Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Strength Properties Of Commercially Produced Clay Bricks In Six Different Locations/ States In Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	E.O Aiyewalehinmi ||, and O. S. Aderinola
Page No.	::	01-10
	::	0.4/3021-05830110
	::	3021-0508-0310

The purpose of this study is to verify whether commercially produced Clay Bricks contribute to collapsing of buildings in Abuja, Oyo, Lagos, Ondo, Edo and River States. 72 different Clay Brick industries were visited in which six industries were randomly selected for the study. Seventy Two Commercially Produced Clay Bricks including the clay soil samples were purchased. They were transported to the department of Civil Engineering Geotechnical Soil and Concrete Laboratory FUTA for analysis. The following Tests were conducted: Sieve Silt Clay, Organic Content, and Compressive Strength. All these tests were performed to ascertain if these commercially purchased clay bricks conform with the NIS 87: 2000, BS 3921: 1965, which specifies that the lowest compressive strength for Load bearing units 2.5N/mm2 while highest is 5.0N/mm2. The results showed that the compressive strength obtained was between 1.509N/mm2 and 13.43N/mm2. All Clay bricks purchased are suitable except B samples Akure 1.509N/mm2.

Keywords: Clay Brick, Sieve analysis, Organic Content, Load bearing, Compressive Strength

[1] American Society for Testing and Materials (2001) Test methods sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units. ASTM C126 C67 Pennsylvania.
[2] Andam K.A (2004): Bricks Blocks and Future Administrative capital of Ghana Academy of
[3] Arts and sciences Inaugural Lecture Knust British Council Hall , Kumas Accra.
[4] http://www.knust.edu.gh/administrative/vcspeeches/ghana%20ACADEMY%20F%20ART%AND%20SCIENCE.pdf.
[5] Baker et al, (Ed). (1991): Durability of building materials and components. Proceeding of the fifth international conference held in Brighton, 7-9 November 1900. Chapman and Hall London, England.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Modeling of Deposition of Nitrogen Compounds In "Grotowice" Intake Zone
Country	::	Poland
Authors	::	Adam Rak ||, Agata Landwójtowicz
Page No.	::	11-18
	::	0.4/3021-05831118
	::	3021-0508-0318

This article attempts to determine the size of the deposition of nitrogen compounds (NOx) per the area of the Main Groundwater Reservoir GZWP 333, in particular area of water intake "Grotowice" was analyzed. The analysis was conducted for two selected years: 2003 and 2013. To estimate the size of wet and dry deposition, EMEP MSC-W model version rv4.5 had been used analyses of the 12 designated points allowed to determine the distribution of wet and dry deposition within the intake zone. It was agreed that on the basis of interpolation of deposition of nitrogen pollutants from the air into the intake zone "Grotowice", surface loads of nitrogen pollution can be pre-defined. Whereas, the analysis of land development has allowed for the identification of the major risk factors for water quality. Despite the fact that the analysis of intake water quality shows a positive and lasting trend of reducing the contents of nitrogen pollution, problem with pollution with nitrogen compounds for the analyzed intake is still valid. On the basis of the analyses, proposals for further testing have been formulated. One of the most important is the need to establish a protective zone for each sump of the intake.

 

Keywords: groundwater, water intake, nitrogen compounds, modeling

[1] http://www.krakow.pios.gov.pl/raport01/czesc 2_2_5.pdf .
[2] Kryza J., Kryza H., Kościański R.K., The management of groundwater resources of Opole region). GZWP - 333 , Aquator Sp. z o.o., Wrocław, Kruger Int.Cons.A.S., Kopenhaga, 1998.
[3] Guzik, M. Nitrates in groundwater of upper catchment of the Liswarta River. Sosnowiec: Bulletin of the Geological Institute 432, pp 55-70, 2008.
[4] Dowgiałło J., Kleczkowski a.S., Macioszyk T., Różycki A. [Red.].,Hydrogeological dictionary), PIG, Warszawa, 2002.
[5] Landwójtowicz A., Rak A., Status and forecast of pollution of underground water with nitrogen compounds of "Grotowice" intake. Materials from 7th National Scientific and Technical Conference "Current Issues in the treatment and distribution of water‟, Gliwice, Silesian University of Technology, Vol. 3 pp. 103-115, 2013.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Thethermodynamic interpretation ofsurface tension constantsof some vegetable oils locally produced in Nigeria
Country	::	Nigeria
Authors	::	J B Yerima ||, and Simon Solomon
Page No.	::	19-23
	::	0.4/3021-05831923
	::	3021-0508-0323

In this paper, the effect of temperature on the surface tension of five vegetable oils locally produced in Nigeria is carried out using capillary rise method. The results show that the surface tensions of these oils vary linearly with temperature. Based on this linear behavior, the thermodynamic constants such as critical temperature, surface tension at absolute zero Kelvin, molar volume, reference temperature and surface tension, exponent β, reference and critical pressures of the oils were calculated. The results show that the thermodynamic constants depend on the nature of the oils, that is, the oils have different thermodynamic constants.

 

Keywords: surface tension, vegetable oils, thermodynamic constants, temperature, capillary rise

[1] Adam,N K (1941). The Physics and Chemistry of surfaces, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press
[2] Dikko A B, Oriolowo N Z and Edwin S (2015) The effect temperature change on the surface tension of some locally produced vegetable oils in Yola, Nigeria. IJMRD 2, 1. 118-121
[3] EmekaE I (2003) Introduction to University Physics, Beacon Printing Press Jos, Nigeria
[4] en.wikipedia.org/Eotvos rule Retrieved 2007
[5] Eotvos L (1886) Annalen der physik 27, 448. Missing or empty/title= (help) cited in:palit, Santi. R (1956)

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Experimental Investigation to Evaluate the Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Mahua Oil Biodiesel
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Kumar Raunak ||, Farman Khan
Page No.	::	24-30
	::	0.4/3021-05832430
	::	3021-0508-0330

Nowadays the crude oil is depleting at a fast rate and cannot be produced in short duration of time as it is non-renewable source of energy,therefore it is high time to study & research over and to act towards the sustainable use of our natural resources like petroleum products.Biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel created from vegetable oils, animal fats, and greases through a chemical process. The chemical process involves reaction of natural oils with an alcohol, and then refining the mixture to create molecules which can be easily burned in a diesel engine.In the present study,biodiesel extracted from mahua oil was taken & the evaluation of the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine fuelled with different blends of biodiesel extracted from mahua oil biodiesel was done. The c.i. engine was single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, and naturally aspirated direct injection (DI) diesel locomotive. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the engine fuelled with mahua oil biodiesel and diesel blends was investigated and compared with that of standard diesel. The experimental results confirm that the Brake thermal efficiency(BTE), Brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC), exhaust gas temperature are the function of biodiesel blend and load. For similar operating conditions, a particular blend gave better engine performance and reduced emissions compared to other blends in comparison to standard diesel. The brake thermal efficiency of mahua biodiesel blends is higher than that of diesel at all load conditions. Results showed that biodiesel obtained from Mahua oil can be used as a great and sustainable substitute for fossil fuels.

 

Keywords: Biodiesel, Combustion, Performance, Emissions, Mahua Oil, Load, BSFC,BTE.

[1] Demirbas A. (2005) "Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and noncatalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods". Prog Energy Combus Sci;31:466–87.
[2] Sree, R, SeshuBabu, N, Sai Prasad, P.S, &Lingaiah, N.(2008) "Transesterification of edible and non-edible oils over basic solid Mg/Zr catalysts". Fuel Processing Technology2009;90(1),152–157
[3] Kittiphoom Suppalakpanya1, Sukritthira Ratanawilai, Ruamporn Nikhom, and Chakrit Tongurai, (2011) "Production of ethyl ester from crude palm oil by two-step reaction using continuous microwave system." Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 2011; 33(1):79-86.
[4] Man Kee Lam, Keat Teong Lee (2010) "Renewable and sustainable bioenergies production from palm oil mill effluent:Win–win strategies toward better environmental protection" Biotechnology Advances 29 (2011);124–141
[5] Xiaoling miao,Rongxiu Li,Hongyan Yao (2009) "Effective acid-catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production" Energy Conversion and Management(2009); 50(10):2680-2684.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Application of multiple attribute and geostatistics inversion to predict reservoir in the A area, songliao basin
Country	::	China
Authors	::	Yushuang Hu ||, Lei Wang ||, Zhiming Zhang ||, Shiqin Zhang
Page No.	::	31-35
	::	0.4/3021-05833135
	::	3021-0508-0335

The A area is located in the songliao basin, the target layer of fuyu formation is characterized by thin reservoir thickness, transverse change fast, impedance overlapping of reservoir and surrounding rock, which lead to difficult reservoir prediction. According to the application of the integration of seismic data, logging data, drilling, logging, testing data, the high precision earth's physical parameters can reflect the reservoir lateral variation, and depict the basic characteristics of the reservoir depict the basic characteristics of reservoir. For geophysical conditions, optimizing coherent, frequency division attribute qualitative prediction of fuyu reservoir sand body distribution rule of every sand formation. Quantitative prediction of geostatistics inversion in this research area of every sand formation sand body distribution, combine with well logging and testing data, which is well matching with the existing drilling and provide a reference for the further oil and gas exploration.

 

Keywords: coherent; frequency division; geostatistical inversion; reservoir prediction

[1] Greg P, James G, John L. Interpretational application of spectral decomposition in reservoir characterization [J]. The Lead-ing Edge,1999.18 (3):353一360.
[2] Cai Gang, Lu Ximin, Su Mingjun. etc. Application of frequency spectrum decomposition technique in exploration in the Junggar basin [J]. Natural gas industry, 2006, 26(4):35-37.
[3] Michael J. Zeitlin. How 3-D visualization will change interpretation strategies in future oil companies[J]，The Leading Edge, 2001, 20 (12),1370.
[4] Qiao yaojun, Liu xuejun, Ji yuefeng. Joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems[J]. Chinese Physics B. 2011(11):1-5.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Predictive Analysis of Groundwater Trends in Five Blocks of Sundarban Area in North 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, Through GIS Application
Country	::	India
Authors	::	Sayani Das
Page No.	::	36-44
	::	0.4/3021-05833644
	::	3021-0508-0344

Geoinformatics (GIS) is a special type of Information and Communications Technology ICT that integrates hardware, software and data for capturing, managing, analyzing and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information for comprehending geography and making intelligent decisions. Open source GIS is an easily available, free of cost user friendly software that integrates geographically referenced maps and data. Groundwater related data generated by State Water Investigation Directorate (SWID) and other agencies along with Minor Irrigation Census data have been integrated and analyzed in MapWindow 4.0 GIS platform for 5 saline blocks of North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal, India. Groundwater level, groundwater quality and Minor Irrigation (MI) census data of 2001 and 2007 have been analyzed along with trend of groundwater levels in each block. These blocks show high level of groundwater development against the backdrop of high salinity of groundwater. This GIS based analysis gives a transparent visualization of the groundwater scenario for the policy maker as well as for administrators even in an open source platform.

 

Keyword: Chloride, GIS, pH, TDS, Trend of ground water level

[1] Acharya, S.K. (2005), Arsenic levels in groundwater from Quaternary alluvium in Ganga plain and the Bengal Basin, Indian subcontinent. Insights into influences of stratigraphy. Gondwana Research, Vol.8 pp. 55-66.
[2] Chatterjee, A., Das, D., Mandal, B.K., Roy Chowdhury, T., Samanta, G. and Chakraborti, D.,1995.Arsenic in groundwater in six districts of West Bengal, India, The biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part-1. Arsenic species in drinking water and urine of the affected people. Analyst,120, 643-650. Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants 1977. Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants Arsenic, pp. 8, 18. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
[3] CGWB, 1994c. Hydrogeology and groundwater resource of North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. Technical report, series D, Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Eastern Region, Government of India.
[4] CGWB, 1994d. Hydrogeology and groundwater resource of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Technical report, series D, Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Eastern Region, Government of India.Das, D., Chatterjee, A., Mandal, B.K., Samanta, G., Chanda, B. and Chakraborti, D. 1995.Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India, The biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part-2. Arsenic concentration in drinking water, hair, nail, urine, skin-scale and liver tissue (biopsy) of the affected people. Analyst, 120, 917-924.

[5] M. McArthur, D.M. Banerjee, K.A. Hudson-Edwards, R. Mishra, R. Purohit,P.Ravenscroft, A.Cronin, R.J. Howarth, A.Chatterjee, T.Talukder, D.Lowry, S.Houghton, and D.K. Chadha,2004: "Natural organic matter in sedimentary basins and its relation to arsenic in anoxic ground water: the example of West Bengal and its worldwide implications". Applied Geochemistry 19, 1255-1293 published in 2004.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Numerical Solution of a Linear Black-Scholes Models: A Comparative Overview
Country	::	Bangladesh.
Authors	::	Md. Kazi Salah Uddin ||, Md. Noor-A-Alam Siddiki ||, Md. Anowar Hossain
Page No.	::	45-51
	::	0.4/3021-05834551
	::	3021-0508-0351

Black-Scholes equation is a well known partial differential equation in financial mathematics. In this paper we try to solve the European options (Call and Put) using different numerical methods as well as analytical methods. We approximate the model using a Finite Element Method (FEM) followed by weighted average method using different weights for numerical approximations. We present the numerical result of semi-discrete and full discrete schemes for European Call option and Put option by Finite Difference Method and Finite Element Method. We also present the difference of these two methods. Finally, we investigate some linear algebra solvers to verify the superiority of the solvers.

 

Keywords: Black-Scholes model; call and put options; exact solution; finite difference schemes, Finite Element Methods.

[1] P. E. Lewis and J. P. Ward, The Finite Element Method: Principles and Applications, ADDISONWESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1991.
[2] M. Bakker, One-dimensional Galerkin methods and super convergence at interior nodal points, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 21(1):101–110, Feb 1984.
[3] S. K. Bhowmik, Stable numerical schemes for a partly convolutional partial integrodifferential equation, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 217(8):4217–4226,2010.
[4] S. K. Bhowmik,Numerical approximation of a convolution model of dot theta-neuron networks, Applied Numerical Mathematics, 61:581–592, 2011.
[5] S. K. Bhowmik, Stability and convergence analysis of a one step approximation of a linear partial integro- differential equation, Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equation, 27(5):11791200, September 2011.

Paper Type	::	Research Paper
Title	::	Comparison of Switching Methods for Asymmetric Cascaded HBridge Multilevel Inverter
Country	::	Iran
Authors	::	Mohammad Soltani ||, Mohammad Hosein khanzade
Page No.	::	52-60
	::	0.4/3021-05835260
	::	3021-0508-0360

Recently, multilevel inverters using for medium voltage drive are controlled with various modulation techniques. Although we have seen in Asymmetric Cascaded H-Bridge topologies having unequal input dc voltages significant improvement than others, its switching is complex. In this study all three applicable methods on Asymmetric CHB, SHE, NLC and Multi-carrier, are analyzed. In multi-carrier switching method for this topology the number of subject switches is less than carriers. We introduce equations for combine the PWMs to use the controllability advantage of the multi-carrier method in asymmetric topology. Comparing these methods shows although the SHE and NLC have lower THD; they are Off-Line methods and are not applicant for closed-loop systems. Finally, results indicate that multi-carrier method has an appropriate harmonic function and has advantage rather than two other switching methods for asymmetric multi-level inverter respect to its Online nature.

 

Keywords: - Multilevel inverter, Asymmetric CHB, combined PWM, THD.

[1] Rodriguez J., Lai J. S.and Peng F. Z., ―Multilevel Inverters: Survey of Topologies, Controls, and Applications,‖ IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 49, no. 4, Aug. 2002, pp. 724-738.
[2] Hammond P., ―A new approach to enhance power quality for medium voltage ac drives,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Applica., vol. 33, pp. 202–208,Jan./Feb. 1997.
[3] Rodriguez, J.; Bernet, S.; Bin Wu; Pontt, J.O.; Kouro, S., "Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.54, no.6, pp.2930,2945, Dec. 2007.
[4] Abu-Rub H., Holtz J., Rodriguez. J., Baoming G., ―Medium-Voltage Multilevel Converters—State of the Art, Challenges, and Requirements inIndustrial Applications‖ IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 8, August 2010.
[5] Bin Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives (New York: IEEE Press/Wiley Interscience, 2006).