The main objective of this article is the description, analysis and explanation of the development of an integrated management model, supported by the LEAN management philosophy, for industrial companies with implantation in the markets, but without the adoption of the systemic thinking of business management. The methodology used was the integration of a model supported by the EFQM – European Foundation for Quality Management system, with the principles, tools and indicators of the LEAN management philosophy. The fundamental discoveries found in the analysis and application of the case study are located in four fundamental aspects, related to the definition of a purpose for the company, the clear and correct description of the business processes involved, the involvement of people and teams and the application of a thought of continuous and permanent improvement......

Keywords: LEAN ; Management ; Model ; System ; Indicator.

[1]. Aberta University (2020). Site statement on Total Quality management integrated models.
[2]. Kokubu, K. & Tachikawa, H. (2013). "Material Flow Cost Accounting: Significance and Practical Approach?" in Handbook of Sustainable Engineering, Dordrecht: Springer.
[3]. Kaplan, R. & Norton, S. (2007). Time Driven Activity Based Costing, A Simpler and More Powerful Path to Higher Profits, Harvard Business School Press.
[4]. Monden, R. (2012). TQM integrated models. Harvard Business School Press.
[5]. Romana, F. (2016). Lean Marketing and Consumption, Bubok Publications.

Barring all the other available resources, the solar energy is the most abundant and it is comparatively easy to convert into electrical energy. The usage of solar panel to convert Sun energy into electrical energy is very popular, but due to the transition of sun from east to west, the fixed solar panel may not be able to generate optimum energy. The proposed system solves this problem by an arrangement for the solar panel to track the Sun. This paper presents the use of a solar panel mounted to a programmed servor motor to track the sun so that maximum sun light is made incident upon the panel at any given time of the day. This is better compared to the traditional method that may not be accurate always – for example, during cloudy days.Also tracking the direction,position of sun improves energy production or yeild by 40% which in turn reduces the cost and the number of panel required will be reduced..........

Keywords: Sun tracking, renewable energy, microcontroller, MSP430, data transfer control.

[1]. Kamrul Islam Chowdhury, Md.Iftekhar-ul-Alam, Promit Shams Bakshi, "Performance Comparison Between Fixed Panel, Single-axis and Dual-axis Sun Tracking Solar Panel System," BRAC University, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2017.
[2]. Mayank Kumar Lokhande, "Automatic Solar Tracking System," International Journel of Core Engineering & Management, October, 2014.
[3]. http://www.optimum-tracker.com/solartrackers
[4]. https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc20_ee98/unit?unit=96&lesson=98
[5]. https://forum.43oh.com/topic/3838-servo-control-with-msp430-g2553/

The depletion of fossil fuels and the concomitant harmful health and environmental impacts during exploration, production and combustion have heightened research interests in the search for more sustainable, renewable and clean sources. Biofuels, including biogas, biohydrogen, bioethanol, biodiesel, and biobutanol, are seen as a major contributor to future sustainable energy mix for domestic and industrial applications hence, significant research efforts are focused on developing biofuels using a wide range of biomass resources and conversion technologies. Biochemical, thermochemical and microbial electrosynthesis conversion approaches have been used to generate different types of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass, grass, algae and microorganisms under lab and pilot-scale conditions. However, technological, cost and environmental challenges exist with continuous large-scale production to accommodate current and future demands. This article provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary advances in biomass conversion technologies and discusses process concerns associated with full-scale industrial systems design and development for commercial production of biofuels. It presents contemplations on key strategies to address specific challenges associated with some promising biomass conversion technologies for process scale application.

[1]. Serrano-Ruiz, J.C., Dumesic, J.A., Catalytic routes for the conversion of Biomass into liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels. Energy and Environmental Science, 2011: p. 115-156.
[2]. Artan, A., et al., Process Analysis of Microalgae Biomass Thermal Disruption for Biofuel Production, in Advances in Bioprocess Technology, P. Ravindra, Editor. 2015, Springer International Publishing. p. 113-131.
[3]. Edeseyi, M.E., et al., Rethinking sustainable biofuel marketing to titivate commercial interests. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015. 52: p. 781-792.
[4]. Stocker, M., Biofuels and Biomass to liquid fuels in the Biorefinery: Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using porous materials. Angewandte Chemie, 2008: p. 9200-9211.
[5]. IEA, Biofuel Production. Energy Technology Essentials, 2007: p. 4.

Catamarans and trimarans may have problems in road transportation or marina berthing because of their large width. Therefore, several folding mechanisms have been designed to reduce their width. In this paper a new horizontal folding mechanisms is presented, which is much simpler and more stable than many existing. Furthermore, the length of the boat is not increased much when folded in. The mechanism may be used for catamarans and trimarans. The hulls of a catamaran or the outriggers of a trimaran are connected with beams that are separated in the center, where they overlap. Close to the center, the half beams are hinged to struts which connect both half beams and rotate during the folding process. The struts have a hole at their center that coincides with holes of the overlapping half beams when folded out..........

Keywords: Horizontal folding mechanism, catamaran, trimaran, multihull

[1]. S. Stange, Patent No. DE102005034981B3, granted 22.11.2006, Mehrrumpfwasserfahrzeuge variabler Breite mit 2 bewohnbaren Schwimmern [Multihull Crafts of Variable Width with 2 Habitable Floats]
[2]. P. G. Carrieri, Patent No. WO2006/013591, granted 09.02.2006, Multihull Boat with Variable Width
[3]. I: Lindsay, Patent No. US3937166A, granted 10.02.1976, Float Connection Assemblies for Multi-Hulled Boats
[4]. I. Farrier, Patent No. US5038697A, granted 15.08.1991, Variable Beam Float Connection Assemblies for Trimarans
[5]. H. Breuer, Patent pending, received 16.02.2021 at Deutsches Patent. und Markenamt [German Patent and Brand Office], Document Reference No. 2021021614461200DE, Official File No. 10 2021103 600.3, Vertikale Klappmechanismezur Breitenverringerung von Mehrrumpfbooten, [Vertical Folding Mechanisms for Beam Reduction of Multihull Boats], Information at harald_breuer@hotmail.com

In this study, a description procedure of WTi nanoparticles produced by DC magnetron sputtering in a plasma-gas-condensation cluster source is presented. After optimizing the parameters of the nanoparticles' formation, they were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The deposition Rate of the nanoparticles is 240 nm/min, which is relatively high, and their diameters ranged between 20 – 60 nm. All analyzed samples contain oxygen as confirmed by EDS analysis. XRD and TEM analyses emphasize the crystalline structure of the nanoparticles with a dominant α- W phase structure.

Keywords: About WTi nanoparticles, TEM analysis, Sputtering.

[1] P.K. Sahoo, S.S. Kalyan Kamal, M. Premkumar, T. Jagadeesh Kumar, B. Sreedhar, A.K. Singh, S.K. Srivastava, K. Chandra Sekhar, Synthesis of tungsten nanoparticles by solvothermal decomposition of tungsten hexacarbonyl, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 27, 2009, 784–791.
[2] M.A. Syed, U. Manzoor, I. Shah, H.A. Bukhari, Antibacterial effects of Tungsten nanoparticles on the Escherichia coli strains isolated from catheterized urinary tract infection (UTI) cases and Staphylococcus aureus, New Microbiol. 33, 2010, 329–335.
[3] O. V Salata, Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine, J. Nanobiotechnology. 2, 2004, 1–6.
[4] L. Qi, P.H. McMurry, D.J. Norris, S.L. Girshick, Impact dynamics of colloidal quantum dot solids,Langmuir. 27,2011, 12677–12683.
[5] M. Nagao, A. Hayashi, M. Tatsumisago, High-capacity Li2S–nanocarbon composite electrode for all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries, J. Mater. Chem. 22, 2012, 10015.

The existence of the Container Terminal of Makassar New Port (MNP) strongly supports economic activities in Eastern Indonesia, especially in the South Sulawesi region. The need for scouting services is important for ship movement activities, to reduce ship dwelling time in port and ship queues. The availability of scouting services is related to the increase of ship activity arrival and departure of the ship at port. This study aims to find out how scouting services are related to the development of ship activities in MNP. This research uses qualitative and quantitative methods, it can be explained that the scouting service time from preparation, mooring and unmooring is still lower by about 25% of the operational service standards by the Directorate General of Sea Transportation. The need for scouting personnel in the next 10 years with optimal conditions for scouting services will allow them to be served with scouting facilities as they are now.

Keywords: Scouting, Ship call, Port Facilities, Sea Transportation

[1]. Jinca, M.Y. 2011. Indonesian Sea Transportation System Analysis and Case Study. Brilliant International. Surabaya
[2]. Jinca M.Y, et al. 2014. Container Sea Transportation Demand In Eastern Indonesia. International Refereed Jurnal Of Engineering And Science (IRJES) ISSN (online) 2319-183X, (print) 2319-1821, Volume 2, Issue 9 (September 2013), PP. 19-25
[3]. Eva Susanti Parassa, Shirly Wunas, Ani Haris Muhammad. 2016. An Analysis Of The Container Terminal Development As The Concept Of Archipelago Pendulum At Soekarno Hatta Port. International Refereed Journal Of Engineering And Science (IRJES), ISSN (online), 2319-183X(print) 2319-1821, Volume 5, Issue 7 (July 2016), PP 43-49, (Last accessed on January 2, 2021).
[4]. Pelindo IV (Persero) Makassar Branch. 2017. Makassar.
[5]. Paulus Raga, M.Yamin Jinca, Saleh Pallu, Ganding Sitepu. 2014. Container Transport Network Analysis Investment Region And Port Transshipments For Sulawesi Economic Corridor. International Refereed Journal Of Engineering And Science (IRJES) ISSN (online) 2319-183X, (print) 2319-1821, Volume 3, Issue 4 (April 2014), PP. 01-07

A system that has moving vehicles and infrastructural roadside units communicating with each other to provide live information about the road, such as traffic congestion and warnings, thus acting as communication nodes is called as a Vehicular Communication system. To realize high data rate waves with large spectral channels are required and mm Wave band have large spectral band, hence it is considered among other waves. Being a communication system with the general structure of Transmitter-Channel-Receiver, the efficiency and usability of the system heavily depends upon the Channel constraints and factors. Hence with respect to designing the system, detailed understanding of channel estimation through factual simulations and literature review becomes mandatory. This paper focuses on modelling the channel and simulating the required channel estimation parameters through MATLAB and MATLAB's LTE Toolbox. In this paper, two different algorithms were used, including Maximum Likelihood Estimate and Least Squares. The result has shown that Least Squares estimate provides a much better signal estimation.

Keywords: Millimeter Wave Communication, Vehicular Communication, Maximum Likelihood Estimate, Least Square ML Estimate

[1]. Sina Shaham, Ming Ding, Shuping Dang, Zihuai Lin, Matthew Kokshoorn, and Rana Abbas (2019). Fast Channel Estimation and Beam Tracking for Millimeter Wave Vehicular Communications. arXiv:1806.00161v[eess.SP, 25 (Sep).
[2]. Ahmed Alkhateeb, Omar El Ayach, Geert Leus, Robert W. Heath (2014). Channel Estimation and Hybrid Precoding for Millimeter Wave Cellular System. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, Volume: 8, Issue: 5 (October).
[3]. Katsuyoshi Sato, Masayuki Fujise (2006). Propagation Measurements for Inter-Vehicle Communication in 76- GHz Band. 6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications.
[4]. Sooyoung Hur, Taejoon Kim, David J. Love, James V. Krogmeier, Timothy A. Thomas and Amitava Ghosh (2013). Millimeter Wave Beamforming for Wireless Backhaul and Access in Small Cell Networks. IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 61, No. 10, (October).
[5]. Nil Garcia, Henk Wymeersch, Erik G. Strom, and Dirk Slock (2016). Location-Aided Mm-Wave Channel Estimation for Vehicular Communication. IEEE 17th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC).

Desenvolvimento: Um sistema de abastecimento de água, dá-se por um conjunto de equipamentos, obras e serviços direcionados para suprir de água potável a comunidades com o propósito de consumo doméstico, industrial e público. A cidade de Sousa - Paraíba, seu abastecimento de água é realizado a partir da captação das águas do açude de São Gonçalo. Diante o exposto, que se coloca este trabalho ao retratar o sistema de abastecimento da cidade de Sousa - PB, apresentando dados e informações da cidade ligadas ao abastecimento, propondo e avaliando o gerenciamento eficiente e eficaz nos serviços de abastecimento de água que são prestados à população.........

[1]. ABRANTES, G.G.A. de. Suspensão judicial das outorgas do direito de uso dos recursoshídricos na bacia hidráulica do açude de São Gonçalo, Sousa-PB: uma análise jurídico-hídrica. Dissertação (Mestrado em Sistema Agroindustriais) CCTA / UFCG,Pombal, 2017.
[2]. AESA. Agência Executiva de Gestão das Águas do Estado da Paraíba. João Pessoa, 2021.
[3]. BATISTA, R.L. Planejamento da utilização da água de um sistema hídrico: um estudo de caso no reservatório São Gonçalo – Sousa/PB. (TCC), 87f. Curso de Administração; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG: 2013.
[4]. BORGES, C. G. Análise de oportunidades de redução do consumo de água em processos industriais (caso CST). Dissertação de Mestrado. Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção: Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB, 2018.
[5]. BORJA, P. C. Política pública de saneamento básico: uma análise da recente experiência brasileira. Saúde soc. v. 23, n. 2, São Paulo, Apr./June, 2014.

Background: West Kalimantan is one of provinces in Indonesia which has waters which are often exposed to environmental impacts due to human activities. Photosynthesis is produced from phytoplankton organisms which have chlorophyll pigment. One of the water parameters is chlorophyll. The concentration of chlorophyll can describe the high primary productivity of a waters because it is related to the abundance of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton act as primary producers3, 4. One way to observe the concentration and distribution of chlorophyll is to use remote sensing technology. Remote sensing technology allows the coverage of the observation area to be wider, making it easier to map the distribution of chlorophyll in a waters........

Keywords: VIIRS-SNPP, Chlorophyll, Distribution, Concentration

[1]. Burke, L., Kura, Y., Kassem, K., Revenga., K., Spalding, M and McAlister, D. Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: Coastal Ecosystems. Washington DC : World Research Institute. 2001.
[2]. Oney, B., Shapiro, A and Wegman, M. Evolution of water quality around the island of Borneo during last 8 – years. Procedia Environtmental Science, vol 7, pp 200 – 2015. 2011.
[3]. [BIG] Badan Informasi Geospasial (Geospatial Information Agency). Pemetaan Karakteristik Laut Dangkal Utara Jawa Timur, Cibinong, Jawa Barat : BIG, 2015.
[4]. Abbas, M.M., Melesse A.M.,Scinto L.J.,dan Rehage, J.S. Satellite estimation of chlorophyll-a using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor in shallow coastal water bodies: Validation and Improvement. Water, vol. 16 no. 1621, pp. 1 – 17. 2019.
[5]. Suprijanto, J., Widowati, I., Wirasatriya, A., and Khasanah, U.N. Spatio-temporal distribution of chlorophyll-a in the northern waters of central java using Aqua-MODIS. 4th International Conference on Tropical and Coastal Region Eco Development. IOP Conf. Ser. : Earth Environ. Sci.vol. 246 no. 012050, pp. 1 – 6. 2019.

After defining, the golden ratio prime numbers with three prime digits will be presented . How many golden ratio prime numbers with three prime digits are there in the interval (10 n-1, 10n) (where n≥2 integer number)? On the one hand, it has been counted by computer among the prime numbers with three prime digits. On the other hand, the function (1), (2), (3), (4) gives the approximate number of golden ratio prime numbers with three prime digits in the interval (10n-1,10n). Near-proof reasonig has emerged from the conformity of Mills' prime numbers with golden ratio prime numbers with three prime digits. The sets of golden ratio prime numbers with three prime digits are probably infinite

[1]. http://oeis.org/A019546
[2]. Freud, Robert – Gyarmati, Edit: Number theory (in Hungarian), Budapest, 2000
[3]. http://ac.inf.elte.hu → VOLUMES → VOLUME 44 (2015)→ VOLLPRIMZAHLENMENGE→FULL TEXT
[4]. http://primes.utm.edu/largest.html
[5]. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SmarandacheSequences.html

Devices like computers, mobile phones, and other wireless equipment can be interfaced with the Internet by Wi-Fi, a wireless networking technology. Through a wireless router, internet connectivity is established. When Wi-Fi is accessed by devices, they are being connected to a wireless router that allows the devices to interface with the internet in a compatible manner. The Radiation from Wi-Fi module does not spread equally in space. This work deals with mapping the radiation in space and to track the positions where the maximum radiation is obtained for a wireless device. A highly directive receiving antenna is used to measures the power dissipated by the router at each location in a building/office. This power reading is converted into a 2D image and overlaid on top of a real-life image which can help consumers easily identify the distribution of Wi-Fi signals in their building.

Keywords: Antenna, Wi-Fi, Directivity, Heatmap

[1]. C. Loyez, M. Bocquet, C. Lethien and N. Rolland, "A Distributed Antenna System for Indoor Accurate Wi-fi Localization," in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.14 pp. 1184-1187, 2015, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2015.2396901
[2]. N. Destria et al., "Design of 2.4 GHz Helix antenna for increasing wifi signal strength using Mmanagal and wirelessmon application," 2017 International Conference on Computing, Engineering, and Design (ICCED), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2017, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/CED.2017.8308117.
[3]. Z. N. Chen, X. Qing, T. S. P. See and W. K. Toh, "Antennas for Wi-fi Connectivity," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2322- 2329, July 2012, doi:10.1109/JPROC.2012.2183830
[4]. https://www.mathworks.com/help/simulink/gs/create-a-simple model.html
[5]. https://www.mathworks.com/help/simrf/ug/simulation-of-rf-systemswith-antenna blocks.html#d123e11428

Aiming at network transmission efficiency of time-triggered Ethernet (TTE) , especially the message scheduling and link planning in the network also depend on the traditional manual configuration, this paper presents a method of TTE network communication link planning based on brainstorming optimization algorithm.By defining the constraints in the automatic planning of TTE network communication link, a planning model including load balancing and shortest path constraints is established, and a scheme of TTE network communication link planning based on brainstorming optimization algorithm is designed.Finally, the effectiveness and stability of the method are verified by simulation experiments, and the effective automatic planning of the TTE network communication link is carried out to improve the network transmission efficiency

Keywords: Time triggered Ethernet,Brainstorming algorithm,load balancing,heuristic algorithm,shortest path

[1] KOPETZ H, Bauer G. The time-triggered architecture[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2003, 3(13):112-126
[2] Luan bu qun. research on time-triggered service scheduling algorithm in time-triggered Ethernet [D]. xidian university, 2019.
[3] Lee Kyoungsun, Ozsen Leyla. Tabu search heuristic for the network design model with lead time and safety stock considerations[J]. Computers & Industrial Engineering,2020,148 (prepublish)
[4] Tang Yu, Li Qiao, Jia Qiming. Time-triggered distributed task load balancing method for Ethernet [J]. Computer Engineering and Design, 2018,35(05):1501-1505.
[5] Tan Shenglan. Application of Simulated Annealing Genetic Algorithm in Network Load Balancing [J]. Computer Simulation, 2018,28(12):111-114.

The fault-tolerant reconstruction of the integrated modular avionics system electronic system can effectively improve the reliability of the system and ensure the normal operation of system functions. Accurate analysis of the reconstruction time of the integrated modular avionics system is helpful to evaluate the rationality of the reconstruction blueprint and the reliability of the reconfigurable integrated modular avionics system. Based on the in-depth study of the integrated modular avionics system architecture, software and hardware configuration, and system reconstruction process, this paper analyzes the system reconstruction time of different reconstruction modes in view of the uncertainty and diversity of the system reconstruction........

Keywords: integrated modular avionics system, reconfiguration, time analysis, system verification

[1] Peter David Hubbard: Fault Management via Dynamic Reconfiguration for Integrated Modular Avionics[R]. May 2015
[2] Air Traffic Organization Operation Planning Office of Aviation. DOT/FAA/AR-07/48.Research handbook for Real-Time Operating Systems integration and component integration considerations in integrated modular avionics systems[R]. Jan 2008
[3] Rufino J , Filipe S , Coutinho M , et al. ARINC 653 Interface in RTEMS[J]. 2007.
[4] Ju H , Wang S , Zhao T . A safety evaluation method for the process of IMA dynamic reconfiguration[C]. Control Conference. IEEE, 2016.
[5] Gu Q, Wang G, Wu J, et al. Dynamic Reconfiguration mechanism for Distributed Integrated Modular Avionics System[C]// Aiaa Aviation Technology, Integration, & Operations Conference. 2015.

ABSTRACTIndian Railways is the largest railway network in Asia and additionally world's second largest network operated underneath a single management. Due to its large size it is difficult to monitor the cracks in tracks manually. This paper deals with this problem and detects cracks in tracks with the help of ultrasonic sensor attached to moving assembly with help of stepper motor. Ultrasonic sensor allows the device to moves back and forth across the track and if there is any fault, it gives information to the cloud server through which railway department is informed on time about cracks and many lives can be saved. This is the application of IoT, due to this it is cost effective system. This effective methodology of continuous observation and assessment of rail tracks might facilitate to stop accidents. This methodology endlessly monitors the rail stress, evaluate the results and provide the rail break alerts such as potential buckling conditions, bending of rails and wheel impact load detection to the concerned authorities.

Keywords: IOT, Raspberry, Smart railway, Fault detection, Ultrasonic sensor.

[1]. D. Hesse, "Rail Inspection Using Ultrasonic Surface Waves" Thesis, Imperial College of London, 2007.
[2]. Md. Reya Shad Azim1 , Khizir Mahmud2 and C. K. Das. Automatic railway track switching system, International Journal of Advanced Technology, Volume 54, 2014.
[3]. S. Somalraju, V. Murali, G. saha and V. Vaidehi, "Title-robust railway crack detection scheme using LED (Light Emitting Diode) - LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) assembly IEEE 2012.
[4]. S. Srivastava, R. P. Chourasia, P. Sharma, S. I. Abbas, N. K. Singh, "Railway Track Crack detection vehicle", IARJSET, Vol. 4, pp. 145-148, Issued in 2, Feb 2017.
[5]. U. Mishra, V. Gupta, S. M. Ahzam and S. M. Tripathi, "Google Map Based Railway Track Fault Detection Over the Internet", International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 14, pp. 20-23, Number 2, 2019.

Our aim of this paper is to analyse FM/FM/1 queuing model with hexagonal and octagonal fuzzy numbers under α cut representation through DSW algorithm. The arrival rate and service rate are fuzzy natures and also analysed the performance measure in a hexagonal and octagonal fuzzy number.

Keywords:Fuzzy set theory, Membership Function, Hexagonal and Octagonal Fuzzy Numbers, α cut, DSW Algorithm, Interval Analysis.

[1]. R.-J. Li and E. S. Lee, Analysis of fuzzy queues, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 17(7) (1989), 1143-1147.
[2]. R. Srinivasan, Fuzzy Queueing Model using DSW Algorithm, International Journal of Advanced Research in Mathematics and Applications, 1(1)(2014), 57-62.
[3]. S. Thamotharan, A Study on Multi Server Fuzzy Queueing Model in Triangular and Trapezoidal fuzzy numbers using α cuts, International Journal of Science and Research, 5(1)(2016), 226-230.
[4]. S. Shanmugasundaram and B. B. Venkatesh, Fuzzy retrial queues with priority using DSW algorithm, International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER), 6(9)(2016), 18-23.
[5]. N. Sujatha, V. S. N. Murthy Akella and G. V. S. R. Deekshitulu, Analysis of Multiple Server Fuzzy Queueing Model using α–cuts, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(10)(2017), 35–41.

The process of formation of scale layers on the outer surfaces of hot pipes at conditions similar to a MED evaporator is experimentally studied. The composition of the scales at the surface of the pipes was determined using XRD and SEM analysis. It has been clearly recognized that the increase in pH value of seawater will result in a strongly increased scaling of the tube surface. At pH = 8.5, the pipe surface was not homogeneous due to being covered by predominantly ball formed crystals which are mainly composed of CaCO3 and NaCl. It has been found that there are dominantly single isolated crystals formed. In contrast to that with increasing pH level of the seawater up to pH=8.8, an increased homogenized scaling layer was found. An uniform adhesion of the scaling layer on the surface of the pipe was detected. Furthermore, there is a variation in the crystal structure which is reflected in the form and size of the crystals.

[1]. Ghiazza, E., Scaling of tubes in MSF evaporators: the history, the weapons against it and the new trends, in: Scaling in Seawater Desalination – Is Molecular Modeling the Tool to Overcome the Problem (Eds: H. Glade, J. Ulrich), Shaker Verlag, Aachen, Germany 2001.
[2]. Glade, H., Transport und Reaktion von Kohlendioxid in Entspannungsverdampfern zur Meerwasserentsalzung, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bremen, VDI Verlag, Düsseldorf, 2001
[3]. Hermersdorf, M., Glade, H., Möhring, D., Ulrich, J. Formation of crystalline scales in evaporators. Proceedings of 15th International Symposium on Industrial Crystallization, Sorrento, ed. A. Chianese, Chemical Engineering Transactions, AIDIC, Milano, 2002, 1227 – 1232
[4]. Hermersdorf, m., Zur Wirkungsweise von Belagsverhinderern in Entsalzungsanlagen aus verfahrenstechnischer Sicht, Ph.D. Thesis, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , 2004