% and CO2 emission is reduced from 4% to 18% from lower load to higher load condition. The emission of HC, CO and O2, dual fuel has higher than the neat fuel operation. The HC emission is 200 ppm at lower load and this reduced to 63 ppm at higher lad than the neat fuel. CO emission at 0.17% at low load and this reduced to 0.05% which almost same value as neat fuel. And O2 emission is 0.19% higher than the neat fuel operation and this difference is increased with load and the O2 emission is increased to 1.08%.

 

Keywords: - Biogas, Diesel, Dual fuel, Emission

[1] N.H.S.Ray, M.K.Mohanty and R.C.Mohanty, "Biogas as Alternate Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Literature Review" IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) (Sep. - Oct. 2013).
[2] Debabrata Barik, S. Murugan," Production and Application of Biogas as a Gaseous Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines" International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 7, September - 2012 ISSN: 2278-0181
[3] Phan Minh Duc and Kanit Wattanavichien, " Study on biogas premixed charge diesel dual fuelled engine "Energy Conversion and Management 48 (2007) 2286–2308.
[4] N. Tippayawong, a. Promwungkwa and p. Rerkkriangkrai," Durability of a small agricultural engine on Biogas/diesel dual fuel operation" iranian journal of science & technology, transaction b: engineering, vol. 34, no. B2, pp 167-177 Printed in the islamic republic of iran, 2010 © shiraz university
[5] R. Chandra a, V.K. Vijay b, P.M.V. Subbarao cand T.K. Khura a," Performance evaluation of a constant speed IC engine on CNG, methane enriched Biogas and biogas" Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3969–3977, journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy