Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Causes of Cost Overrun In Construction
Country	::	India
Authors	::	T.Subramani || P S Sruthi || M.Kavitha
Page No.	::	01-07
	::	10.9790/3021-04640107
	::	0.4/3021-04640107
		3021-0406-0407

The Indian construction industry is an integral part of country's economy and its growth and a conduit for a substantial part of India's development investment. The industry plays a pivotal role in developing the country's infrastructure, a pre-requisite for high levels of economic growth. Most construction projects experience cost overrun and it put massive financial burden on the client or owner. Therefore this research was carried out to identify the causes leading to cost overrun in construction projects.Desk study along with questionnaire survey was used to identify the causes of cost overrun. A total of 30 filled questionnaires were collected from clients, consultants and contractors. The respondents were asked to rate the listed causes on the basis of probability of occurrence and severity of impact. Importance of each cause was calculated on the basis of cumulative effect of occurrence and impact. Spearman rank order correlation analysis was used to evaluate whether consensus of opinions exists between groups of respondents (client versus consultant, client versus contractor and consultant versus contractor). From the analysis of the results it was found that consensus of opinion exists between respondents on the causes of cost overrun.The results showed that, slow decision making, poor schedule management, increase in material/machine prices, poor contract management, poor design/ delay in providing design, rework due to wrong work, problems in land acquisition, wrong estimation/ estimation method, and long period between design and time of bidding/tendering are the major causes of cost overrun. The major causes as identified by this research were compared with the findings from other countries and there were fairly relevant similarities.

 

Keywords: - Construction projects, Cost overrun.

[1]. Aibinu, A.A. & Jagboro, G.O. (2002), "The Effects of Construction Delays on Project Delivery in Nigerian Construction Industry", Journal of Project Management, Vol. 20, No. B, 593-599.
[2]. Akinci, Burcu. & Fischer, Martin. (1998), "Factors Affecting Contractors' Risk Of Cost Overburden", Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 14, No.1, 67-76.
[3]. Ali, A.S., Kamaruzzaman, S.N. (2010), "Cost Performance for Building Construction Projects in Klang Valley", Journal of Building Performance, Vol. 1, No. 1, 110-110.
[4]. Apolot, Ruth., Alinaitwe, Henry. & Tindiwensi, Dan. (2012) , "An Investigation into the Causes of Delay and Cost Overrun in Uganda‟s Public Sector Construction Projects", Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology.
[5]. Azhar, Nida., Farooqui, Rizwan U. & Ahmed, Syed M. (2008), "Cost Overrun Factors In Construction Industry of Pakistan", First International Conference on Construction In Developing Countries (ICCIDC-I)(Advancing and Integrating Construction Education, Research & Practice) August 4-5, 2008, Karachi, Pakistan.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Sewage Treatment In Salem District
Country	::	India
Authors	::	T.Subramani || D.Porkodi || J.Jayalakshmi
Page No.	::	08-13
	::	10.9790/3021-04640813
	::	0.4/3021-04640813
		3021-0406-0413

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents), domestic, commercial and institutional. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water, although Singapore is the only country to implement such technology on a production scale in its production of new water .We consider wastewater treatment as water use because it is so interconnected with the other uses of water. Much of the water used by homes, industries, and businesses must be treated before it is released back to the environment.If the term "wastewater treatment" is confusing to you, you might think of it as "sewage treatment." Nature has an amazing ability to cope with small amounts of water wastes and pollution, but it would be overwhelmed if we didn't treat the billions of gallons of wastewater and sewage produced every day before releasing it back to the environment. Treatment plants reduce pollutants in wastewater to a level nature can handle. Wastewater is used water. It includes substances such as human waste, food scraps, oils, soaps and chemicals. In homes, this includes water from sinks, showers, bathtubs, toilets, washing machines and dishwashers. Businesses and industries also contribute their share of used water that must be cleaned. Wastewater also includes storm runoff. Although some people assume that the rain that runs down the street during a storm is fairly clean, it isn't. Harmful substances that wash off roads, parking lots, and rooftops can harm our rivers and lakes.

 

Index terms: - Sewage Treatment, Salem District,Environmental Management Plan,

[1]. Abteilung Abfallwirtschaft - Universität für Bodenkultur (ABF-BOKU) August 1997. Examination of Waste Sample Obtained from the Landfill Site Deir el- Balah - Gaza Strip; (Seive Size <25mm). Report.
[2]. ANRED. 1990. Sorting and Composting of Domestic Waste. ANRED Publication 27. France: ANRED.
[3]. Bardos, R. P., P. Hadley, and A. Kendle. 1992. Compost standards without tears: Some ideas from the UK, in Composting and Compost Quality Assurance Criteria, ed. V. Jackson, J-M Merillot, and P. L‟Hermite, ed. Commission of the European Communities.
[4]. Bardos, R. P., P. Hadley, and A. Kendle. 1992. "Composting guidance in the United Kingdom." Biocycle 33:6. Cited in Haug, R. T. 1993. The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers.
[5]. Bidlingmaier, W. Autusm. 1993. "Odor emissions from composting plants." Compost Science and Utilization 1 (4):64-68.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Evaluation of Seismic Retrofitting Techniques Used in Old Reinforced Concrete Buildings
Country	::	Egypt
Authors	::	Ahmed Abdelrahem Farghaly || Ali Mohamed Abdallah
Page No.	::	14-22
	::	10.9790/3021-046401422
	::	0.4/3021-046401422
		3021-0406-0422

Past earthquakes have emphasized the vulnerability of existing structures which did not satisfy modern seismic design requirements and current engineering standards even though they may have been properly designed and constructed according to earlier codes. Many existing buildings may be inadequate and pose severe risk during seismic events. To mitigate the seismic hazard, existing building should be rehabilitated. The rehabilitation measures to upgrade the capacity of these structures can be performed at some point in their useful lives. The evaluation of the seismic capacity of existing buildings and their deficiencies is essential for the design of a rehabilitation technique. The aim of the evaluation and rehabilitation systems is either for collapse prevention to ensure safety of the occupants or to control the damage to ensure the continuity of operation during and after earthquakes. In this paper several retrofit techniques was evaluated by applicable them on different kinds of existing structures to find the best one will be used for each kind of tested structures. Four retrofit techniques (R.C. walls, steel bracing, column jacket, and column strengthen by 4 steel angles each corner) were tested for each selected four existing structure. By examine each technique on each tested structure, the values of top displacement, top floor acceleration, max. base shear, and period time of first mode were varied by response of each applied retrofit techniques and the minimum response will be the choose as arbitrator between different kinds of used techniques to use it as the optimal technique used to retrofit this structure.

 

Index terms: - retrofit; repair/strengthening; rehabilitation; structural intervention.

[1] Ahmed Abdelraheem Farghaly and Ali Mohamed Abdallah 2012," Comparative study on code-based linear evaluation of an existing R.C. school building before and after 1992 Egypt earthquake", Journal of Engineering Since, Assiut University, Vol. 40, No. 6, PP. 715-750.
[2] Ambrose, J. & Vergun, D. - Simplified Building Design for Wind and Earthquake Forces - John Wiley & Sons, INC.1995.
[3] Corneliu Bob, Sorin Dan, CǍTǍLIN Badea, Aurelian Gruin and Liliana Iureș "Rehabilitation of existing structures subjected to extreme events", Buletinul institutului politrhnic din IAŞI Tomul LIII (LVII), Fasc. 1-2, 2007 CovstrucŢ II. ArhitecturǍ.
[4] Elnashai, A.S. and Pinho, R. 1998. Repair and retrofitting of RC walls using selective techniques. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 4, 525-568.
[5] Gajanan, M. et al.1996-Seismic Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures- ACI, SP-160

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Development of RF Remote Control Based Phase Selector System
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	Oduobuk, Enobong Joseph || Idem, Samuel Ntiense || Olom, Peter Nkra
Page No.	::	23-34
	::	10.9790/3021-046402334
	::	0.4/3021-046402334
		3021-0406-0434

An RF remote control based phase selector system was developed. The system is designed with few semiconductors and electromechanical devices. The semiconductor devices includes 555 integrated circuit, 4017 decade counter integrated circuit, transistors and diodes while electromechanical switches used were relays and contactors coupled with other electronic devices. Result shows that, the system starts switching sequentially from one output stage (Phase) to another whenever it senses an RF signal of 300MHz from a VG40T remote control transmitter.

 

Index terms: - Phase Selector, Remote Control, Signal, System, Unit,

[1] Ardeshir S., Mehrzad K. and Mahammad H. G., Electrocution-Related Mortality. Am journal Forensic Medpatol www.amjforensicmedicine.com, 2010, 31(1), Pg 1-8
[2] Amplifier Transistor NPN. Silicon. Motor Role Semiconductor Technical Data. www.datasheet360.com Retrieved 24/05/2014
[3] Colin Mitchell, Talking Electronics. www.talkingelectronics.com, 2012, 1-12, Retrieved: 10/03/2014
[4] Electrical Safety and you, Health Safety and Executive, www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg231.htm, 2013, 1-6, Retrieved: 11/03/2014
[5] Ken Bowron, Electrical Incident Safety Report. www.energysafety.wa.gov.an. 2012, 1-44 Retrieved: 05/05/2014

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Aerodynamic Models and Wind Tunnel for Straight-bladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Country	::	Japan
Authors	::	Qing'an LI || Takao MAEDA || Yasunari KAMADA || Junsuke MURATA || Kazuma FURUKAWA || Masayuki YAMAMOTO
Page No.	::	35-44
	::	10.9790/3021-046403544
	::	0.4/3021-046403544
		3021-0406-0444

This paper has attempted to compile the main aerodynamic models that have been used for performance prediction and design of straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine. Firstly, momentum models (specified as Rotor Blade Model and Streamtube Model) are basically based on calculation of flow velocity through turbine by equating the streamwise aerodynamic force on the blades with the rate of change of momentum of airflow, which is equal to the overall change in velocity times the mass flow rate. And then, according to this theory, Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) was used to investigate two dimensional unsteady flow around Vertical Axis Wind Turbine at three different low tip speed ratios in wind tunnel. In order to clear the characteristics of power coefficient curve, the pressure distribution on the surface of rotor blade were also measured during rotation. Comparing the results, it is concluded that the power coefficient which is calculated from momentum models quantitatively agrees well with the experimental data, except when the blade is at a high tip speed ratio.

 

Index terms: - Wind Turbine, Momentum Model, Straight-bladed VAWT, Pressure Distribution, LDV

[1] F. Scheurich, T.M. Fletcher, and R.E. Brown, Simulating the Aerodynamic Performance and Wake Dynamics of a Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine, Journal of Wind Energy, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2011, 159-177.
[2] T. Maeda, Y. Kamada, J. Murata, Q.A. Li, T. Kawabata and T. Kogaki, Measurements of flow field and pressure distribution of straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine, Proc. European Wind Energy Association Conference and Exhibition, Austria, 2013.
[3] J.F. Manwell, J.G. McGowan1, A.L. Rogers, Wind Energy Explained：Theory, Design and Application, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
[4] C.S. Ferreira, G.V Kuik, G.V Bussel, and F. Scarano, Visualization by PIV of dynamic stall on a vertical axis wind turbine, Exp. Fluids, 2009, 97–108.
[5] M. Islam et al, Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12, 2008, 1087–1109.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	A Mathematical Model For Prolactin Levels In Olanzapine Treatment Of Schizophrenia Patients
Country	::	India
Authors	::	S.Lakshmi || M.Goperundevi
Page No.	::	45-49
	::	10.9790/3021-046404549
	::	0.4/3021-046404549
		3021-0406-0449

Elevated prolactin levels may play important roles, both direct and indirect in various pathologic states, including breast cancer, oesteoporosis, cardiovascular disorders, sexual disturbances and schizophrenia. In our previous paper [7] a two – step strategy for modeling degradation for elevated prolactin levels in patients with Schizophrenia with an initiation period is proposed. As a result we can identify which location parameter needs to be increased in order to improve the overall reliability. Here, in the application part the study was designed to investigate the relationship between the treatment effect of olanzapine and the serum prolactin level in schizophrenia and to investigate the factors that may act as predictors of response for olanzapine treatment. As a result the curves for the availability function and the failure rate density function are obtained for the corresponding medical curve given in the application part.

 

Index terms: - Schizophrenia, Olanzapine, Prolactin, Antipsychotics, Availability Functions.

[1] Ascher H, Feingold H, "Repairable systems reliability: Modeling inference, misconceptions and their causes" New York, Marcel Dekker.
[2] Crow L.H, "Evaluating the reliability of repairable systems", In Proceedings of the Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium: 1990 (pp: 275 – 279)
[3] Dickson R.A, Glazer W.M, Neuroleptic – induced hyperprolactinemia. Schizophr Res 1999; 35: S75 – S86
[4] Jonson E.G, Norton N, Forsland K, et al., Association between a promoter variant in the monoamine Oxidase A gene and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2003; 61(1): 31 – 37.
[5] Kay S.R, Opler L.A, Fiszbein A. Significance of positive and negative syndromes in chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 149: 439 – 448.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of the Wastewater Treatment Plant -Type stabilization ponds- of  Errachidia City     -Morocco- During the Period 2006-2010
Country	::	Morocco
Authors	::	Chaouki HAMID || Lahcen ELWATIK
Page No.	::	50-57
	::	10.9790/3021-046405057
	::	0.4/3021-046405057
		3021-0406-0457

The present study aims to evaluate the the Wastewater treatment plant in the city of Errachidia to know the treatment efficiency for the changing demographics of the city. For this we performed a set of excesses such as: temperature, pH and conductivity (On-the-spot parameters), the biochemical oxygen demand BOD5, the chemical oxygen demands COD and suspended solids SS (Physico-chemical parameters).Recorded the highest yields are observed in the warm periods of the year. These yields are measured from the BOD5 and COD values give respectively 6O% and 51%.

 

Index terms: - Water-treatment plant, treatment, On-the-spot parameters, SS, COD, BOD5.

[1] for the inflow to the station, it has seen an increase in the years 2009 and 2010 due to the increased rate of connection to the sewerage ;
[2] for the treatment efficiency of the station is temperature dependent, however, the yield reached in June 2008 the respective percentages of 78%, 51% and 60% in terms of SS, COD and BOD5.
[3] Moreover, this performance is limited because the treatment is limited in anaerobic lagoons. why pout and meet new emission standards [11], we recommend two solutions:
[4] Improving the technique used in making the facultative lagoons and maturation ;
[5] The transfer of natural lagoons in aerated lagoons, anaerobic lagoons feeding by existing aerators.